逆向喷流对双锥导弹外形减阻特性的影响

逆向喷流是一种主动流动控制技术，具有减阻降热特性，可用于高超声速飞行器设计。以典型双锥导弹外形的球头、单锥、双锥（全弹）为研究对象，将喷流发生器和弹体固连，采用CFD方法对逆向喷流的减阻特性进行了数值研究，对比分析了喷流马赫数、喷流压比等参数对不同对象减阻效果的影响。结果表明：逆向喷流流场存在长、短射流穿透两种模态；球头在小压比长射流模态时的减阻效果最佳；单锥和双锥在大压比短射流模态时的减阻效果更好。存在一个最佳压比，使得逆向喷流的减阻效果最佳；喷流压力过大，减阻效果变差，甚至出现阻力系数不降反增情形。逆向喷流减阻效果对控制体选取敏感，若将逆向喷流对头部的减阻特性（超过40%）直接推广至飞行器整机（6%左右），评估结果过于乐观。综合最佳减阻效果、最佳喷流压比、流量与所需储气瓶体积等影响因素，工程应用时逆向喷流应优先选用声速喷流。     

高超声速导弹等离子体合成射流控制数值研究

快响应控制技术已成为高超声速飞行器发展的关键技术之一,具有极快响应、零质量特性的等离子体合成射流(PSJ)已在超声速流动控制方面初步显示出优异的控制能力,极有潜力应用于高超声速飞行器的快响应控制。基于等离子体合成射流的快响应特性,提出了高超声速飞行器等离子体合成射流快响应控制技术,并通过建立简化的高超声速导弹流场控制模型,对等离子体合成射流控制高超声速导弹进行数值研究。首先,理论分析了高超声速导弹流场的典型结构特征,导弹流场中存在3个特征流场结构。在此基础上,在导弹3个特征位置前面安装等离子体合成射流激励器,研究等离子体合成射流对高超声速流场结构的控制作用,分析由此导致的导弹表面压力分布、升阻特性以及俯仰力矩特性变化。数值仿真结果表明:等离子体合成射流对高超声速导弹外流场中膨胀波和斜激波都具有控制作用,使得波的强度均变弱,且对斜激波的控制效果更为显著;导弹流场结构及气动特性变化具有很强的射流跟随性,射流作用下的导弹流场变化响应时间非常短,仅为0.2 ms;通过合理布置等离子合成射流激励器的位置,可以使得导弹表面压力分布快速改变,从而实现高超声速导弹姿态的快速控制。     

等离子体合成射流对钝头激波的控制与减阻

为了验证等离子体合成射流对超声速流动的流动控制和减阻效果,在考虑热完全气体效应的情况下,工程拟合等离子体热力学属性和输运系数,利用能量源项模型对超声速平板和球头等典型流场结构进行了数值模拟,并取得了与实验较为一致的结果。研究结果表明：对于马赫数为2的超声速平板流动,等离子体合成射流能有效干扰边界层的发展,并诱导产生一系列大尺度结构;对于马赫数为3的球头流场,等离子体合成射流能显著改变激波脱体距离与球头的阻力特性;在放电后第1个周期内,合成射流能使球头平均阻力降低6.3%,而在射流峰值情况下使阻力降低32.0%,激波脱体距离增加2倍,实现了激波控制和流动减阻的预期效果。     

高马赫数下横/逆向喷流干扰流场数值研究

横向喷流和逆向喷流广泛用于高超声速飞行器气动力与气动热控制。采用格心型非结构有限体积法求解基于三温度热化学非平衡模型的全Navier-Stokes方程,对高空、高马赫数来流条件下二维圆柱状构型飞行器的喷流干扰流场进行数值模拟,研究了仅存在横向或逆向喷流以及横/逆向喷流同时存在时的复杂流场结构以及喷流降低热流、减阻、改善升力的具体效果。通过控制变量的方法,探究了不同参数（马赫数、静压）的喷流对流场结构及飞行器的气动力、气动热的影响规律。结果表明：在一定条件下,当逆向喷流与横向喷流同时存在时,下游的横向喷流可以影响到上游的逆向喷流流场结构;逆向喷流可以显著减小高超飞行器阻力,并降低头部壁面热流峰值,而横向喷流对高超飞行器的升力特性有一定提高;在横向喷流已用于飞行器姿态控制的情况下,一定条件下可以同时使用逆向喷流,既可以减阻、又可以降低热流峰值,还可以提升升力。     

