利用磁强计数据确定卫星姿态的简易滤波算法

针对一类俯仰轴负向安装有偏置动量轮的重力梯度稳定的三轴主动磁控微小卫星,在分析其数学模型的基础上,将俯仰通道与滚动-偏航通道解耦,分别给出了仅用磁强计测量数据确定各通道姿态的卡尔曼滤波算法。并进一步分析了滤波系统模型的周期性,探讨了实现周期滤波增益的可行性。最后通过仿真算例验证了该滤波算法的有效性以及采用周期滤波增益的可行性。     

A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

On optimal aerodynamic attitude control of spacecraft

Attitude control of spin-stabilized satellites by means of aerodynamic forces is investigated. A controller employing two rotatable control surfaces is proposed to control the roll-yaw motions of the spacecraft spin-axis. Optimal control theory is applied to synthesize a feedback control law for the control surface rotations which leads to asymptotically stable controller operation. The system response is interpreted in terms of performance criteria such as the maximum control surface excursions, the speed of response and the associated orbital energy loss due to drag. Even with a moderate size, the controller appears quite effective in maintaining the spacecraft attitude against external disturbances.     

Singularity avoidance of control moment gyros by one-step ahead singularity index

A steering law of control moment gyros for spacecraft attitude control by using one-step ahead singularity index is addressed in this paper. In some recent studies, the null motion approaches or singularity robustness steering laws have been extensively investigated to avoid singular configurations for a control momentum gyro (CMG) cluster. As a novel approach different from them, the proposed approach is based on optimization technique by minimizing the one-step ahead singularity index. Modified approaches are also presented in this paper. The proposed one-step prediction method ultimately gives an optimized solution of gimbal rates with advanced ability to avoid a singularity. A singularity index for reliable computation of a gradient vector is also introduced. Finally, performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by numerical simulations.     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺的动框架效应及其角速率前馈控制方法研究

在磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺中,局限于磁悬浮轴承系统的动态响应速度,框架的转动将使转子轴的角位移和轴心跳动量显著增大(动框架效应),甚至碰撞保护轴承,严重影响磁悬浮系统的稳定性。本文建立框架转动时的磁悬浮转子相对运动模型,分析了框架转动对磁悬浮转子的单方向作用,在Simulink仿真的基础上提出一种抑制动框架效应的角速率前馈控制方法。实验结果表明,磁悬浮轴承采用角速率前馈控制后,转子跳动量被抑制到原来的18％,大大提高了控制力矩陀螺磁悬浮系统的稳定性,同时还改善了控制力矩陀螺的力矩输出特性。     

航天器机动时DGMSCMG磁悬浮转子干扰补偿控制

双框架磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（DGMSCMG）具有寿命长、综合效益好等突出优势,但航天器机动时,航天器及DGMSCMG内、外框架系统的转动均导致磁悬浮高速转子产生一定的耦合运动,影响磁悬浮转子系统的稳定性,同时使输出力矩精度下降,从而严重影响航天器姿态控制的精度。本文建立了基于DGMSCMG的航天器动力学模型,分析航天器、外框架、内框架、磁悬浮转子四者之间的动力学耦合关系。针对磁悬浮转子的非线性耦合干扰,提出一种基于复合控制的补偿方法,通过磁轴承产生相应的电磁力,对陀螺耦合力矩和惯性耦合力矩进行补偿控制。仿真结果表明,干扰补偿控制能有效抑制航天器及框架对磁悬浮转子的耦合干扰,也有效提高了磁悬浮转子系统的稳定性。     

三轴稳定遥感卫星姿控系统故障情况下的系统重构

论述三轴对地稳定遥感卫星姿控系统中部分轮子或部分陀螺故障情况下的姿控系统重构。文中论述了只在俯仰通道有一偏置动量轮正常工作，而滚动和偏航通道轮子故障条件下的系统重构。另外还论述了偏航陀螺故障，姿控系统其它部件正常情况下，控制系统采用Whecon原理与PIM控制相结合的设计。以上两种系统重构拟用于实际系统中，经过数学仿真验证，姿控系统在故障情况下能够完成基本任务。     

导弹直接侧向力与气动力复合控制设计与实现

针对带有姿控式直接侧向力/气动力复合控制系统导弹的控制律设计问题,建立了俯仰平面内姿态控制系统的数学模型,应用非线性系统理论对模型进行了分析,在此基础上建立了进行控制系统设计的简化模型。基于滑模变结构控制理论进行了复合控制律设计,并分别考虑气动力控制和直接侧向力控制的特点对所设计的控制律进行了实现。所设计的复合控制系统在进行快速攻角指令跟踪的同时,可以有效节省姿控发动机的使用数量。仿真结果说明了所提出方法的有效性。
     

