高马赫数下横/逆向喷流干扰流场数值研究

横向喷流和逆向喷流广泛用于高超声速飞行器气动力与气动热控制。采用格心型非结构有限体积法求解基于三温度热化学非平衡模型的全Navier-Stokes方程,对高空、高马赫数来流条件下二维圆柱状构型飞行器的喷流干扰流场进行数值模拟,研究了仅存在横向或逆向喷流以及横/逆向喷流同时存在时的复杂流场结构以及喷流降低热流、减阻、改善升力的具体效果。通过控制变量的方法,探究了不同参数（马赫数、静压）的喷流对流场结构及飞行器的气动力、气动热的影响规律。结果表明：在一定条件下,当逆向喷流与横向喷流同时存在时,下游的横向喷流可以影响到上游的逆向喷流流场结构;逆向喷流可以显著减小高超飞行器阻力,并降低头部壁面热流峰值,而横向喷流对高超飞行器的升力特性有一定提高;在横向喷流已用于飞行器姿态控制的情况下,一定条件下可以同时使用逆向喷流,既可以减阻、又可以降低热流峰值,还可以提升升力。     

低于自起动马赫数时高超进气道的非定常流动特性

采用非定常数值仿真的方法研究了低于自起动马赫数时高超声速进气道的非定常流动特性.研究表明:低于进气道自起动马赫数时,进气道处于不起动状态,流场发生喉道壅塞性振荡现象,其流场振荡频率为250Hz.流场振荡主要发生在喉道之前,对其后流场影响相对较小,扰动信号由喉道以当地气流速度向下游传播.隔离段长度对喉道壅塞性流场振荡几乎没有影响.飞行马赫数较小时流场未出现振荡现象,当飞行马赫数靠近自起动马赫数时流场出现周期性振荡现象,并且随着飞行马赫数的增大,此类流场振荡趋于强烈;进气道压差阻力随着时间推进呈现周期性变化,振荡频率同样为250Hz.      

逆向喷流对双锥导弹外形减阻特性的影响

逆向喷流是一种主动流动控制技术，具有减阻降热特性，可用于高超声速飞行器设计。以典型双锥导弹外形的球头、单锥、双锥（全弹）为研究对象，将喷流发生器和弹体固连，采用CFD方法对逆向喷流的减阻特性进行了数值研究，对比分析了喷流马赫数、喷流压比等参数对不同对象减阻效果的影响。结果表明：逆向喷流流场存在长、短射流穿透两种模态；球头在小压比长射流模态时的减阻效果最佳；单锥和双锥在大压比短射流模态时的减阻效果更好。存在一个最佳压比，使得逆向喷流的减阻效果最佳；喷流压力过大，减阻效果变差，甚至出现阻力系数不降反增情形。逆向喷流减阻效果对控制体选取敏感，若将逆向喷流对头部的减阻特性（超过40%）直接推广至飞行器整机（6%左右），评估结果过于乐观。综合最佳减阻效果、最佳喷流压比、流量与所需储气瓶体积等影响因素，工程应用时逆向喷流应优先选用声速喷流。     

再入飞行器鼻锥逆向喷流对流场及气动热的影响

 使用计算流体力学（CFD）方法研究逆向喷流热防护系统对降低再入飞行器鼻锥物面热流的效果,获得了流场参数,回流再附点位置,物面压力分布以及热流分布。分析了逆向喷流对降低物面热流的物理机理,喷流通过与来流相互作用形成马赫盘,将来流导流到四周,不与物面直接作用形成气动加热,同时喷流回流形成低温区,降低物面与接触气体的温差,进而降低了物面热流。随着总压比率增大,这种效果越明显,气动加热越轻。为更合理分析喷流强度对流场及传热量的影响,将总压比率和流量相结合,提出了新的参数R PA。分析该参数的应用效果,结果发现不同的流量与总压比率组合成相同的参数R PA,可以实现相同的激波位置、再附点位置、表面热流峰值位置和总传热量。这说明该参数可用于表征喷流强度,用以分析喷流对流场及传热量的影响。     

