Ground-Based and Space-Based Radio Observations of Planetary Lightning

We review radio detection of planetary lightning performed by Voyager, Galileo (including in-situ probe measurements), Cassini, and other spacecraft, and compare the information on the underlying physics derived from these observations—especially the discharge duration, at Jupiter and Saturn—with our knowledge of terrestrial lightning. The controversial evidence at Venus is discussed, as well as the prospects for lightning-like discharges in Martian dust-storms (and studies on terrestrial analogues). In addition, lightning sources provide radio beacons that allow us to probe planetary ionospheres. Ground-based observations of Saturn’s lightning have been attempted several times in the past and have been recently successful. They will be the subject of observations by the new generation of giant radio arrays. We review past results and future studies, focussing on the detection challenges and on the interest of ground-based radio monitoring, in conjunction with spacecraft observations or in standalone mode.     

Research into vortex breakdown control

Vortex breakdown remains a significant and intriguing phenomenon that can have detrimental or beneficial effects, depending on the application. Thus there is a strong need to both better understand the phenomenon and to control it, either to prevent breakdown or to promote it. For the past 50 years, multiple flow control techniques have demonstrated the ability to manipulate the vortex breakdown location over slender delta wings at high angles of attack. An extensive historical review of these diverse control methods, mechanical and pneumatic, steady or periodic, is presented and discussed; however, none of these techniques has clearly demonstrated a superior efficiency or effectiveness in controlling either the vortical flow structure or the vortex breakdown location. Each technique, does, on the other hand, provide a unique approach to the control of the vortex breakdown depending on the desired outcome. There are still major obstacles to overcome before the control of vortex breakdown is implemented in flight. For example, oscillations of the vortex breakdown locations are difficult to quantify and to identify. The often poor effectiveness of control techniques can be in great part attributed to insufficient knowledge of breakdown and in an inability to accurately predict breakdown. When considering the large quantity of studies aimed at vortex breakdown control and their relative success, it is clear that decisive progress in this domain will require further basic investigations to clearly elucidate the physics of the phenomenon and to improve the predictive capability.     

Microphysics in Astrophysical Plasmas

Although macroscale features dominate astrophysical images and energetics, the physics is controlled through microscale transport processes (conduction, diffusion) that mediate the flow of mass, momentum, energy, and charge. These microphysical processes manifest themselves in key (all) boundary layers and also operate within the body of the plasma. Crucially, most plasmas of interest are rarefied to the extent that classical particle collision length- and time-scales are long. Collective plasma kinetic phenomena then serve to scatter or otherwise modify the particle distribution functions and in so-doing govern the transport at the microscale level. Thus collisionless plasmas are capable of supporting thin shocks, current sheets which may be prone to magnetic reconnection, and the dissipation of turbulence cascades at kinetic scales. This paper lays the foundation for the accompanying collection that explores the current state of knowledge in this subject. The richness of plasma kinetic phenomena brings with it a rich diversity of microphysics that does not always, if ever, simply mimic classical collision-dominated transport. This can couple the macro- and microscale physics in profound ways, and in ways which thus depend on the astrophysical context.     

超声速气流中纳秒脉冲放电特性实验研究

产生超声速导电流体是开展磁流体（MHD）动力技术实验研究的前提,低温超声速条件下产生大体积均匀等离子体有效可行的方法之一是纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电。介绍了基于马赫数为3吸气式双喉道风洞的超声速纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电实验系统的基本组成、设计原理和运行情况,分别在静止和马赫数为3超声速条件下对气体电离,测量分析电压和电流波形。得到以下结论：风洞稳定工作时间约为16 s,满足超声速气体放电实验的可靠进行和数据的有效采集;实验条件下,纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电气体击穿与电场强度值有关,而与电场强度变化率无关;实验条件下,着火电压大小受超声速气流密度波动影响显著,而受气流速度影响较小。另外,气体击穿后的放电状态受超声速气流影响小;气体击穿时刻的电流峰值受着火电压和实验环境中随机自由电子数共同影响。     

Modeling of dielectric barrier discharge-induced fluid dynamics and heat transfer

