一种空间目标高精度指向控制方法

针对空间动目标指向任务对卫星提出的高精度控制需求，研究了卫星星体/快反镜二级复合系统的指向控制问题，给出了一种空间运动目标高精度指向控制方法。首先，基于近圆轨道Clohessy Wiltshire方程获得追踪卫星与目标卫星的位置信息；然后，基于扩展Kalman滤波算法进行多信息融合确定追踪卫星姿态参数，并实时解算出追踪卫星载荷光轴与目标卫星的相对姿态，获得跟踪指向所需的方位角和俯仰角；最后，通过星体一级姿态控制和基于快反镜的载荷光轴二级指向控制，实现对目标卫星的快速、高精度指向。仿真结果表明，该方法可以在保证快速性的同时实现动态指向控制误差小于072″。该方法可以实现对空间目标的高精度指向控制，为未来空间中激光通信等航天任务提供技术支持。     

卫星光轴复合指向控制方法研究

卫星平台搭载光学载荷对空间运动目标进行跟踪指向技术已经成为卫星发展的重点，为了提升卫星光轴的指向范围、跟踪精度和机动性，仅依靠卫星的姿态调整已无法提升卫星光轴的性能。通过对由卫星姿态、星载光电转台和快反镜组成的卫星复合光轴指向系统的分析，需三者协同工作，输出有效叠加，才能有效提升卫星光轴的指向范围、跟踪精度和机动性。对卫星姿态控制系统、星载光电转台控制系统、快反镜控制系统进行研究建模后，确定了三者的作动频带。通过建立辅助PQ单位反馈系统，运用频率响应法设计复合指向控制器，模拟某轨道的卫星与跟踪目标的相对运动轨迹作为仿真模型的输入。仿真数据表明卫星光轴的跟踪指向误差由0.6°下降到了0.05°，证明了复合指向控制律有效提升了卫星光轴的性能。     

星上运动部件对气象卫星姿态影响的研究

以中国下一代静止轨道气象卫星为对象,分析了有效载荷扫描镜运动和太阳翼步进运动对卫星姿态的影响。结果表明,有效载荷的正常扫描运动和太阳翼的步进运动对卫星姿态的影响很小,但有效载荷的黑体校准运动对卫星姿态的影响很大,必须进行补偿控制,否则卫星有效载荷扫描镜的指向精度无法满足设计要求。     

空间惯性定向姿态卫星数传链路设计

对于采用空间惯性定向姿态的卫星,其在数传设备工作期间不能保证固定安装在星体上的发射天线波束准确指向地面站,这给有效载荷高速数传提出更高技术要求. 研究了这类卫星在轨运行时其姿态相对地面站的变化规律,利用STK软件提供的卫星轨道仿真分析结果,寻找数传天线波束中心轴的较好指向,得到不同天线波束宽度能够实现的卫星对地数传时间. 通过研制140°波束范围内0dBi增益天线,在链路设计上保证了传输速率85Mbit·s-1时有足够的余量. 在星载设备小型化约束（质量10kg、功耗80W）条件下,采用小型化宽波束天线以及固态功放解决了空间惯性定向姿态卫星的有效载荷数据传输问题,设计方案满足相关任务要求.      

Impact of the orbital eccentricity on the attitude performance before and after the deorbiting phase for Alsat-1

Due to the presence of periodic forcing terms in the gravity gradient torque, orbit eccentricity may produce large response for the roll, yaw and pitch angles. This paper investigates the influence of the orbit eccentricity on the performance of the attitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) pointing of passive Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites stabilized by a gravity gradient boom or having long appendages before and after the deorbiting operation. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, the satellite attitude dynamics and kinematics are modeled by introducing the orbit eccentricity in the equations of motion of a LEO satellite in order to provide the best scenario in which satellite operators can keep the nominal functionality of LEO satellites with a gravity gradient boom after the deorbiting operation. Second, a Quaternion-based Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is analyzed when the orbit eccentricity is considered in order to determine the influence of this disturbance on the convergence and stability of the filter. The simulations in this work are based on the true parameters of Alsat-1 which is a typical LEO satellite stabilized by a gravity gradient boom. The results show that the orbit eccentricity has a big influence on the pointing system accuracy causing micro-vibrations that affect the geocentric pointing particularly after the deorbiting phase. In this case, satellites have no orbital correction option. The Quaternion-based Extended Kalman Filter analyzed in this paper, achieved satisfactory results for eccentricity values less than 0.4 with respect to pointing system accuracy. However, singularities were observed for eccentricity values greater than 0.4.     

