一种空间目标高精度指向控制方法

针对空间动目标指向任务对卫星提出的高精度控制需求，研究了卫星星体/快反镜二级复合系统的指向控制问题，给出了一种空间运动目标高精度指向控制方法。首先，基于近圆轨道Clohessy Wiltshire方程获得追踪卫星与目标卫星的位置信息；然后，基于扩展Kalman滤波算法进行多信息融合确定追踪卫星姿态参数，并实时解算出追踪卫星载荷光轴与目标卫星的相对姿态，获得跟踪指向所需的方位角和俯仰角；最后，通过星体一级姿态控制和基于快反镜的载荷光轴二级指向控制，实现对目标卫星的快速、高精度指向。仿真结果表明，该方法可以在保证快速性的同时实现动态指向控制误差小于072″。该方法可以实现对空间目标的高精度指向控制，为未来空间中激光通信等航天任务提供技术支持。     

Hierarchical scheduling for real-time agile satellite task scheduling in a dynamic environment

The imaging processes of optical satellites can be easily affected by unexpected environmental changes, such as changes in cloud coverage. Given the difficulty to predict environmental uncertainties, traditional offline scheduling methods need a follow-up re-scheduling process that responds to real-time environmental information. This repetitive scheduling processes make the offline fine scheduling process a waste of computational resources. Additionally, the offline scheduling method is quite complex owing to its lack of a hierarchy mechanism. To solve these problems, we propose a hierarchical scheduling method for the real-time scheduling problem. This method divides the scheduling process into three steps: pre-assignment, rough scheduling, and fine scheduling. A hierarchical scheduling algorithm based on ant colony algorithm is proposed. Tests with 36 scenarios show that the calculation time is efficiently reduced with this new mechanism. With this consideration of the dynamic environment, the re-scheduling process becomes unnecessary, meaning the wasting of computational resources is avoided and the solution profit is improved.     

遥感卫星传感器的重复观测能力计算

遥感卫星传感器的重复观测能力是体现卫星系统动态监测能力的重要指标之一. 通过分析卫星星下点成像和侧视成像时的重访条件, 给出了卫星可能实现重访的轨道计算方法, 同时以HJ-1A/1B卫星(环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座的光学星)为例, 给出了特定地区可以实现重访的优选轨道, 并讨论了由两颗卫星组成的卫星星座对重访的影响, 以及纬度对重访的影响.      

Geosynchronous satellites expanding a future GNSS satellite constellation: A precise orbit determination study

The integration of geosynchronous orbit (GSO) satellites in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is mostly discussed to enable a regional enhancement for tracking. But how do GSO satellites affect the orbit determination of the rest of the constellation? How accurately can these orbits be determined in a future GNSS tracking scenario with optical links? In this simulation study we analyze the benefit of GSO satellites as an expansion of a MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) satellite constellation – we selected the Galileo satellite constellation – for MEO Precise Orbit Determination (POD). We address not only the impact on POD of MEO satellites but also the possibility to precisely determine the GSO satellites – geostationary orbits (GEO) and inclined geosynchronous orbits (IGSO) – in such an expanded MEO constellation. In addition to GNSS microwave observations, we analyze the influence of different optical links between the participating entities: Optical two-way Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) and ground-space oriented Optical Two-Way Links (OTWL). These optical measurements together with the GNSS microwave observations give a remarkable benefit for the POD capability. In the case of GNSS and OTWL, we simulate the measurements with regard to a network of 16 ground stations. We pay great attention to the simulation of systematic effects of all measurement techniques. We discuss the influence on the systematic errors as well as the formal orbit uncertainties. A MEO constellation expanded with GSO satellites as well as the use of optical links together with GNSS observations not only improves the MEO satellite orbits but also the GSOs to a great extent.     

