双频双星座地基增强系统精度和完好性算法

针对单频单星座地基增强系统（GBAS）无法满足飞机III类精密进近与着陆导航性能需求的问题，提出了将北斗导航卫星系统（BDS）与全球定位系统（GPS）进行融合，构建一种新型的基于GPS/BDS的双频双星座GBAS。首先，分析了GBAS的工作原理，并对Hatch滤波器的误差进行了分析，给出了一种适用于双频GBAS的无码载偏离载波相位平滑伪距算法；然后，对机载完好性算法进行了研究，给出了H0和H1假设下的机载保护级计算方法；最后，进行了系统验证实验，实验结果表明，单星座GBAS不能满足飞机III类精密进近与着陆导航的性能需求，GPS和BDS融合后可见卫星个数得到提升，优化了卫星几何分布，进而使得系统的可用性由80.6081%提升到大于99.9999%。     

Dual smoothing ionospheric gradient monitoring algorithm for dual-frequency BDS GBAS

In this study, a Dual Smoothing Ionospheric Gradient Monitor Algorithm (DSIGMA) was developed for Code-Carrier Divergence (CCD) faults of dual-frequency Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) based on the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Divergence-Free (DF) combinations of the signals were used to form test statistics for a dual-frequency DSIGMA. First, the single-frequency DSIGMA was reviewed, which supports the GBAS approach service type D (GAST-D) for protection against the effect of large ionospheric gradients. The single-frequency DSIGMA was used to create a novel input scheme for the dual-frequency DSIGMA by introducing DF combinations. The steady states of the test statistics were also analysed. The monitors were characterized using BDS measurement data, whereby standard deviations of 0.0432 and 0.0639 m for the proposed two test statistics were used to calculate the monitor threshold. An extensive simulation was designed to assess the monitor performance by comparing the Probability of Missed Detection (PMD) according to the differential error with the range domain PMD limits under different fault modes. The results showed that the proposed algorithm has a higher integrity performance than the single-frequency monitor. The minimum detectable divergence with the same missed probability is less than 50% that of GAST-D.     

Formulation of a time-varying maximum allowable error for ground-based augmentation systems

Ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS), such as the federal aviation administration's local area augmentation system (LAAS), protect GPS users against signal anomalies by monitoring for rare satellite faults. This paper introduces a new, time-varying MERR (maximum-allowable error in range) formulation that enables proof of integrity for ground-based fault monitoring. The time-varying MERR supersedes earlier MERR methods which relied on a static integrity test. The utility of these earlier methods was limited in that they neglected GBAS time-to-alert (TTA) requirements and restricted the choice of the monitor filter, requiring its impulse response to match that of the user ranging-error filter. By contrast, the time-varying MERR explicitly incorporates TTA and places no restrictions on monitor filter design. These attributes are critical for correctly evaluating system integrity and for crediting the integrity benefits of GBAS systems with aggressive filter designs and process timing.     

GNSS双频导航信号用户完好性监测机制研究

用户完好性监测指标通常被用于衡量导航信息的可信度,针对单个卫星导航系统用户完好性监测指标过高、可用性较差的问题,提出一种全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)多系统双频信号联合完好性监测机制,该监测机制使用一定完好性风险分配值下的保护门限作为联合观测下的监测指标;另外,为了确保各种监测假设下的用户完好性,分别讨论了无故障及一颗卫星故障假设下的伪距观测误差获取、保护门限计算以及完好性风险指标分配等问题。仿真结果表明该用户监测机制可有效降低保护门限、提高可用性,在用于I类精密进近时全球大部分区域用户的可用性水平大于95%。     

基于气压高度辅助的机载自主完好性监测算法

卫星接收机自主完好性监测是指根据用户接收机的多余观测值监测用户定位结果的完好性,其目的是在导航过程中检测出发生故障的卫星,并保障导航定位精度。针对卫星接收机自主完好性监测算法可用性不足的问题,结合机载实际导航系统配置,提出了一种基于气压高度表辅助的机载自主完好性监测算法。综合利用卫星导航系统及气压高度表观测信息,建立联合系统的观测模型,推导了基于多解分离的完好性监测及保护级别计算方法。仿真结果表明,相比于传统的接收机自主完好性监测算法,该算法在可见星为5颗时仍能识别故障卫星。该算法具有更好的故障检测能力及可用性,能有效提高卫星导航系统的完好性监测性能,从而保证卫星导航系统的精度和可靠性。     