典型激波针减阻降热特性及流动机理

为研究激波针对超/高超声速钝头飞行器进行减阻降热的相关特性,采用数值模拟方法对6种典型激波针构型的流动特征开展系统研究。给出了激波针长度、来流马赫数对流动特征的影响规律,并对其形成机理进行了探讨。结果显示:马赫数较低时,头部有扰流物的5种激波针在回流区即将分裂时减阻率最大;马赫数较高时,减阻率在回流区分裂前后出现局部峰值,但最大减阻率将出现在回流区分裂后更长的激波针长度下。马赫数为3时,6种构型减阻率达最大时的相对长度在0.8~1.2之间,相比而言,球型、半球型和双锥型的减阻效果最好,最大减阻率为45%~50%;圆锥型最差,为20%~25%,明显低于头部有扰流物的构型。相同的激波针长度下,头部有扰流物构型的减阻率随马赫数增大而增大,圆锥型则相反。流场回流区、分离激波、弓形激波、局部膨胀流动等导致的压力分布变化是构型整体阻力变化的主要成因。      

Sensitivity analysis of flowfield modeling parameters upon the flow structure and aerodynamics of an opposing jet over a hypersonic blunt body

Implementation of an opposing jet in design of a hypersonic blunt body significantly modifies the external flowfield and yields a considerable reduction in the aerodynamic drag. This study aims to investigate the effects of flowfield modeling parameters of injection and freestream on the flow structure and aerodynamics of a blunt body with an opposing jet in hypersonic flow. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with a Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model are employed to simulate the intricate jet flow interaction. Through utilizing a Non-Intrusive Polynomial Chaos (NIPC) method to construct surrogates, a functional relation is established between input modeling parameters and output flowfield and aerodynamic quantities in concern. Sobol indices in sensitivity analysis are introduced to represent the relative contribution of each parameter. It is found that variations in modeling parameters produce large variations in the flow structure and aerodynamics. The jet-to-freestream total-pressure ratio, jet Mach number, and freestream Mach number are the major contributors to variation in surface pressure, demonstrating an evident location-dependent behavior. The penetration length of injection, reattachment angle of the shear layer, and aerodynamic drag are also most sensitive to the three crucial parameters above. In comparison, the contributions of freestream temperature, freestream density, and jet total temperature are nearly negligible.     

激光等离子体点源减阻技术中入射能量对气动阻力的影响

数值模拟了来流马赫数为5时的圆球绕流冷流场,以及来流与头部驻点附近注入激光能量而产生的等离子体相互耦合形成的流场的演化过程。计算结果表明:施加局部能量点源能够改变原有的弓形激波结构,使其变为斜激波,从而减小气动阻力;气动阻力随入射激光能量的增大而逐渐减小,当入射激光能量为1.1 J时,气动阻力减小的百分比高达40%。     

趋于临界马赫数的圆柱跨声速绕流特性分析

通过深化认识趋于临界马赫数Ma_cr的圆柱跨声速绕流特性,明确新型飞行器增升减阻设计的空气动力学理论依据。采用大涡模拟方法数值研究了来流马赫数Ma_∞为0.75和0.85、雷诺数Re为2×10⁵的圆柱跨声速绕流。结果表明:当Ma_∞趋于临界马赫数(Ma_cr≈0.9)时,圆柱的阻力下降且升力系数振荡被抑制;通过力的分解,得知圆柱的阻力减小来自旋涡力的影响,而非可压缩性;圆柱的阻力减小与其背压上升有关;剪切层初始阶段的对流马赫数Ma_c随Ma_∞的增加而增大,而增长率相反,这使得剪切层更为稳定、柱体背压更高。此外,由于Ma_∞=0.85时边界层分离点处的激波和尾迹处的激波向下游推移,使得近尾迹处的湍流脉动减弱,进而导致柱体的表面压力振荡和升力系数振荡被抑制。     

再入飞行器鼻锥逆向喷流对流场及气动热的影响

 使用计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究逆向喷流热防护系统对降低再入飞行器鼻锥物面热流的效果,获得了流场参数,回流再附点位置,物面压力分布以及热流分布。分析了逆向喷流对降低物面热流的物理机理,喷流通过与来流相互作用形成马赫盘,将来流导流到四周,不与物面直接作用形成气动加热,同时喷流回流形成低温区,降低物面与接触气体的温差,进而降低了物面热流。随着总压比率增大,这种效果越明显,气动加热越轻。为更合理分析喷流强度对流场及传热量的影响,将总压比率和流量相结合,提出了新的参数R PA。分析该参数的应用效果,结果发现不同的流量与总压比率组合成相同的参数R PA,可以实现相同的激波位置、再附点位置、表面热流峰值位置和总传热量。这说明该参数可用于表征喷流强度,用以分析喷流对流场及传热量的影响。     