Numerical investigation on jet interaction with a compression ramp

A numerical investigation on jet interaction in supersonic laminar flow with a compres- sion ramp is performed utilizing the AUSMDV scheme and a parallel solver. Several parameters dominating the interference flowfield are studied after defining the relative increment of normal force and the jet amplification factor as the evaluation criterion of jet control performance. The computational results show that most features of the interaction flowfield between the transverse jet and the ramp are similar to those between a jet and a flat plate, except that the flow structures are more complicated and the low-pressure region behind the jet is less extensive. The relative force increment and the jet amplification factor both increase with the distance between the jet and the ramp shortening till quintuple jet diameters. Inconspicuous difference is observed between the jet-before-ramp and jet-on-ramp cases. The variation of the injection angle changes the extent of the separation region, the plateau pressure, and the peak pressure near the jet. In the present computational conditions, 120 is indicated relatively optimal among all the injection angles studied. For cold gas simulations, although little influence of the jet temperature on the pressure distribution near the jet is observed under the computation model and the flow parameters studied, reducing jet temperature somehow benefits the improvement of the normal force and the jet efficiency. When the pressure ratio of jet to freestream is fixed, the relative force increment varies little when increasing the freestream Mach number, while the jet amplification factor increases.     

Numerical study of unsteady starting characteristics of a hypersonic inlet

The impulse and self starting characteristics of a mixed-compression hypersonic inlet designed at Mach number of 6.5 are studied by applying the unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous perfect gas model, and the shear-stress transport (SST) k-x two-equation Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) model is used for turbulence modeling. Results indicate that during impulse starting, the flow field is divided into three zones with different aerodynamic parameters by primary shock and upstream-facing shock. The separation bubble on the shoulder of ramp undergoes a generating, growing, swallowing and disappearing process in sequence. But a separation bubble at the entrance of inlet exists until the freestream velocity is accelerated to the starting Mach number during self starting. The mass flux distribution of flow field is non-uniform because of the interaction between shock and boundary layer, so that the mass flow rate at throat is unsteady during impulse starting. The duration of impulse starting process increases almost linearly with the decrease of freestream Mach number but rises abruptly when the freestream Mach number approaches the starting Mach number. The accelerating performance of booster almost has no influence on the self starting ability of hypersonic inlet.     

高超声速轴对称流道冷流特征及气动力特性研究

对一种轴对称形式的高超声速飞行器全流道开展了风洞实验和数值模拟研究, 分析了不同来流总压、飞行攻角全流道的流场结构和气动力特性.研究结果表明:(1)一定范围内雷诺数的变化对全流道的流动结构和模型的气动力特性无显著影响, 因此所获得的风洞实验结果有望通过某种形式推广到飞行状态下使用;(2)飞行攻角对全流道的流动结构和升力系数有着显著影响, 但阻力系数的影响并不明显;(3)研究范围内来流马赫数的变化对全流道的流动结构有着一定影响, 但研究范围内, 阻力系数随马赫数的变化幅度较小;(4)由于轴对称流道的浸润面积较大, 研究范围内该类飞行器的摩擦阻力在全机阻力中占据了较大的比重, 设计状态下达全机气动力的62%;(5)与实验结果的对照表明, 所采用的数值模拟方法具有较高的精度.      

锥形流乘波体优化设计研究

随着马赫数的升高,波阻和摩阻增加,形成升阻比"屏障",而乘波构型飞行器是克服这一屏障的有效途径。本文在Ma_∞=4.0~20.0、高度H=24.0~52.0km、圆锥角Ac=5°~10°的条件下,以升阻比为目标函数,进行了乘波体的优化设计,讨论了对乘波体优化外形的影响因素,并给出全马赫数范围的优化乘波体外形及其气动力结果。     

二元高超声速变几何进气道气动特性研究

设计了一种唇罩可沿来流方向平移的二元高超声速变几何进气道,对进气道开展了三维数值仿真研究,就气动特性与相应定几何进气道进行了对比.结果表明:通过迎着来流方向平移唇罩,进气道内收缩比由1.80下降至1.57,自起动马赫数由4.9下降至3.4.在来流马赫数为4.0~7.0范围内,变几何进气道与定几何进气道隔离段出口马赫数和增压比相差不大,变几何进气道流量系数和总压恢复系数可实现提升最大值分别为21%和9%.二元高超声速变几何进气道综合气动性能明显高于定几何进气道.      

