21世纪的航天

航天事业在20世纪已取得显著进展和辉煌成就。21世纪即将来临。在21世纪,世界航天如何发展、将取得哪些重大成就,是人们关注的话题。为此,笔者根据有关材料汇编了这份材料,以供参考。共4讲,本期刊登第一、二讲。     

日本的空天飞机计划

美国,欧洲和日本都在努力研制单级人轨的高超音速飞行器,但在数字模拟、材料和推进装置方面还存在着很多问题。这些问题于1988年秋季在美国北达科他大学召开的有关21世纪高超音速飞行技术的第一次国际会议上被列为重点考虑项目。 在为期4天的会议中,日本代表介绍了日本政府和宇航工业界已着手进行的一项雄心勃勃的高超音速研究和发展计划,这引起了与会者的极大兴趣。     

航天电连接器质量检验专题讲座——第1讲 航天电连接器的选用

本文是一位老航天工作者多年从事连接器的验收、失效分析和可靠性筛选等工作的经验总结。作者杨奋为先生怀着对航天事业的特殊情感和责任心，本着“居安思危”、“防患于未然”的忧患意识和理念编写了本教材。其目的：一是总结经验教训，将这份从实践中学到的知识财富留给后人；二是尝试和探索，因为在国内连接器行业，特别是航天连接器行业，至今还没有一份能提供给检验人员作为培训资料的教材。 本刊将以专题讲座的形式连载，共七讲：第1讲《航天电连接器的选用》；第2讲《航天电连接器的验收》；第3讲《航天电连接器的外观质量检查》；第4讲《航天电连接器的电性能检验》；第5讲《航天电连接器的力学性能检验》；第6讲《航天电连接器的失效分析》；第7讲《航天电连接器的可靠性分析与试验》。其中第7讲的内容已在本刊2005年第5期和2006年第1期刊登。     

NASA今后25年展望

NASA 经过40年的探索和开拓,取得了一系列重大成就,为21世纪美国航空和航天技术的发展打下了坚实基础。伴随着新世纪走来的脚步,NASA 已迈步开始了其新的探索使命。它将用     

构筑“数字地球” 促进中国和全球的可持续发展

在迎接21世纪的历史时刻,我们来自世界五大洲的科学家、工程师和管理专家亲切聚会,展示“数字地球”相关领域已经取得的丰硕成果,探讨21世纪人类社会面临的机遇与挑战,交流对“数字地球”理论、技术、应用等     

航天电连接器质量检验专题讲座——第8讲 航天电连接器的可靠性预计

本讲座第7讲“航天电连接器的可靠性分析与试验”已在本刊2005年第5期和2006年第1期刊出,现不再重复刊登。本期刊出的第8讲“航天电连接器的可靠性预计”,对于如何准确选用和评估电连接器具有非常实用的指导意义,故在原计划（共7讲）基础上增加一讲专门阐述。     

美国国防结构和多功能材料的研究与发展

21世纪初,美国未来国防材料研究委员会结构和多功能材料小组专门对国防用结构和多功能材料进行了需求预测与研究分析,今后美国将在相关领域获得重要的进展。     

构筑"数字地球"促进中国和全球的可持续发展

在迎接21世纪的历史时刻,我们来自世界五大洲的科学家、工程师和管理专家亲切聚会,展示“数字地球”相关领域已经取得的丰硕成果,探讨21世纪人类社会面临的机遇与挑战,交流对“数字地球”理论、技术、应用等各方面的认识,展望“数字地球”的前景,倍感欣慰。“数字地球”既...     

