姿态控制系统冗余设计方法与半实物仿真试验

从系统冗余的角度研究了提高运载火箭姿态控制系统可米住的途径，论述了捷联／捷联，平台／捷联冗余姿态控制系统的组成和工作原理，介绍了用姿态角判别故障和用姿态角速度判别故障的两种故障诊断、切换和重构的模式。对捷联／捷联冗余方案进行了半实物仿真试验。     

一种用于导弹姿态控制系统的直接力非线性控制法

为改善传统导弹姿控系统线性控制法的不足,用相平面法分析了直接力作用下导弹的姿态运动规律和气动力作用对直接力控制的影响,提出了一种综合控制精度、姿控发动机产品特性和推进剂消耗量等指标的直接力非线性控制方法,给出了控制模型。仿真结果表明,该法能在气动力作用或干扰无法忽略的条件下实现导弹姿控发动机的开关工作正常,保证精度及推进剂消耗最省,其控制精度与线性比例微分(PD)控制律相当。     

Nanosatellite <Emphasis Type="Italic">REFLECTOR</Emphasis>: Choice of parameters of the attitude control system

We consider methodological and applied problems of choosing parameters and developing a passive gravity-gradient attitude control system for the REFLECTOR nanosatellite. The attitude control system consists of appropriately distributed satellite mass and additional masses forming the required tensor of inertia, as well as of a set of hysteresis rods manufactured from a magnetically soft material. The combination of these elements allows one, independent of the satellite’s initial angular motion, to maintain its three-axial orientation in the orbital coordinate system with preset performance in precision and fast response. The satellite’s dynamics is investigated using asymptotic and numerical methods. The problems of arrangement of the additional masses and hysteresis rods are discussed, as well as their interaction with magnetizable elements.     

以VSCMG为执行器的航天器姿态机动自适应动态滑模控制

针对刚体航天器姿态机动控制问题,结合变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)执行器的特性,提出一种自适应动态滑模控制律,提高了姿态机动控制的扰动抑制能力和鲁棒性。此控制律采用自适应方法对扰动力矩进行估计,通过给出控制力矩变化率并对其积分得到控制力矩,以此削弱切换控制的抖振对控制力矩时间连续性的影响,从而改善系统的动态性能。仿真分析显示该控制律能够在扰动力矩作用下实现刚体航天器的快速姿态机动,并且有效减弱了滑模控制的抖振现象。     

基于约束运动理论的航天员舱外救生中的姿态运动控制

航天员舱外救生或作业时相对母体航天器经常要进行大角度姿态机动或姿态保持,利 用欧拉四元数描述姿态无奇异性且冗余度小。然而航天员舱外调姿时通常含有一定的约束或 是沿着某种预定轨迹,而且欧拉四元数在计算过程中可能发散。基于Udwadia和Kalaba 提出的约束运动理论,分析了航天员和航天器的相对姿态的描述方法,直接用四元数对航天 员的姿态进行动力学建模,将四元数2范数为1的约束加入到动力学方程里。利用该约束运动 理论推导和仿真了航天员姿态欧拉角奇异时的姿态跟踪控制方法。该控制方法对航天员肢体 变化引起的转动惯量等参数的改变具有鲁棒性,能通过平衡解稳定参数的选取方便地对控制 系统的性能进行调节,且计算量小。
     

Stability-based SDRE controller for spacecraft momentum management

Momentum management of spacecraft aims to avoid the angular momentum accumulation of control momentum gyros through real-time attitude adjustment. An attitude control/momentum management controller based on state-dependent Riccati equation is developed for attitude-stabilized spacecraft. The governing equations of the system are formulated as three-axis coupled with full moment of inertia, which fully capture the nonlinearity of the system and are valid for systems with significant products of inertia or strong pitch to roll/yaw coupling. The state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm brings the nonlinear system to a linear structure having state dependent coefficients matrices and minimizing a quadratic-like performance index. The system equations are nondimensionalized, which avoid numerical problems at the same time make the weighting matrix more predictable. To guarantee closed-loop system stability, the state-dependent Riccati equation algorithm is also modified based on pole placement technique. The state-dependent Riccati equation is online calculated through the computational-efficient θ-D technique which reaches a tradeoff between control optimality and computation load. The dynamic characteristics of the system at torque equilibrium attitude are analyzed. Constraints on moment of inertia for successful momentum management are provided. Simulations demonstrate the excellent performance of the controller.     