A dielectric barrier discharge, operating at kHz and kV conditions, can generate largely isothermal surface plasma and induce wall-jet-like fluid flow. It can serve as an aerodynamic actuator, and has advantages of no moving parts. In order to better understand the mechanism of the momentum coupling between the plasma and the fluid flow, both computational modeling and experimental information are presented. Furthermore, the impact of such athermal, non-equilibrium plasma discharges on low-speed aerodynamics and heat transfer is discussed. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system exhibiting decades of length and time-scale disparities. For Reynolds numbers of 10⁴–10⁵, the time-scales ratios between those characterizing the discharge physics (convection, diffusion, and reaction/ionization) and the fluid flow mechanisms are separated by several decades, allowing the effect of plasma on the fluid dynamics modeled via a one-way body force treatment. At a phenomenological level, the plasma model can be established using a linearized force distribution to approximate the discharge structure. A high-fidelity approach using a first-principle-based hydrodynamic-plasma model is also reviewed. Numerical techniques such as operating splitting are introduced in order to handle the computational stiffness resulting from the time and length scale variations. The goal is to use time-step sizes in the range of the fluid dynamics level while treating the fast varying ones statistically. The momentum coupling is discussed in the context of discharge chemistry; species transport properties, insulator and electrode materials, and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) geometry. Parametric studies conducted on the operating variables such as voltage, frequency and geometric arrangements offer substantial insight into the plasma physics, as well as a basis to explore thermal management and flow control applications.     

涡襟翼振动对三角翼涡的影响

 <正> 1.引言 许多实验表明,用主动干扰的方式是控制分离的一个有效方法,而且可以把分离区从一死水区(或紊乱的区域)变成一个有序流动区域。二维流动实验还表明非定常机动可以较大地改变流动结构。三维流态显示表明强迫振动对集中涡的形成过程等有显著影响,并影响涡和物面之间的距离。目前对三维非定常流动特性,以及非定常干扰对机翼绕流中涡破裂等的作用尚未充分了解。 影响集中涡破裂的关键因素是沿涡轴方向的压力梯度。涡环量对破裂的影响是双向的,涡强过大易使涡破裂;涡强过小时涡结构松散,也易于破裂,甚至迅速耗散掉。从二维结果看,非定常强迫扰动可使涡的结构更紧凑、清晰,而且扰动可以改     

The storm-time ring current

In this paper I am reviewing recent advances and open disputes in the study of the terrestrial ring current, with emphasis on its storm-time dynamics. The ring current is carried by energetic charged particles flowing toroidally around the Earth, and creating a ring of westward electric current, centered at the equatorial plane and extending from geocentric distances of about 2 R _E to roughly 9 R _E. This current has a permanent existence due to the natural properties of charged particles in the geospace environment, yet its intensity is variable. It becomes more intense during global electromagnetic disturbances in the near-Earth space, which are known as space (or magnetic or geomagnetic) storms. Changes in this current are responsible for global decreases in the Earth's surface magnetic field, which is the defining feature of geomagnetic storms. The ring current is a critical element in understanding the onset and development of space weather disturbances in geospace. Ring current physics has long been driven by several paradigms, similarly to other disciplines of space physics: the solar origin paradigm, the substorm-driver paradigm, the large-scale symmetry paradigm, the charge-exchange decay paradigm. The paper addresses these paradigms through older and recent important investigations.     

Emerging Parameter Space Map of Magnetic Reconnection in Collisional and Kinetic Regimes

In large-scale systems of interest to solar physics, there is growing evidence that magnetic reconnection involves the formation of extended current sheets which are unstable to plasmoids (secondary magnetic islands). Recent results suggest that plasmoids may play a critical role in the evolution of reconnection, and have raised fundamental questions regarding the applicability of resistive MHD to various regimes. In collisional plasmas, where the thickness of all resistive layers remain larger than the ion gyroradius, simulations results indicate that plasmoids permit reconnection to proceed much faster than the slow Sweet-Parker scaling. However, it appears these rates are still a factor of ～10× slower than observed in kinetic regimes, where the diffusion region current sheet falls below the ion gyroradius and additional physics beyond MHD becomes crucially important. Over a broad range of interesting parameters, the formation of plasmoids may naturally induce a transition into these kinetic regimes. New insights into this scenario have emerged in recent years based on a combination of linear theory, fluid simulations and fully kinetic simulations which retain a Fokker-Planck collision operator to allow a rigorous treatment of Coulomb collisions as the reconnection electric field exceeds the runaway limit. Here, we present some new results from this approach for guide field reconnection. Based upon these results, a parameter space map is constructed that summarizes the present understanding of how reconnection proceeds in various regimes.     