基于地标信息的星敏感器低频误差标定方法

针对星敏感器及其安装结构热变形等因素引起的星敏感器低频误差(LFE)影响卫星姿态确定精度的问题,提出了根据有效载荷提供的地标信息,采用最小二乘算法标定星敏感器低频误差的方法.考虑到卫星姿态确定系统是为有效载荷服务的,为了使卫星姿态确定系统输出的姿态信息与有效载荷相一致,从而准确反映有效载荷的指向变化情况,星敏感器低频误差的标定以有效载荷提供的地标信息为观测量进行.仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效减弱星敏感器低频误差对卫星姿态确定精度的影响,从而提高卫星姿态确定精度.     

重力卫星星间高精度测距技术研究

卫卫跟踪(SST)技术是当前地球重力场测量最有价值和应用前景的方法之一.高精度星间测距系统是低低卫卫跟踪(SST-ll)重力卫星的关键有效载荷.GRACE卫星携带的K波段测距系统(KBR K Band Ranging System)是一微米量级的测距系统,通过处理高精度的星间距离和距离变化率数据,可以恢复出地球重力场.GRACE后续计划又提出了一种更高精度的激光干涉测距系统.在研究KBR及激光干涉测距系统测量原理的基础上,提出了一种KBR系统的基本结构,详细分析了两种测距系统的关键技术及国内目前的研究水平,提出了我国开展星间测距系统研究的一些建议.      

星载有效载荷自主探测管理方案设计与实现

星载有效载荷在轨探测时需要在多种模式之间不断进行切换, 以便获得探测器 的最优工作状态. 每种模式切换时需要对有效载荷28个电子学前端电路、中子 采集与处理电路、触发单元电路、高压供电机箱及载荷数管进行多种工作状态 参数的配置. 为有效开展有效载荷探测工作, 提高有效载荷探测模式转换的灵 活性及降低模式切换时参数配置的复杂度, 对星载有效载荷在轨自主探测管理 技术进行研究, 并对探测器有效载荷的工作模式进行分析, 给出由地面规划 专家和星上自主探测执行机构相结合的基于事件驱动的有效载荷自主探测方案 设计和软件实现情况, 同时对自主探测中的可靠性措施进行了分析, 实现探测 器全天候、全时段、灵巧探测的功能, 并减少了对地面遥控注入的依赖.      

Design of an end-to-end demonstration mission of a Formation-Flying Synthetic Aperture Radar (FF-SAR) based on microsatellites

The paper focuses on space system design aspects related to an end-to-end demonstration mission, aiming at showing the feasibility of a Formation Flying Synthetic Aperture Radar (FF-SAR) with microsatellite class platforms (~100 kg). Trajectory design approaches that can fulfil payload requirements are addressed to enable selected FF-SAR applications. The exploitation of these applications relies on suitable combinations of FF-SAR techniques like Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) enhancement, High-Resolution Wide Swath (HRWS) SAR imaging, and Coherence Resolution Enhancement (CRE). In this framework, a cluster of 3 micro-satellites, working in X-band, flying in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) close-formation, has been designed as a candidate end-to-end system demonstration mission. One satellite embarks a Transmitting-Receiving (Tx/Rx) radar, i.e. it is a monostatic SAR. The other two satellites are Receiving-only platforms. Critical design aspects related to spacecraft subsystems and formation-flying analysis are addressed to confirm the technical feasibility of the spaceborne distributed system implementing the FF-SAR principle.     

考虑机动效率的多约束导引律设计

针对考虑交会角约束的导引律在可用过载不足时将导致大的交会角误差问题,推导一种考虑时变过载约束的制导形式,而该导引律在实现较大机动的同时会带来较大能量损失,进而提出一种考虑导弹机动效率的多约束导引律。首先,应用最优二次型原理推导出一种时变控制项权系数的闭环制导形式;其次,将导弹机动时刻阻力系数引入时变权系数,并通过迭代分别确定可用过载与机动效率约束边界;最后,将时变过载约束表示成剩余时间的函数,代入制导指令,并进行弹道仿真。结果表明:推导的2种导引律均能较好地实现末端弹道成型要求,考虑机动效率的制导指令分配更为合理,并有效降低了拦截末端速度损耗,提高了制导精度与毁伤效果;且考虑机动效率的导引律中时变权系数无须配平求解,在保证精度的同时极大提高了迭代速度。     