世界航天科技发展现状与趋势

航天科技的发展给国家安全、科技进步、经济发展、环境监测、资源保护、减灾救灾等军、民、商诸多领域均带来了日新月异的变化。21世纪,越来越多的国家认识到航天科技发展的重要性。掀起了新一轮航天科技竞争热潮。我国航天科技工业已取得一定成绩,但与世界一流航天国家还有相当差距．     

适应经济发展 响应改革要求 调整国家干部考核选拔制度

21世纪是质量的世纪。质量的竞争归根结底是人才的竞争，这已成为当今世界公认的理论。     

Return to Venus of the Japanese Venus Climate Orbiter AKATSUKI

Japanese Venus Climate Orbiter/AKATSUKI was proposed in 2001 with strong support by international Venus science community and approved as an ISAS (The Institute of Space and Astronautical Science) mission soon after the proposal. The mission life we expected was more than two Earth years in Venus orbit. AKATSUKI was successfully launched at 06:58:22JST on May 21, 2010, by H-IIA F17. After the separation from H-IIA, the telemetry from AKATSUKI was normally detected by DSN Goldstone station (10:00JST) and the solar cell paddles’ deployment was confirmed. After a successful cruise, the malfunction happened on the propulsion system during the Venus orbit insertion (VOI) on Dec. 7, 2010. The engine shut down before the planned reduction in speed to achieve. The spacecraft did not enter the Venus orbit but entered an orbit around the Sun with a period of 203 days. Most of the fuel still had remained, but the orbital maneuvering engine was found to be broken and unusable. However, we have found an alternate way of achieving orbit by using only the reaction control system (RSC). We had adopted the alternate way for orbital maneuver and three minor maneuvers in Nov. 2011 were successfully done so that AKATSUKI would meet Venus in 2015. We are considering several scenarios for VOI using only RCS.     

数学教学中培养创造能力的探索

本文结合多年教学实践，对激发学生的创造意识，培养发散思维，运用创造技法等方面进行了探索。     

Space life and biomedical sciences in support of the global exploration roadmap and societal development

The human exploration of space is pushing the boundaries of what is technically feasible. The space industry is preparing for the New Space era, the momentum for which will emanate from the commercial human spaceflight sector, and will be buttressed by international solar system exploration endeavours. With many distinctive technical challenges to be overcome, human spaceflight requires that numerous biological and physical systems be examined under exceptional circumstances for progress to be made. To effectively tackle such an undertaking significant intra- and international coordination and collaboration is required. Space life and biomedical science research and development (R & D) will support the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) by enabling humans to ‘endure’ the extreme activity that is long duration human spaceflight. In so doing the field will discover solutions to some of our most difficult human health issues, and as a consequence benefit society as a whole. This space-specific R&D will drive a significant amount of terrestrial biomedical research and as a result the international community will not only gain benefits in the form of improved healthcare in space and on Earth, but also through the growth of its science base and industry.     

我国太阳能应用的可行性分析

本文针对我国推广使用绿色环保能源太阳能的可行性进行了探讨，文章首先介绍了太阳能的产生机制，分析了我国太阳能资源的能量总量和分布情况，讨论了直接利用太阳能的二种途径：光热转换和光电转换，并具体讨论了光热转换和光电转换所涉及的实际技术，具体包括：用于采集太阳能并进行光热转换的集热器、辅助热动力系统、太阳能供暖、太阳能制冷、太阳能热力发电、太阳光发电，介绍了国内外使用太阳能的现状和发展趋势，并对我国地域广大且太阳能资源丰富的西部地区的太阳能开发利用的可行性进行了分析。     

The Global Exploration Roadmap and its significance for NASA

The Global Exploration Roadmap reflects the collaborative effort of twelve space agencies to define a long-term human space exploration strategy which provides substantial benefits for improving the quality of life on Earth and is implementable and sustainable. Such a strategy is a necessary precondition to the government investments required to enable the challenging and rewarding missions that extend human presence into the solar system. The article introduces the international strategy and elaborates on NASA's leadership role in shaping that strategy. The publication of the roadmap, a reflection of the space landscape and multilateral agency-level dialog over the last four years, allows NASA to demonstrate its commitment to leading a long-term space exploration endeavor that delivers benefits, maintains strategic human spaceflight capabilities and expands human presence in space, with human missions to the surface of Mars as a driving goal. The road mapping process has clearly demonstrated the complementary interests of the participants and the potential benefits that can be gained through cooperation among nations to achieve a common goal. The present US human spaceflight policy is examined and it is shown that the establishment of a sustainable global space exploration strategy is fully consistent with that policy.     