补气式等离子体射流发生器实验研究

提出一种补气式等离子体射流(ASPSJ)发生器,在常规火花放电式等离子体射流(PSJ)发生器腔体上连接单向阀,改善发生器吸气复原阶段的补气量和射流的连续性,以获得能量更高的合成射流。研究了在不同加载电参数下,不同类型单向阀对发生器最大射流速度的优化作用;通过正交实验法确定了补气式等离子体射流发生器的最佳工作电参数,以获得最高的合成射流速度。文中的等离子体射流发生器配以所选择的补气单向阀,最优加载电压频率为150 Hz,幅值为50 kV,占空比为15%。实验结果表明,补气式等离子体射流发生器将最大射流速度提升20%以上,高射流速度的工作频带由单点扩展到100 Hz,以期在应用于流动控制时获得更好的效果。研究成果为后续的主动流动控制的应用研究提供了指导。     

Effects of temperature on drag reduction in a subsonic turbulent boundary layer via micro-blowing array

A comparative study of two micro-blowing temperature cases has been performed to investigate the characteristics of drag reduction in a subsonic flat-plate flow (where the freestream Mach number is 0.7) by means of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). With minute amount of blowing gas injected from a 32 × 32 array of micro-holes arranged in a staggered pattern, the porosity of micro-holes is 23% and the blowing coefficient is 0.125%. The simulation results show that a drag reduction is achieved by micro-blowing, and a lower wall-friction drag can be obtained at a higher blowing temperature. The role of micro-blowing is to redistribute the total kinetic energy in the boundary layer, and the proportion of stream-wise kinetic energy decreases, resulting in the thickened boundary layer. Increasing micro-blowing temperature can accelerate this process and obtain an enhanced drag reduction. Moreover, an explanation of drag reduction by micro-blowing related to the micro-jet vortex clusters is proposed that these micro-jet vortex clusters firmly attached to the wall constitute a stable barrier, which is to prevent the direct contact between the stream-wise vortex and the wall. By Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) from temporal/spatial aspects, it is revealed that small structures in the near-wall region play vital role in the change of turbulent scales. The high-frequency patterns are clearly strengthened, and the low-frequency patterns just maintain but are lifted up.     

高超声速进气道再起动特性分析

1引言未来高超声速飞行器飞行必然要经历低马赫数飞行过程,因此高超声速进气道同样要面临低马赫数下的不起动问题,那么进气道一旦进入不起动,如何才能再起动?再起动的特征是怎样的呢?常规内压式进气道再起动过程中存在迟滞回路现象,高超声速进气道的再起动过程是否也有相似的现     

超声速内流道摩擦阻力分析及减阻技术研究

针对带有后向台阶的等截面受限空间,通过三维数值模拟开展了超声速内流道摩擦阻力分析及减阻技术研究。分析对比了飞行马赫数为5、6、6.5及7对应的燃烧室入口条件下相同质量氢气喷注、燃烧对壁面摩擦阻力的影响机制以及不同喷注压力对喷孔下游壁面剪应力的影响。研究结果表明,同等质量的氢气,低速喷注优于高速喷注(507、50.7 kPa喷注压力分别得到10%、5%左右的减阻效果)。近壁区燃烧得到接近70%的减阻效果;气流经过突扩结构之后,壁面剪应力呈现规律地不均匀变化,最大差异达100%;剪应力与密度变化趋势基本吻合。因此,发动机内流道减阻的关键在于营造近壁区低密度场;稳定、有效的减阻区域发生在靠后方的位置,但由于流动掺混、燃料的燃烧消耗,减阻效果沿流向逐渐减弱。      

Suppressing unsteady motion of shock wave by high-frequency plasma synthetic jet

Three Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuators (PSJA) under the high-frequency actuation are used to control the Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI), a high-speed schlieren image processing method based on spatial Fourier transform as well as snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition were used to study the control effect of high-frequency plasma synthetic jet on low-frequency unsteadiness of SWBLI. The analysis of the base flow shows that the separated shock wave actually has both large- and small-amplitude vibrations at low frequency. And the results revealed that the PSJA with an operating frequency of 2 kHz has the ability to reduce the energy of low-frequency component of shock wave motion, indicating that the 2 kHz actuation can effectively suppress low-frequency unsteadiness of the separated wave. Compared with the actuation frequency of 2 kHz, the energy of low-frequency component of the shock wave is enhanced under the 8 kHz actuation, which aggravates the low-frequency unsteady motion of the shock wave. It is likely that the actuation frequency is too high, thus the intensity of the precursor shock wave induced by PSJA becomes weaker. Additionally, as the 4 kHz actuation is applied, the pulsation of the separation region was enhanced, it is speculated that the actuation frequency is coupled with the oscillation frequency of the separation region.     