Theory of physical libration of the Moon with the liquid core: Forced librations

For a two-layer model of the Moon that consists of a solid nonspherical mantle and an ellipsoidal homogeneous liquid core, a theory of forced librations under the effect of gravitational Earth’s moments has been developed. The motion of the Moon over its orbit has been described by the high-accuracy theory of DE/LE-4 orbital motion. Tables have been constructed that present forced librations of the Moon caused by the second harmonic of its force function, in the neighborhood of its motion according to the generalized Cassini laws. Disturbances of the first-order with respect to dynamic compressions of the Moon and its core are obtained in analytical form for Andoyer variables and Poincare variables and for the projection of the angular velocity vector of Moon’s mantle rotation and the Poincare coordinate system (relative to which core’s liquid accomplishes simple motion) on its major central axes of inertia, as well as for the classical variables in the Moon libration theory, etc. Constructed tables of the forced librations theory give the amplitudes and periods of librations and combinations of arguments of the orbital motion theory that correspond to libration parameters. The interpretation of basic variations has been given and a comparison with the previous theories has been carried out, in particular with the modern empirical theory constructed based on the laser observation data.     

Singularity analysis and steering control laws for adaptive-skew pyramid-type control moment gyros

In contrast to past studies that have treated the skew angle as fixed in pyramid-type control moment gyro (CMG) systems, this paper treats the adaptive-skew pyramid-type CMG (ASCMG) system, in which the skew angle is one of the control variables for generating torques. The singular surfaces of the fixed-skew CMG are analyzed and visualized to illustrate how they depend on the skew angle, and the singular surfaces of the ASCMGs are also analyzed and visualized from a viewpoint of null motion for not only the gimbal angle but also the skew angle. The steering control laws are presented, and we numerically study their effectiveness for the reduction of settling time as compared to the fixed-skew pyramid-type CMGs.     

Advanced reaction wheel controller for attitude control of spacecraft

A design procedure is presented for an attitude control system consisting of a momentum wheel and a reaction wheel. Control laws are designed for this system using modern control techniques. The observer based method produces a control scheme which achieves a good transient response.     

应用变速控制力矩陀螺的卫星姿态机动的非线性控制

研究了以变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)作为执行机构的卫星多目标快速机动的控制问题。首先建立了带有多个变速控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态动力学模型,采用修正的罗德里格斯参数(MRP)描述姿态运动。在考虑执行机构饱和、机动速率限制、控制带宽限制等情况下,设计了基于Lyapunov理论的非线性姿态反馈控制器。针对外部干扰会使控制力矩陀螺的框架角偏移其标称值的情况,采取磁补偿控制来保持框架角在一定范围变化。以采用VSCMG为执行机构的某卫星为例进行了数值仿真,仿真结果验证了提出的非线性姿态反馈控制器的有效性,采取的磁补偿控制也很好地抑制了变速控制力矩陀螺框架角的偏移。     

月面巡视器实时动力学建模与牵引控制

为实现月面巡视器GNC系统的闭环测试,研究了六轮摇臂式巡视器在月表崎岖地形、松软土壤和低重力环境下的动力学建模与控制问题。基于弹塑性轮—土力学和粘弹性运动副约束分析,建立了巡视器的牛顿—欧拉动力学模型。以跟踪期望速度、角速度为目标,采用速度协调控制和车轮滑移控制,完成了巡视器闭环牵引控制。在实时操作系统下实现了巡视器动力学模型和牵引控制系统,并建立了三维可视化平台,对该动力学模型和牵引控制方法进行验证。测试结果证实了建立的动力学模型准确、稳定,可以真实地模拟巡视器在月球表面的运动行为和轮—土作用关系,且满足运动副的约束;所设计的牵引控制方法可以较准确地实现巡视器跟踪期望的运动。     

参数不确定SGCMG系统的鲁棒操纵律设计

在单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)系统操纵律的设计中，如果考虑框架伺服特性，往往假设系统的物理参数是确切已知的。为消除参数的不确定性对操纵性能的影响，设计了一种鲁棒操纵律。该操纵律仅采用系统物理参数的预估值，根据航天器姿态控制给出的角动量(或力矩)指令，可直接计算出每个框架驱动系统所需的控制力矩。由于操纵律没有算法奇异，在SGCMG系统不出现运动奇异的情况下，可使操纵误差指数收敛至零。同时，该操纵律对系统参数变化具有良好的鲁棒性。且形式简单．易于实现。对应用在航天器上的某4-SGCMG系统的仿真结果表明，上述操纵律是可行的。     