Guidepost-based autonomous orbit determination method for GEO satellite

Guidepost-based navigation system is a novel autonomous orbit determination method for the GEO satellite. The system is achieved by using the camera imaging function to obtain the guidepost images and the GNSS signal receiver to obtain the pseudoranges between the GEO and the navigation satellites. Due to the high altitude of GEO satellite and the time-varying sunlight condition in the space environment, it may be difficult to obtain object image points and the distance measurements of GNSS because of the weak visibility of the guideposts. To deal with the problem, a novel integrated orbit determination system is presented. The Earth landmarks, the in-orbit spacecraft and GNSS navigation satellites whose line-of-sights and the distance can be easily obtained are used at the same time as information for the GEO satellite navigation based on the observability conditions analysis. The observability of the GEO satellite navigation system is analyzed through the physical observability, the mathematical observability and the engineering observability through the observing geometry, the rank of observability matrix and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) respectively. Besides, the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter (MCUKF) algorithm is applied to improve the estimation stability of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. The simulation indicates the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

挠性卫星天线跟踪指向系统的复合控制研究

在抑制弹性振动研究的基础上,根据全系数自适应控制的原理,对挠性卫星天线跟踪指向系统进行了复合控制器的分析和设计,并在这个多变量系统中取得了满意的解耦控制效果。最后,考虑到工程应用的实际情况,给出了满足工程要求的卫星天线跟踪指向控制系统数学仿真结果。     

量子导航定位系统中的捕获和粗跟踪技术

量子导航定位系统需要借助于空间量子卫星信息通信系统来进行信号的捕获、跟踪和对准(acquisition,tracking and pointing,ATP).ATP系统是空间量子卫星信息通信的重要组成部分,涉及到量子通信链路的建立以及中断通信链路的恢复;粗跟踪和精跟踪的相互配合,可以确保通信双方处于通信状态,达到期望的信号跟踪性能.本文详细阐述用于量子导航定位系统的空间量子卫星通信的捕获阶段和粗跟踪的相关技术,重点分析捕获阶段中的初始指向技术、扫描技术、捕获阶段的精度及其性能,以及粗跟踪阶段的精度及其性能指标等关键技术.     

转动载荷对卫星姿态的影响与控制研究

研究带有转动载荷和挠性附件的卫星姿态控制问题.基于具有广义坐标形式的牛顿 欧拉方法建立了卫星姿态动力学模型和转动载荷力矩模型,研究载荷产生的动不平衡力矩和静不平衡力矩的机理和特点.分析载荷干扰对卫星姿态的影响特性,给出基于传递函数进行拉氏变换以估算姿态抖动量的方法.分析卫星姿态控制系统设计干扰补偿控制器的条件,给出了控制器的工程设计方法.验证结果表明该方法有效且能提高卫星姿态精度.     

动力翼伞纵向四自由度动力学仿真

在考虑载荷物和伞体相对运动的前提下,研究了动力翼伞纵向运动过程.将伞体和伞绳作为一个平面运动刚体,载荷物具有绕系挂点的摆动自由度,建立纵向四自由度动力学模型.求解翼伞从平飞至爬升状态推力阶跃操纵的动力学响应,由状态量的变化曲线得出动力操纵初期伞体失速倾覆的主要原因是迎角剧烈变化而超过失速边界.获得推力操纵值和推力增加速率所形成的操纵包线,当推力操纵幅度较小时,增加速率并无限制;当推力增加幅度较大时,增加速率的限制值随着增幅变大而减小.此外从能量角度计算了大动力快速操纵前后载荷物的机械能变化,并提出动力翼伞新的雀降操纵方式.计算表明该方法可以有效减少接地前后的能量,即可以减少接地后载荷物翻转对正面动力系统的冲击.     