End-to-End Modeling of the Solar Terrestrial System

Traditionally modeling for space science has concentrated on developing simulations for individual components of the solar terrestrial system. In reality these regions are coupled together. This coupling can be as simple as the driving of the magnetosphere – ionosphere – thermosphere system by the solar wind or as a complicated as the feedback of the ionospheric conductivity and currents on the magnetosphere. As part of the CISM project we are beginning a concentrated effort to compressively model the entire system. This approach includes chains of models. In the first chain physics based numerical models are utilized while in the second chain empirical models are coupled together. The first half of this paper discusses the numerical modeling approach by highlighting the coupling of pairs of regions within the system. In the second section we present results from empirical models which are combined to make long term forecasts of conditions in the geospace environment. It is expected that a validated and reliable forecast model for space weather can be obtained by combining the strongest elements of each chain.     

辉光放电等离子体对边界层流动控制的机理研究

本文求解电位势方程得到电场分布,假定电场强度大于击穿阈值的区域为等离子体区,给定电荷密度,得到了作用于流体上的电场力。通过求解带源项的NS方程,研究了一个大气压下的均匀辉光放电等离子体对边界层流动的影响,考察了电场力做功对流动的影响。本文研究结果同文献[6]一致,即电场力总体上使边界层流动加速。另外,电场力做功对流动参数的影响可以忽略。文献[6]给出的线化电场模型和本文得到的电场相比,具有较大的差别,该差别引起了流动参数显著差别。     

亚热带气象条件下直升机雷达罩常见损伤及设计对策

本文通过对亚热带气象条件下使用的部分直升机雷达罩故障统计及分析,给出了雷达罩系统在亚热带高盐雾地区使用时外观及性能的变化规律以及常见的结构损伤形式,为直升机雷达罩在该类地区更合理地使用及维修提供了较为准确的依据。同时,通过分析对比,本文还给出了亚热带气象条件下使用的直升机雷达罩在设计及制造时可以借鉴的基本原则。     

Hydrocarbons in terrestrial samples and the Orgueil meteorite

Meteorites contain extraterrestrial carbonaceous materials. The Alais, Orgueil, Tonk, and Ivuna meteorites resemble in their carbon, free sulfur, and non-metamorphosed mineral contents, densities, and general appearances certain organic-rich terrestrial sediments. Structural and isotopic determinations of carbon compounds in the Orgueil chondrite indicate that these compounds are primarily indigenous. Physically and chemically the benzene extractable carbonaceous materials from the Orgueil and certain near-surface terrestrial sediments are similar. Mass spectrometric type analyses of the alkanes from an Orgueil fragment, terrestrial sediments and organisms are statistically indistinguishable at the 95 per cent confidence level. Theoretical considerations and experimental data are presented, and these permit an assessment of the potential and reliability of hydrocarbons as biological indicators. Based on the production and preservation or organic substances in terrestrial environments, alkanes in the Alais, Orgueil, Tonk, and Ivuna (Type I) carbonaceous chondrites could retain the best evidence of organisms that may have lived on a parent body of meteorites.A portion of the research reported in this article was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract No. NASw 508.     

高马赫数来流条件下斜激波与流向涡对相互作用

针对斜激波入射流向涡对形成的复杂流动干扰现象,在来流马赫数6条件下,利用后掠斜坡式涡流发生器生成流向涡对,采用数值模拟结合激波风洞实验,研究了斜激波与流向涡对相互作用引起的激波变形和旋涡演变。结果表明,斜激波与流向涡对相互作用的剧烈程度大致分为强、中、弱三种。在强相互作用下,激波面向上游凸起的程度最剧烈,呈现类“T”字型特征,其对称面处接近于一道正激波,波后出现回流区和局部流动滞止,使得流向涡对发生破碎;在中等相互作用下,对称面处存在局部正激波,但没有出现回流区;在弱相互作用下,不再出现局部正激波。进一步地分析发现,斜激波与流向涡对相互作用产生的流向涡对破碎现象,不符合经典的激波作用下单个流向涡破碎理论的预测。采用流向涡对对称面处的气流参数,对经典的流向涡破碎理论进行修正后,能够预测本文流向涡对在斜激波作用下是否发生破碎。本文为掌握激波作用下流向涡对破碎现象的规律,提供了重要参考。     