航天器姿控发动机真空羽流场计算及其扰动分析

航天器姿态控制发动机工作期间,产生的羽流扰动力矩会影响控制精度,对流和辐射产生的热效应会影响热控系统工作,羽流沉积物会影响光学敏感器的精度。文章以某航天器的20 N姿控发动机为例,首先采用工程的MOC方法计算其真空羽流场;然后利用建立的航天器羽流三维冲击模型分析了羽流对太阳电池阵的冲击载荷;最后对发动机羽流脉冲激励下太阳电池阵的响应和姿态控制系统受到的扰动力矩进行了仿真分析。结果表明姿控发动机羽流脉冲激励将对控制精度和稳定度产生不可忽视的影响。     

Command shaping for a flexible satellite platform controlled by advanced fly-wheels systems

In this paper we consider the coupling between the flexibility of a spacecraft equipped with variable speed control moment Gyros and its attitude control system, in the framework of command shaping techniques. The analysis is performed on the set of equation of motion written in an explicit form describing a flexible platform and N wheels gimballed to it. The attitude control system is designed upon a Lyapunov based feedback relying upon a rigid body model. Whenever the structure is not stiff enough, flexibility degrades the performances of the controller that fails to track the desired history. We therefore study the possibility of altering the tracking signal fed to the controller trying to get rid of the relevant frequencies notch filtering them in order to reduce vibrations. The results obtained for a test case attitude acquisition maneuver are presented and the benefit deriving from the command shaping technique evaluated and discussed.     

微型固体推进器阵列与磁力矩器联合姿态控制方法

针对传统皮纳卫星姿态控制系统中磁力矩器输出力矩小、姿态控制响应慢等问题，提出一种微型固体推进器阵列与磁力矩器联合姿态控制方法，提高了控制精度，缩短了控制周期，并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了算法的稳定性。首先建立微型固体推进器阵列优化点火模型，然后给出其补偿控制时间设置方法，并推导出大角速度阻尼控制律和辅助速度阻尼控制律，同时设计了基于混合系统模型的姿态捕获联合控制律，最后通过仿真验证了速度阻尼联合控制律和姿态捕获联合控制律的有效性。仿真结果表明，相较于传统的纯磁控方法，联合控制方法能够有效提高控制精度，大幅度缩短控制周期。     

Robust attitude stabilization of spacecraft subject to actuator failures

A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed to stabilize the 3-axis attitude of the spacecraft for cases where there is no control available on either roll or yaw axis. The stability conditions for robustness against unmatched uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. The properties of the proposed sliding surface are investigated to obtain the domains of sliding mode for the closed-loop system. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

Estimation of dynamic characteristics of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">International Space Station</Emphasis> from measurements of microaccelerations

We describe the results of determining the mass of the International Space Station using the data of MAMS accelerometer taken during correction of the station orbit on August 20, 2004. The correction was made by approach and attitude control engines (ACE) of the Progress transporting spacecraft. The engines were preliminary calibrated in an autonomous flight using the onboard device for measuring apparent velocity increment. The method of calibration is described and its results are presented. The error in station mass determination is about 1%. The same data of MAMS and similar data obtained during the orbit correction on August 26, 2004 were used for the analysis of high-frequency vibrations of the station mainframe caused by operation of the ACE of Progress. Natural frequencies of the ACE are determined. They lie in the frequency band 0.024–0.11 Hz. ACE operation is demonstrated to result in a substantial increase of microaccelerations onboard the station in the frequency range 0–1 Hz. The frequencies are indicated at which disturbances increase by more than an order of magnitude. The study described was carried out as a part of the Tensor technological experiment.     

卫星正常模式姿态确定算法研究

针对太阳同步极轨卫星进行了正常模式姿态确定算法研究 ,采用四元数法建立了较完整和准确的姿态估计器模型 ,并进行了可观测性及观测度的分析。通过数学仿真证明此姿态确定算法能够对星体姿态进行较精确的估计或校正 ,满足卫星控制精度要求     

欠驱动航天器飞轮控制方法

针对应用任意剪刀对构型飞轮群的欠驱动刚体航天器姿态控制问题,将飞轮群与航天器看作整体系统进行建模,从整体系统可控性角度分析采用传统模型进行控制系统设计存在的局限性。随后通过对飞轮群角动量集合描述,得出航天器姿态可机动集合。由于飞轮群构型的任意性及航天器的欠驱动特性,导致具有初始角动量的整体系统难以针对系统状态方程采用Lyapunov函数方法进行状态反馈控制器设计,同时为了保证存在外扰动力矩的航天器姿态机动精度,采用非线性预测控制方法实现系统的反馈控制。所提控制算法实现了任意飞轮群剪刀对构型、飞轮群角动量非饱和条件下,任意系统初始角动量欠驱动航天器在姿态可机动集合中的机动控制。仿真结果表明,系统具有良好的控制性能及精度。     