一种非仿射高超声速飞行器姿态系统控制方法

针对非仿射高超声速飞行器姿态控制问题，提出了一种基于反步法的非线性控制方法。首先，通过干扰观测器估计攻角动态中的扰动量，在此基础上设计了俯仰角速度虚拟控制指令。然后，针对含有非仿射项的参数不确定的俯仰角速度动态函数，将其视为一个扩张状态，通过状态观测器对其进行估计。接着，基于动态逆方法设计了升降襟副翼的控制律并基于李雅普诺夫方法证明了闭环系统的稳定性。采用指令滤波器避免反步法应用中虚拟控制指令微分项的“复杂性爆炸”问题，并得到虚拟控制指令的一阶和二阶导数信号。所提方法能够适用于变速变高飞行模式。最后，通过对比仿真实验，验证了所设计控制方法的有效性。     

磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架伺服系统扰动力矩分析与抑制

对磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺框架伺服系统，提出了一种基于自适应逆扰动消除控制的设计方法。该控制器采用将被控对象动态控制和对象扰动控制分离处理的方法研究了控制力矩陀螺框架伺服系统的非线性摩擦干扰力矩、陀螺房内部高速磁悬浮转子系统因框架变速转动对框架伺服系统产生的耦合力矩以及航天器姿态改变导致框架伺服系统本身的参数大范围变化等问题。设计的自适应逆扰动消除器大大改善了框架伺服系统的控制性能、提高了系统的速率输出精度。仿真结果表明，提出的扰动力矩抑制方法是可行的，具有很强的鲁棒性。     

A new type of magnetic gimballed momentum wheel and its application to attitude control in space

A new type of magnetically suspended gimbal momentum wheel utilizing permanent magnets is described. The bearing was composed of four independent thrust actuators which control the rotor thrust position and gimbal angles cooperatively, so that the bearing comes to have a simple mechanism with high reliability and light weight. The high speed instability problem due to the internal damping was easily overcome by introducing anisotropic radial stiffness. A momentum flywheel with the 3-axis controlled magnetic bearing displays good performance for attitude control of satellite with biased momentum.     

Calculation and fitting of boundaries between elliptic and hyperbolic singularities of pyramid-type control moment gyros

There exists a singularity problem in control moment gyros (CMGs). CMG singularities are classified into two types: hyperbolic and elliptic. Several gimbal steering control methods have been presented to avoid CMG singularities. Hyperbolic singularities can be avoided by null motion, but elliptic singularities cannot. The existing steering control methods are rarely designed by explicitly taking the singularity type into account. In order to effectively avoid elliptic singularities by perturbing gimbal angles, it is desirable to calculate and record the boundaries between elliptic and hyperbolic singularities in advance so that the determined boundaries can be utilized for developing model predictive steering control. To this end, the boundaries between elliptic and hyperbolic singularities of CMGs are calculated and represented in the form of fitted curves. Several numerical examples are presented to determine the perturbation gimbal angles for avoiding elliptic singularities without using singular value decomposition.     

控制力矩陀螺群奇异角动量超曲面仿真分析

用角动量超曲面仿真分析了控制力矩陀螺构型奇异的产生机理。基于控制力矩陀螺群动力学总角动量和输出控制力矩,讨论了典型构型奇异存在的状况,并确定了奇异点存在的判断依据,对五棱锥构型的显奇异和隐奇异进行了角动量超曲面仿真,发现能通过零运动脱离奇异状态的隐奇异点,为控制力矩陀螺群的操纵律设计提供了重要依据。控制系统数学仿真结果表明该分析法有效。     

应用变速控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态机动最优路径规划

针对应用变速控制力矩陀螺VSCMG为姿态控制执行机构的微小卫星，提出了一种姿态机动最优路径规划方法。从冗余金字塔构型VSCMGs系统的姿态机动任务和考虑VSCMGs系统故障失效的姿态机动任务两类问题出发，综合考虑VSCMG在实际工程应用中的各种约束条件(框架角约束、框架角速度约束、转子转速约束和奇异度量约束等)以及充分发挥VSCMG的力矩输出优势，采用Gauss伪谱法规划了相应性能指标最优的姿态机动最优路径。仿真结果表明设计的应用VSCMG的航天器姿态机动最优路径规划算法能够满足提出的约束条件和最优路径规划策略，可以顺利完成航天器姿态机动任务。而且相比于传统的VSCMGs系统操纵律，设计的算法具有更高的实用性和有效性。