NEEMO 15: Evaluation of human exploration systems for near-Earth asteroids

The NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 15 mission was focused on evaluating techniques for exploring near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). It began with a University of Delaware autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) systematically mapping the coral reef for hundreds of meters surrounding the Aquarius habitat. This activity is akin to the type of “far-field survey” approach that may be used by a robotic precursor in advance of a human mission to a NEA. Data from the far-field survey were then examined by the NEEMO science team and follow-up exploration traverses were planned, which used Deepworker single-person submersibles. Science traverses at NEEMO 15 were planned according to a prioritized list of objectives developed by the science team. These objectives were based on review and discussion of previous related marine science research, including previous marine science saturation missions conducted at the Aquarius habitat. AUV data were used to select several areas of scientific interest. The Deepworker science traverses were then executed at these areas of interest during 4 days of the NEEMO 15 mission and provided higher resolution data such as coral species distribution and mortality. These traverses are analogous to the “near-field survey” approach that is expected to be performed by a Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) during a human mission to a NEA before extravehicular activities (EVAs) are conducted. In addition to the science objectives that were pursued, the NEEMO 15 traverses provided an opportunity to test newly developed software and techniques. Sample collection and instrument deployment on the NEA surface by EVA crew would follow the “near-field survey” in a human NEA mission. Sample collection was not necessary for the purposes of the NEEMO science objectives; however, the engineering and operations objectives during NEEMO 15 were to evaluate different combinations of vehicles, crew members, tools, and equipment that could be used to perform these science objectives on a NEA. Specifically, the productivity and acceptability of simulated NEA exploration activities were systematically quantified and compared when operating with different combinations of crew sizes and exploration systems including MMSEVs, EVA jet packs, and EVA translation devices. Data from NEEMO 15 will be used in conjunction with data from software simulations, parametric analysis, other analog field tests, anchoring models, and integrated testing at Johnson Space Center to inform the evolving architectures and exploration systems being developed by the Human Spaceflight Architecture Team.     

Contributions of the International Space Station towards future exploration missions

When the idea of a large space station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was conceived in the 1980s, it was primarily planned as an orbiting laboratory for microgravity research. Some even thought of it as an industrial plant in space. Whereas the latter did not materialize because of various reasons, the former is absolutely true when you talk about the International Space Station (ISS). Since the transition to a six astronaut crew in 2009 and the completion of its assembly in 2011, it has been intensively used as laboratory in a wide field of scientific topics. Experiments conducted on ISS have yielded first class results in biology, physiology, material science, basic physics, and many more. While its role as a laboratory in space is widely recognized, the awareness for its potential for preparing future exploration missions beyond LEO is just increasing. This paper provides information on how the ISS programme contributes to future exploration efforts, both manned and unmanned. It highlights the work that has been done or is currently underway in the fields of technology, operations, and science. Further potentials and future projects for exploration preparation are also shown. A special focus lies on experiments and projects primarily funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) or with strong German participation in the science team.     

Fostering links between environmental and space exploration: the Earth and Space Foundation

The links between Earth and space exploration occur across a broad spectrum, from the use of satellite technology to support environmental monitoring and habitat protection to the study of extreme environments on Earth to prepare for the exploration of other planets. Taking the view that Earth and space exploration are part of a mutually beneficial continuum is in contrast to the more traditionally segregated view of these areas of activity. In its most polarized manifestation, space exploration is regarded as a waste of money, distracting from solving problems here at home, while environmental research is seen to be introspective, distracting from expansive visions of exploring the frontier of space. The Earth and Space Foundation was established in 1994 to help further mutually beneficial links by funding innovative field projects around the world that work at the broad interface between environmental and space sciences, thus encouraging the two communities to work together to solve the challenges facing society. This paper describes the work of the foundation and the philosophy behind its programmes.