基于奇异值分解的接收机自主完好性监测算法

基于最小二乘法残差的接收机自主完好性监测（receiver autonomous integrity monitoring，RAIM）算法本质是一种基于伪距残差矢量的一致性监测算法，但由于残差矢量中各分量具有一定的关联性，掩饰了某些重要的不一致性信息。为了消除这种关联性，提出了一种基于奇异值分解的接收机自主完好性监测方法。在方法中利用奇异值分解对伪距观测矩阵中的观测系数矩阵进行分解，获得奇异值空间矢量和奇异值空间矩阵。基于奇异值空间矢量构造能够直接反映故障卫星偏差信息的检验统计量，从而可以简便地进行粗差监测，更好地满足完好性监测需求。鉴于实际中完好性故障包含运控系统故障、导航系统故障、信号传播异常以及地面接收处理故障等多类因素，以脉冲型和阶跃型两种故障方式进行基于奇异值分解的RAIM故障检测与识别，并开展仿真分析研究。结果表明，提出的方法能够正确检测、识别故障卫星，在特定参数下能够达到很好的故障识别率，即当误警概率设置为1×10-5/h、引入阶跃故障误差为25 m时，算法能够实现98.8%的故障识别率。     

基于北斗的ARAIM算法在LPV-200 下的可用性研究

随着全球卫星导航系统的发展和完善, 用户在飞机进近着陆阶段使用 GNSS 保障安全的要求已成为可能,而应用于航路阶段的常规接收机自主完好性监测已 不能满足如此高的完好性要求,因此,导致了高级接收机自主完好性监测(ARAIM)的出 现。在北斗区域导航系统下, 针对进近阶段最重要的垂直导航和ARAIM 算法理论分 析,通过优化配置危险误导性信息概率(PHMI),为较难检测的故障模式分配较大的值, 最小化垂直保护水平, 在保证完好性指标不变的条件下提高ARAIM 算法可用性。仿真 结果表明,在LPV-200 性能要求下,ARAIM 优化算法的可用性明显提高,所提方法是有 效的。     

卫星自主完好性相关峰监视

卫星自主完好性监测（SAIM）技术是地面完好性监测手段的重要技术补充,可以有效缩短告警时间,有助于从根本上提高完好性性能。从SAIM技术出发提出多通道相关峰监测算法,实现多点异步采样,恢复相关峰。通过MATLAB软件仿真验证算法并给出典型异常模型及监测结果,并用普通接收机验证工程可实现性。通过软件仿真和实测结果对比论证了方法的可行性,采用成熟的商业星载接收机进行软件修改有效地降低了卫星完好性接收装置的研发难度。     

Phase Residual Estimations for PCVs of Spaceborne GPS Receiver Antenna and Their Impacts on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites

In-flight phase center systematic errors of global positioning system(GPS) receiver antenna are the main restriction for improving the precision of precise orbit determination using dual-frequency GPS.Residual approach is one of the valid methods for in-flight calibration of GPS receiver antenna phase center variations(PCVs) from ground calibration.In this paper,followed by the correction model of spaceborne GPS receiver antenna phase center,ionosphere-free PCVs can be directly estimated by ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals of reduced dynamic orbit determination.By the data processing of gravity recovery and climate experiment(GRACE) satellites,the following conclusions are drawn.Firstly,the distributions of ionosphere-free carrier phase post-fit residuals from different periods have the similar systematic characteristics.Secondly,simulations show that the influence of phase residual estimations for ionosphere-free PCVs on orbit determination can reach the centimeter level.Finally,it is shown by in-flight data processing that phase residual estimations of current period could not only be used for the calibration for GPS receiver antenna phase center of foretime and current period,but also be used for the forecast of ionosphere-free PCVs in future period,and the accuracy of orbit determination can be well improved.     