基于观测器的平台无陀螺姿态复合控制

针对超静卫星星体平台无陀螺、载荷敏感器与星体平台执行机构非共基准安装时整星存在姿态异位控制问题,提出了一种基于观测器估计星体平台姿态的复合控制方法。首先,建立星体平台/Stewart平台/载荷的动力学模型,并获得Stewart平台作动器关节空间的等效动力学模型。针对关节空间等效模型,设计super twisting观测器,以作动器平动位移为输入,以载荷和星体平台之间的相对姿态和角速度为输出,实现星体平台姿态和角速度估计。其次,以载荷测量姿态信息为输入,设计Stewart作动器的积分滑模控制律,实现载荷高精度指向控制。以观测器估计的星体平台姿态信息为输入,设计星体平台控制器实现星体平台的稳定控制。Lyapunov稳定性分析表明所设计的观测器和控制器能够保证闭环系统渐近稳定。数学仿真结果表明：在星体平台有陀螺时,载荷能够实现0.1″指向精度;在星体平台无陀螺时,采用观测器估计星体平台姿态并进行控制,载荷亦可实现0.1″指向精度。     

环境C卫星热系统设计与在轨验证

根据环境C卫星的自身特性, 采用以被动式热控制为主和主动热控制为辅的控制方式, 对环境C卫星进行热系统设计. 通过研究环境C卫星的热控设计原则、热设计状态及已解决的关键问题, 对其在轨飞行温度数据进行了分析. 在轨飞行遥测结果表明, 环境C卫星热控系统方案合理, 工作稳定, 性能良好. 星上设备温度环境很好地满足了设计要求.      

BeiDou-3 orbit and clock quality of the IGS Multi-GNSS Pilot Project

Within the Multi-GNSS Pilot Project (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS), precise orbit and clock products for the BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) are routinely generated by a total of five analysis centers. The processing standards and specific properties of the individual products are reviewed and the BDS-3 orbit and clock product performance is assessed through direct inter-comparison, satellite laser ranging (SLR) residuals, clock stability analysis, and precise point positioning solutions. The orbit consistency evaluated by the signal-in-space range error is on the level of 4–8 cm for the medium Earth orbit satellites whereas SLR residuals have RMS values between 3 and 9 cm. The clock analysis reveals sytematic effects related to the elevation of the Sun above the orbital plane for all ACs pointing to deficiencies in solar radiation pressure modeling. Nevertheless, precise point positioning with the BDS-3 MGEX orbit and clock products results in 3D RMS values between 7 and 8 mm.     

A universal on-orbit servicing system used in the geostationary orbit

The geostationary orbit (GEO), a unique satellite orbit of the human beings, is a very precious orbit resource. However, the continuous increasing of GEO debris makes the GEO orbit more and more crowded. Moreover, the failures of GEO spacecrafts will result in large economic cost and other bad impacts. In this paper, we proposed a space robotic servicing system, and developed key pose (position and orientation) measurement and control algorithm. Firstly, the necessity of orbit service in GEO was analyzed. Then, a servicing concept for GEO non-cooperative targets was presented and a universal space robotic servicing system was designed. The system has a 2-DOF docking mechanism, a 7-DOF redundant manipulator and a set of stereo vision, in addition to the traditional subsystems of a spacecraft. This system can serve most existing satellites in GEO, not requiring specially designed objects for grappling and measuring on the target. The servicing contents include: (a) visual inspecting; (b) target tracking, approaching and docking; (c) ORUs (Orbital Replacement Units) replacement; (d) Malfunctioned mechanism deploying; (e) satellites life extension by taking over its control, or re-orbiting the abandoned satellites. As an example, the servicing mission of a malfunctioned GEO satellite with three severe mechanical failures was designed and simulated. The results showed the validity and flexibility of the proposed system.     

Design and experiment of onboard laser time transfer in Chinese Beidou navigation satellites

High-precision time synchronization between satellites and ground stations plays the vital role in satellite navigation system. Laser time transfer (LTT) technology is widely recognized as the highest accuracy way to achieve time synchronization derived from satellite laser ranging (SLR) technology. Onboard LTT payload has been designed and developed by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, and successfully applied to Chinese Beidou navigation satellites. By using the SLR system, with strictly controlling laser firing time and developing LTT data processing system on ground, the high precise onboard laser time transfer experiment has been first performed for satellite navigation system in the world. The clock difference and relative frequency difference between the ground hydrogen maser and space rubidium clocks have been obtained, with the precision of approximately 300 ps and relative frequency stability of 10E−14. This article describes the development of onboard LTT payload, introduces the principle, system composition, applications and LTT measuring results for Chinese satellite navigation system.