马赫数1.95超声速欠膨胀喷流声辐射数值分析

针对马赫数为1.95的欠膨胀超声速喷流声辐射特性,采用高精度计算格式的大涡模拟（LES）方法进行数值研究。通过对喷流平均流及湍流脉动统计结果的对比,确定数值方法的精确性。细致分析了超声速喷流流动特征,特别关注了其中激波胞格和湍流相互作用现象。基于流动与声场辐射间的关联性,分析了超声速喷流马赫波、宽频激波噪声辐射特性及形成机理。数值结果表明超声速喷流的剪切层演化及激波胞格与湍流间的相互作用构成欠膨胀超声速喷流的主要噪声源。     

曲面形栅格翼气动特性研究

与常规栅格翼布局相比，曲面形栅格翼布局减小了栅格翼翼元的等固壁通道的长度，从而有效降低了翼元内气流的壅塞，另外，这种栅格翼布局结构简单，易于折叠，减小了飞行器的轮廓尺寸，具有很好的工程应用前景。本文通过数值模拟方法，在亚、跨、超声速条件下，研究了曲面形栅格翼布局的减阻效果和减阻机理，对比了曲面形栅格翼和常规后掠形栅格翼布局的减阻效果，并对不同迎风方式的曲面形栅格翼气动特性进行了分析。     

Investigation of thermal protection system by forward-facing cavity and opposing jet combinatorial configuration

 This paper focuses on the usage of the forward-facing cavity and opposing jet combinatorial configuration as the thermal protection system (TPS) for hypersonic vehicles. A hemispherecone nose-tip with the combinatorial configuration is investigated numerically in hypersonic free stream. Some numerical results are validated by experiments. The flow field parameters, aerodynamic force and surface heat flux distribution are obtained. The influence of the opposing jet stagnation pressure on cooling efficiency of the combinatorial TPS is discussed. The detailed numerical results show that the aerodynamic heating is reduced remarkably by the combinatorial system. The recirculation region plays a pivotal role for the reduction of heat flux. The larger the stagnation pressure of opposing jet is, the more the heating reduction is. This kind of combinatorial system is suitable to be the TPS for the high-speed vehicles which need long-range and long time flight.     

Coupled fluid-thermal investigation on non-ablative thermal protection system with spiked body and opposing jet combined configuration

In this paper, a Non-Ablative Thermal Protection System(NATPS) with the spiked body and the opposing jet combined configuration is proposed to reduce the aerodynamic heating of the hypersonic vehicle, and the coupled fluid-thermal numerical analysis is performed to study the thermal control performance of the NATPS. The results show that the spiked body pushes the bow shock away from the protected structure and thus reduces the shock intensity and the wall heat flux. In addition, the low temperature gas of the opposing jet separates the high temperature gas behind the shock from the nose cone of the spiked body, ensuring the non-ablative property of the spiked body. Therefore, the NATPS reduces the aerodynamic heating by the reconfiguration of the flow field, and the thermal control efficiency of the system is better than the Thermal Protection System(TPS) with the single spiked body and the single opposing jet. The influencing factors of the NATPS are analyzed. Both increasing the length of the spiked body and reducing the total temperature of the opposing jet can improve the thermal control performance of the NATPS and the nonablative property of the spiked body. However, increasing the heat conductivity coefficient of the spiked body can enhance benefit the non-ablative property of the spiked body, but has little influence on the thermal control performance of the NATPS.     

变截面管道中激波诱导的两相流动

本文研究扩张型与收缩型变截面管道中激波诱导的非定常两相流动。对于稀相气固悬浮体采用了双连续介质模型,对于两相流动按照准一维近似处理。控制方程则是利用算子分裂技术和二阶GRP方法数值求解。文中给出了波后气固两相的流动结构,并讨论了粒子对两相流场的影响。     

二维双楔外形穿越激波流场特性及其数值分析

用数值方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程，模拟了双楔外形物体超音速穿越与之同向运动激波以及逆向运动激波两种穿越激波的全过程，给出了穿越过程中流场与运动激波产生剧烈的干扰所形成的复杂波系结构，两种穿越情况的激波干扰都呈现双马赫反射的特征。在追击穿越中，楔形物体追上激波后所受阻力急剧的变小；而在碰撞穿越过程中，物体碰到激波后阻力急剧增加，两种穿越情况楔形物体的气动力都发生的剧烈的改变。