基于决策不确定性的多目标跟踪传感器管理

针对高杂波、电子干扰环境,在量测驱动的多目标滤波框架下提出了一种基于决策不确定性的传感器管理方法。首先,根据部分可观测马尔科夫决策过程的理论,给出了基于Rényi信息增量的传感器管理一般方法。其次,综合考虑决策过程的信息完整性、信息质量、信息的内涵等因素,在量测驱动的自适应滤波框架下,基于目标运动态势评估多目标决策不确定性水平,并选取最大决策不确定性目标。最后,以最大决策不确定性目标的信息增量最大化为准则进行传感器分配方案的求解。仿真实验表明所提方法能够有效抑制电子干扰、杂波对多目标跟踪及传感器分配的影响,与基于威胁的传感器管理方法相比,所提方法的平均最优子模式分配（OSPA）距离及平均计算时长均显著降低,且在高杂波、电子干扰情形下具有较高的可靠性。     

Highly reliable relative navigation for multi-UAV formation flight in urban environments

Formation flight of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is expected to bring significant benefits to a wide range of applications. Accurate and reliable relative position information is a prerequisite to safely maintain a fairly close distance between UAVs and to achieve inner-system collision avoidance. However, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements are vulnerable to erroneous signals in urban canyons, which could potentially lead to catastrophic consequences. Accordingly, on the basis of performing relative positioning with double differenced pseudoranges, this paper develops an integrity monitoring framework to improve navigation integrity (a measure of reliability) in urban environments. On the one hand, this framework includes a fault detection and exclusion scheme to protect against measurement faults. To accommodate urban scenarios, spatial dependence in the faults are taken into consideration by this scheme. On the other hand, relative protection level is rigorously derived to describe the probabilistic error bound of the navigation output. This indicator can be used to evaluate collision risk and to warn collision danger in real time. The proposed algorithms are validated by both simulations and flight experiments. Simulation results quantitatively reveal the sensitivity of navigation performance to receiver configurations and environmental conditions. And experimental results suggest high efficiency and effectiveness of the new integrity monitoring framework.     

卫星导航接收机自主完好性监测算法研究

针对航空导航定位高可靠性的要求和GPS接收机观测噪声分布的特点,研究将粒子滤波算法应用于接收机自主完好性监测（RUM）中.通过粒子滤波算法对状态进行精确估计,利用对数似然比建立一致性检验统计量进行故障检测与隔离.对算法进行了数学建模,描述了完整的RAIM算法详细流程.通过实测数据对提出的RAIM算法进行验证,结果表明：粒子滤波算法在非高斯测量噪声情况下可以对GPS接收机状态进行精确的估计,利用对数似然比建立的一致性检验统计量能有效地检测并隔离故障卫星,验证了该算法应用于GPS接收机自主完好性监测的可行性和有效性.     

用于卫星导航多星故障识别的新方法

 通过分析广义似然比方法,指出该方法不能用于多星故障识别。为能够快速识别多颗故障卫星,提高卫星导航定位系统的可靠性,提出了一种可以用于多颗故障卫星识别的接收机自主完整性监测（RAIM）的新方法——假设验证法。该方法对所有可能的故障卫星组合进行假设验证,对每种假设的故障卫星组合计算出卫星伪距偏差,然后利用此偏差构造一个新的奇偶残差矢量,最后利用特定的故障识别准则进行判断。以识别2颗故障卫星和识别3颗故障卫星为例进行了计算机仿真,结果显示：假设验证法故障正确识别率高于85%,高于现有的可用于多星故障识别的最优奇偶矢量法,可以有效提高卫星导航系统的可靠性。同时,与最优奇偶矢量法相比,假设验证法不需要求取矩阵广义特征向量,计算量将减少90%以上。     

基于概率极限状态的RAIM风险评估

为了提供准确可靠的完好性服务,提出了基于概率极限状态的RAIM完好性风险评估。考虑所需导航性能参数和噪声的因素,建立了安全系数与可靠系数相结合的完好性风险评估指标体系,确立风险评价准则。非精密进近的算例分析表明,系统评估方法是可行的且有效的。     

基于ISM参数偏差阶梯式变化的ARAIM可用性

针对双频多星座全球卫星导航系统提供垂直引导服务的先进接收机端完好性监测技术(ARAIM)是当前完好性研究的重要热点之一,完好性支持信息(ISM)是实现ARAIM可用性的核心内容。为了探讨ARAIM可用性对ISM参数偏差的敏感度,在梳理ISM各参数和ARAIM性能关系的基础上,研究了基于阶梯式变化的ISM参数偏差对ARAIM可用性的影响情况。研究结果表明,ARAIM算法的四种可用性判据对ISM参数偏差表现出不同的耐受性,ISM各参数偏差对ARAIM可用性影响差异较大,且ISM参数中的用户测距精度(URA)对ARAIM可用性的影响最为明显,可造成大于10%的严重影响。     