超声速流动中横向射流流场的影响参数

采用高精度的Weighted ENO格式，结合两方程湍流模型，准确模拟了二次射流形成的干扰流场，详细地描述了平板上单股射流干扰流场和喷管扩张段二次射流干扰流场中的激波、流动分离和旋涡运动，同实验结果进行了比较。探讨了射流／主流总压比、射流宽度。以及射流与来流夹角对射流穿透深度、分离距离等影响，揭示了二次射流推力短量控制干扰流场的控制机理。     

高超声速主流中完全气体横向喷流干扰特性研究

运用风洞试验和数值模拟手段,建立了横喷干扰效应研究的基本方法,对小钝双锥模型的完全气体横向喷流干扰问题进行了研究.首先通过试验和计算结果的对比进行方法验证,其次进行了横喷干扰的流动机理和参数影响分析.主要包括以下内容:a.无喷和喷流条件下,流场结构、模型壁面压力分布、气动力特性的试验与数值计算结果比较;b.完全气体横向喷流的气动干扰效应分析;c.攻角、喷流压比、喷流马赫数、来流边界层状态等内、外流参数变化对横向喷流干扰效应的影响分析.     

Investigation of thermal protection system by forward-facing cavity and opposing jet combinatorial configuration

 This paper focuses on the usage of the forward-facing cavity and opposing jet combinatorial configuration as the thermal protection system (TPS) for hypersonic vehicles. A hemispherecone nose-tip with the combinatorial configuration is investigated numerically in hypersonic free stream. Some numerical results are validated by experiments. The flow field parameters, aerodynamic force and surface heat flux distribution are obtained. The influence of the opposing jet stagnation pressure on cooling efficiency of the combinatorial TPS is discussed. The detailed numerical results show that the aerodynamic heating is reduced remarkably by the combinatorial system. The recirculation region plays a pivotal role for the reduction of heat flux. The larger the stagnation pressure of opposing jet is, the more the heating reduction is. This kind of combinatorial system is suitable to be the TPS for the high-speed vehicles which need long-range and long time flight.     

熵层对高超声速二维钝楔气动参数的影响

采用薄激波层理论和流管质量守恒相结合的方法,分析了高超声速二维钝楔边界层外缘熵的分布规律,研究了熵层对边界层外缘密度、马赫数以及壁面气动加热等气动参数的影响.结果表明:边界层外缘熵在倒圆-肩部区下降最为剧烈,熵层对气动参数的影响在高超声速下不可忽略,特别是使转捩区和湍流区的气动加热增加约53.6%.因此,将表面流态控制在层流模式对高超声速飞行器热防护具有重要意义.      

钝缘舵高超音速湍流分离特性

给出由半圆柱前缘舵诱导的高超音速湍流分离的实验结果。实验气流Ｍａｃｈ数为７．８,单位长度Ｒｅ数为３．５×１０７ｍ－１。结果表明：钝缘舵诱导的湍流分离极不稳定,分离激波出现大尺度低频振荡,使壁面压力和热流率无量纲标准偏差在主分离线附近达最大值。Ｍａｃｈ数愈高,最大无量纲标准偏差值越大。在前缘区前缘直径是控制分离流场尺度和平均壁面压力、热流率分布的主要参数     

Recent advances in the aerothermodynamics of spiked hypersonic vehicles

Among a variety of design requirements, reducing the drag and aeroheating on hypersonic vehicles is the most crucial one. Unfortunately, these two objectives are often conflicting. On one hand, sharp slender forebodies design reduces the drag and ensures longer ranges and more economic flights. However, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic heating. On the other hand, blunt forebodies produce more drag, however, they are preferred as far as aeroheating is concerned. In addition, in the context of hypersonic vehicles, blunt geometries are preferred over slender ones for practical implications such as higher volumetric efficiency, better accommodation of crew or on-board equipment.In principle, a blunt vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds generates a strong bow shock wave ahead of its nose, which is responsible for the high drag and aeroheating levels. There have been a number of efforts devoted towards reducing both the drag and the aeroheating by modifying the flowfield ahead of the vehicle's nose. Of these techniques, using spikes is the simplest and the most reliable technique. A spike is simply a slender rod attached to the stagnation point of the vehicle's nose. The spike replaces the strong bow shock with a system of weaker shocks along with creating a zone of recirculating flow ahead of the forebody thus reducing both drag and aeroheating.Since their introduction to the high-speed vehicles domain in the late 1940s, spikes have been extensively studied using both experimental facilities and numerical simulation techniques. The present paper is devoted to surveying these studies and illustrating the contributions of the authors in this field. The paper also raises some of the areas in the field that need further investigations.     