基于鲁棒控制方法的卫星姿态控制

针对卫星姿态控制系统 ,建立了简化的线性数学模型 ,利用鲁棒控制方法设计了卫星姿态控制律 ,由于在设计中考虑了建模过程中的简化而带来的不确定性 ,因而基于线性模型所设计的控制律能够应用于非线性卫星姿态系统的控制     

基于鲁棒状态观测器的运载火箭姿态控制系统设计

考虑弹性振动和液体晃动,采用鲁棒观测器设计了运载火箭的姿态控制系统。将姿态角测量结果中弹性振动的影响视为外界干扰,利用状态观测器的低通滤波特性实现对高频弹性信号的衰减,同时状态观测器替代速率陀螺估计得到姿态角速度,以姿态角和角速度信号为输入,采用扭曲二阶滑模控制方法设计了姿态控制律,并从理论上对该控制律稳定液体晃动和弹性振动的原理进行了证明,对观测器变换矩阵的选择进行分析。数值仿真表明,在参数摄动和干扰的影响下,所提出的变结构控制律能够有效的跟踪控制指令,稳定系统姿态,具有较强的鲁棒性,同时鲁棒状态观测器能够准确的估计出角速度信息。     

Asymptotic study of a complete magnetic attitude control cycle providing a single-axis orientation

The angular motion of an axisymmetrical satellite equipped with the active magnetic attitude control system is examined. Attitude control system has to ensure necessary orientation of the axis of symmetry in the inertial space. It implements the following strategy: coarse reorientation of the axis of symmetry with nutation damping or “-Bdot” without initial detumbling; spinning-up about the axis of symmetry to achieve the property of a gyro; fine reorientation of the axis in the inertial space. Dynamics of the satellite is analytically studied using averaging technique on the complete control loop consisting of five algorithms. Solutions of the equations of motion are obtained in terms of quadratures for most cases or even in closed-form. The latter allowed to study the dependence of motion parameters including time-response with respect to the orbit inclination and other parameters for all algorithms.     

姿控发动机减压阀出口压力偏差计算方法研究

减压阀出口压力偏差对姿控发动机的性能有较大影响,通常所采用的小偏差分析方法因不能有效分离非调整工况下工况偏离和其它干扰因素对发动机性能的相互影响,所计算的减压阀出口压力范围误差较大。本文提出了将工作工况作为影响发动机性能的一项干扰因素,基于姿控发动机系统静态模型,应用系统压力平衡原理计算发动机各工况下干扰因素影响系数的方法,根据计算结果采用随机误差分析方法确定了减压阀的出口压力偏差范围,所得结果符合发动机性能要求。     

面向空间近距离操作的机械臂与服务卫星协同控制

针对航天器在轨服务任务中涉及的空间近距离操作需求，提出一种机械臂与服务卫星协同控制方法。首先建立了机械臂和服务卫星组合体动力学模型以及服务卫星和目标卫星相对位姿耦合动力学模型。然后采用全局终端滑模控制设计了机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方法，采用PD控制设计了服务卫星相对位姿耦合控制方法，并将机械臂反作用力和力矩作为前馈补偿叠加到服务卫星控制系统中，实现了两者的协同控制。最后通过数值仿真验证了控制方法的有效性。仿真结果表明，该方法能够满足空间近距离操作任务对机械臂和服务卫星的控制精度、稳定性和误差收敛时间的要求，具有工程实用性。     

考虑伺服回路动态的飞行器攻角鲁棒控制技术

为增强飞行器姿控回路与伺服回路的协调匹配性,提升整个姿态控制系统的综合性能,在考虑飞行器伺服回路动态特性的基础上研究其姿态控制方法。以俯仰通道为例,基于多鲁棒面控制和动态面控制理论,提出一种考虑伺服回路动态特性的攻角鲁棒控制方法,有效解决了回路之间的协调控制问题。计算机仿真结果表明:相比于未考虑伺服回路动态特性的攻角控制方案,该控制方案的攻角跟踪效果更好,飞行器姿控外回路和伺服内回路协调匹配性得到提升,且该方案确保了攻角控制系统具备更优越的综合性能指标。研究成果可重点应用于具有高动态和轻质化需求的飞行器姿态控制领域。     

A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.