一种评定电磁发射测量不确定度的简化方法

针对评定电磁发射测量不确定度,提出并讨论了以下几个观点:(1)传导发射评定结果仅与测量接收机的总误差有关;(2)应该确立一个国家标准辐射发射检测实验室。对同一个样品,由该实验室获得的测量结果应与其它检测实验室的测试结果进行严格比对;(3)只有在比对测试基础上,其它检测实验室进行辐射发射测量不确定度的评定才具有实际意义,且评定结果仅与天线系数和测量接收机的总误差有关。     

Precise orbit determination for TH02-02 satellites based on BDS3 and GPS observations

The Tianhui-2 02 (TH02-02) satellite formation, as a supplement to the microwave mapping satellite system Tianhui-2 01 (TH02-01), is the first Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite formation-flying system that supports the tracking of BeiDou global navigation Satellite system (BDS3) new B1C and B2a signals. Meanwhile, the twin TH02-02 satellites also support the tracking of Global Positioning System (GPS) L1&L2 and BDS B1I&B3I signals. As the spaceborne receiver employs two independent boards to track the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites, we design an orbit determination strategy by estimating independent receiver clock offsets epoch by epoch for each GNSS to realize the multi-GNSS data fusion from different boards. The performance of the spaceborne receiver is evaluated and the contribution of BDS3 to the kinematic and reduced-dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of TH02-02 satellites is investigated. The tracking data onboard shows that the average number of available BDS3 and GPS satellites are 8.7 and 9.1, respectively. The carrier-to-noise ratio and carrier phase noise of BDS3 B1C and B2a signals are comparable to those of GPS. However, strong azimuth-related systematic biases are recognized in the pseudorange multipath errors of B1C and B3I. The pseudorange noise of BDS3 signals is better than that of GPS after eliminating the multipath errors from specific signals. Taking the GPS-based reduced-dynamic orbit with single-receiver ambiguity fixing technique as a reference, the results of BDS3-only and BDS3 + GPS combined POD are assessed. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of orbit comparison of BDS3-based kinematic and reduced-dynamic POD with reference orbit are better than 7 cm and 3 cm in three-Dimensional direction (3D). The POD performance based on B1C&B2a data is comparable to that based on B1I&B3I. The precision of BDS3 + GPS combined kinematic orbit can reach up to 3 cm (3D RMS), which has a more than 25% improvement relative to the GPS-only solution. In addition, the consistency between the BDS3 + GPS combined reduced-dynamic orbit and the GPS-based ambiguity-fixed orbit is better than 1.5 cm (3D RMS).     

基于半随机滤波-期望最大化算法的剩余寿命在线预测

剩余寿命(RL)预测是设备预测维护的关键环节。准确在线预测能够为维护策略的实时安排提供更加精确的技术支持,有效避免失效的发生。工程实际中,反映设备退化过程的性能指标往往不能直接监测,为解决隐含退化过程的剩余寿命在线预测问题,提出一种基于半随机滤波-期望最大化(EM)算法的预测方法。首先以剩余寿命为隐含状态,构建状态空间模型描述直接监测数据与设备剩余寿命间的随机关系。为实现单个设备剩余寿命的在线预测,依据到当前时刻为止的监测数据,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)与期望最大化算法相互协作的方法实时估计与更新模型未知参数和剩余寿命分布。最后,将该方法用于惯性测量组合(IMU)剩余寿命在线预测问题,实验结果表明该方法能够提高预测的准确性并减少预测的不确定性。     

Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

A novel LAAS pseudo-range error over-bound method based on improved pseudo-range error distribution model

The high level of safety demand of civil aviation requests local area augmentation system (LAAS) extremely high navigation integrity performance. A new LAAS pseudo-range error overbound method is proposed in this paper to improve the integrity of LAAS. Firstly, a more practical pseudo-range error distribution model is established. Then, by calculating the relationship between the statistical uncertainty of the model parameter and the integrity risk, a new method is proposed to calculate the pseudo-range error over-bound model. This method can effectively reduce the inflation factor and the resulting conservativeness of the over-bound model. Comparative experiments show that the method proposed in this paper performs better and satisfies the requirements of real applications.