一种鼻锥钝化高超声速轴对称进气道流动特性实验

前缘钝化尺度是高超声速进气道设计中的关键参数。针对一种前体锥加弯曲压缩面的高超声速轴对称进气道,选取最大尺度为3.2mm(5%唇缘半径)的几种典型鼻锥钝化半径,在马赫数Ma=6来流,及模型安装攻角为0°、4°、7°的条件下开展鼻锥钝化尺度对进气道流动性能影响的实验研究。采用纹影拍摄及压力测量记录各来流条件下进气道前体流场结构及壁面压强分布,并在无攻角来流条件下利用微型扰流器进行边界层强制转捩研究。结果表明,对无攻角来流而言,即使是尺度高达3.2mm的钝化半径对进气道前体流场结构及壁面静压分布也基本没有影响。此来流条件下,几种不同鼻锥钝化半径的前体压缩面均出现小范围流动分离,而添加扰流器后该分离区均消失。钝化尺度的影响随着攻角的增加而显现,尽管不同鼻锥钝化尺度下迎风面流场及壁面压强分布几乎没有差别,但背风面随钝化尺度增大表现为边界层明显增厚、流动趋于不稳定。其中最大钝化尺度R=3.2mm的构型在4°攻角来流时背风面即出现明显的分离区,而7°攻角来流时背风面更是出现大范围流动分离、进气道背风侧不起动,并导致进气道内部壁面压强显著下降。     

固体燃料底部排气空气动力研究

本文介绍固体燃料底部排气燃烧空气动力理论及实验研究的若干结果。给出喷射参数、来流M数、模型船尾角、船尾长、排气口直径、模型转速等参数对底排减阻率的影响。提出了一种可用于固体燃料底排条件下的底压解析计算方法。     

高超声速再入飞行器气动特性的快速预示—局部方法的推广应用

本文将计算高超声速稀薄气流过渡领域中气动特性的局部方法,推广应用到连续介质中弹头型高超声速再入飞行器气动力特性的快速估算。由激波风洞中M_∞=9.9时,一个8°钝锥的气动力测量结果,导出这一实验条件下的领域系数,并以此来估算不同锥角、不同钝度比及不同外形弹头型再入飞行器的气动力和力矩系数,其结果与无粘数值解及实验结果作了比较,在攻角2°～14°范围内吻合得很好。局部方法可用于弹头型高超声速再入飞行器气动特性的快速预示。     

四段修型弥散反射激波中心体基准流场研究

针对高超声速内收缩进气道宽马赫数范围工作的要求,设计了一种四段修型弥散反射激波中心体基准流场,可明显提高基准流场来流马赫数高于设计点来流马赫数（6.0）时的压缩效率,巡航点（来流马赫数为7.0）出口总压恢复系数较下凹圆弧中心体基准流场提高了2.3%.此外,基于两种基准流场分别设计了圆形进口内收缩进气道并在来流马赫数为5.0~8.0范围内进行数值计算,结果表明:来流马赫数高于设计点来流马赫数时,四段修型进气道的压缩效率更高.有黏条件下,来流马赫数为8.0时二者的增压比近似相等,四段修型进气道喉道截面出口总压恢复系数相对提高了1.1%.      

Coupled fluid-thermal investigation on non-ablative thermal protection system with spiked body and opposing jet combined configuration

In this paper, a Non-Ablative Thermal Protection System(NATPS) with the spiked body and the opposing jet combined configuration is proposed to reduce the aerodynamic heating of the hypersonic vehicle, and the coupled fluid-thermal numerical analysis is performed to study the thermal control performance of the NATPS. The results show that the spiked body pushes the bow shock away from the protected structure and thus reduces the shock intensity and the wall heat flux. In addition, the low temperature gas of the opposing jet separates the high temperature gas behind the shock from the nose cone of the spiked body, ensuring the non-ablative property of the spiked body. Therefore, the NATPS reduces the aerodynamic heating by the reconfiguration of the flow field, and the thermal control efficiency of the system is better than the Thermal Protection System(TPS) with the single spiked body and the single opposing jet. The influencing factors of the NATPS are analyzed. Both increasing the length of the spiked body and reducing the total temperature of the opposing jet can improve the thermal control performance of the NATPS and the nonablative property of the spiked body. However, increasing the heat conductivity coefficient of the spiked body can enhance benefit the non-ablative property of the spiked body, but has little influence on the thermal control performance of the NATPS.