SDBD plasma enhanced aerodynamics: concepts,optimization and applications

This paper provides an overview of the physics and design of single dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators for enhanced aerodynamics in a variety of applications. The actuators consist of two electrodes, one exposed to the air and the other covered by a dielectric material. The electrodes are supplied with an ac voltage that at high enough levels, causes the air over the covered electrode to ionize. The ionization of the air is a dynamic process within the ac cycle. The ionized air, in the presence of the electric field produced by the electrode geometry, results in a body force vector that acts on the ambient air. The body force is the mechanism for active aerodynamic control. The body force per unit volume of plasma has been derived from first principles and implemented in numerical flow simulations. This utilizes models for the time and space dependence of the air ionization on the input voltage amplitude, frequency, electrode geometry and dielectric properties that have been developed and bench-marked with experiments. The experiments and model suggest approaches that can maximize the performance of the plasma actuators. A sample implementation of an actuator model in a numerical flow simulation consisting of leading-edge separation control on an airfoil along with an experimental benchmark is then presented.     

细长翼绕流中的旋涡特性

 本文综述了细长翼绕流中由前缘分离形成的集中涡的各种运动特性。细长翼翼面上方的前缘集中涡是控制机翼绕流和影响机翼气动力特性的主要因素。为此本文详细介绍了前缘涡的形成及其基本流动结构;前缘涡的破裂现象及其对机翼气动力特性的影响;并给出前缘涡破裂的各种理论模型和它的估算方法。最后还简单介绍了绕流中旋涡之间的绕合现象和互相干扰的流动结构。     

Small Scale Alfvénic Structure in the Aurora

This paper presents a comprehensive review of dispersive Alfvén waves in space and laboratory plasmas. We start with linear properties of Alfvén waves and show how the inclusion of ion gyroradius, parallel electron inertia, and finite frequency effects modify the Alfvén wave properties. Detailed discussions of inertial and kinetic Alfvén waves and their polarizations as well as their relations to drift Alfvén waves are presented. Up to date observations of waves and field parameters deduced from the measurements by Freja, Fast, and other spacecraft are summarized. We also present laboratory measurements of dispersive Alfvén waves, that are of most interest to auroral physics. Electron acceleration by Alfvén waves and possible connections of dispersive Alfvén waves with ionospheric-magnetospheric resonator and global field-line resonances are also reviewed. Theoretical efforts are directed on studies of Alfvén resonance cones, generation of dispersive Alfvén waves, as well their nonlinear interactions with the background plasma and self-interaction. Such topics as the dispersive Alfvén wave ponderomotive force, density cavitation, wave modulation/filamentation, and Alfvén wave self-focusing are reviewed. The nonlinear dispersive Alfvén wave studies also include the formation of vortices and their dynamics as well as chaos in Alfvén wave turbulence. Finally, we present a rigorous evaluation of theoretical and experimental investigations and point out applications and future perspectives of auroral Alfvén wave physics.     

拟人控制平行单级双倒立摆

提出从物理角度出发,分析被控系统并设计控制器的观点,并在介绍基于物理模型的拟人智能控制框架的基础上,以平行单级双倒立摆的稳定控制为例说明了拟人智能控制的应用过程,最后将实验结果与滑模控制平行单级双倒立摆的实验结果进行了对比。     

分离涡运动和破裂特性的理论研究

本文提出不可压和可压缩粘性涡核运动方程及其解法;研究旋涡破裂边界,初始参数和外流参数对旋涡破裂的影响以及旋涡破裂机理;给出细长三角翼前缘分离涡破裂的理论模拟方法,初始参数对高速旋涡破裂的影响,可压缩粘性旋涡的运动特性以及压缩性效应。     

模拟退火算法和POD降阶模态计算在翼型反设计中的应用

在翼型反设计中用模拟退火算法作为寻找目标函数极值的优化算法;对翼型流场的计算采用基于正交分解(Proper Orthogonal Decomposition-POD)的降阶模态,这种方法可以降低流场反复计算所需的大量机时。本文将二者结合,并应用到翼型反设计领域,对几个给定翼型压力分布反求翼型表面。计算结果表明本文方法是可行的,且优化算法具有全局优化和鲁棒性强等特点。此外,本文提出了用扰动翼型函数的方法形成POD降阶模态中的快照,利用这些快照形成的基模态,拓展了加鼓包函数方法的表达范围。