一种基于双目视觉的卫星相对位姿测量方法

卫星位姿测量技术是与航天飞行器相关的空间操控活动中一项核心的支撑技术.考虑到太空环境中光源单一，且卫星表面一般为反光材质，提出了一种基于双目视觉的卫星相对位姿测量方法.在卫星面板标志点可见时，本文方法利用卫星对接环外环和卫星面板标志点测量卫星相对位姿.在卫星距离对接目标较近，无法观测到卫星面板标志点时，本文方法利用ORB特征点匹配测量位姿.为了增强鲁棒性，本方法还利用光流追踪法和卡尔曼滤波器优化位姿测量的结果.仿真实验结果表明，本方法能够在光源单一背景下对任意种类的卫星在对接过程中进行准确的位姿测量.     

Collision probability and spacecraft disposition in the geostationary orbit

Since 1963 approximately 300 satellites have been launched into the geostationary orbit, followed possibly by another additional 200 satellites up to the year 2000. Ground surveillance with radar and optical sensors able to detect objects of 1 m minimum size in the geostationary ring indicates a total population of several hundred which includes active and defunct satellites and spent upper stages. In addition, a population of untrackable objects is conjectured, whose size can only be estimated, possibly several thousand of smaller objects.

The purpose of this paper is to review the long-term evolution of orbits in the geostationary ring and at higher altitude, the collision probabilities and disposition options.

The major perturbations are considered including attitude-orbit cross-coupling effects which could cause secular orbit perturbations.

Collision probabilities for current and projected populations are reviewed considering different approaches, such as a deterministic treatment of the uncontrolled population and a stochastic modeling for the controlled satellites. Also, colocation, that is sharing of the same longitude slot by several operational satellites, is a potential source for collision, if no preventive measures are taken.

As regards spacecraft disposition options, the conclusion is that reorbiting is currently the only practical measure to safeguard the geostationary orbit. In this recommended procedure the defunct satellites are inserted into a so-called graveyard orbit, located suffieciently high above the geostationary orbit.     

光学遥感卫星在轨星上绝对辐射定标的研究进展

高精度绝对辐射定标是实现光学遥感定量化应用的重要前提。首先简要介绍了绝对辐射定标,接下来系统性地梳理国内外发展现状及发展趋势,重点分析了太阳反射谱段光学遥感卫星在轨星上绝对辐射定标的各种方法,包括遥感器上定标设备、恒星和月球定标、高精度参考交叉定标卫星和同步绝对辐射定标仪等,其中前两类已经在轨实现精度优于2%~5%,后两类计划当中精度优于1%。最后总结发展规律和发展启示,给出高精度光学遥感卫星在轨星上绝对辐射定标发展的几点讨论。     

空间目标在天基光学探测中的特性分析与仿真

分析了空间目标的分布及几何特性,研究了空间目标光学特性与天基探测系统、太阳以及目标自身参数的关系,提出了空间目标光学特性仿真的思路,建立的天基空间目标光学特性分析系统可以计算并绘制相对距离、太阳相位角及目标星等变化曲线.由于很难获取准确的空间目标实际光度数据,文中提出了对仿真结果的验证方法.通过对仿真结果的分析,得出了天基空间目标光学探测的特点,为天基光学探测和识别的研究提供了参考.      

利用人工势函数法的卫星电磁编队控制

卫星电磁编队是指利用卫星之间相互作用的电磁力进行卫星相对运动控制,对控制律的要求主要是计算量小和能避免碰撞.以目标星对参考星的相对运动矢量作为控制对象,分析了使用电磁力控制卫星编队的可行性,结果是如果编队卫星磁矩能够任意控制,那么卫星相对运动也能完全控制.设计了人工势函数,以相对位置和相对速度矢量作为变量,人工势函数在达到控制目标时为最小值,在碰撞的位置具有局部最大值.设计的控制律能够实时调整控制参数,能够保证电磁线圈控制电流不至于饱和,以及人工势函数导数在控制过程中小于零.仿真表明,所设计的控制律能生成编队构型并避免碰撞,而且具有一定的抗干扰性.     

Comparative analysis of global optical observability of satellites in LEO

With a growing number of resident space objects (RSOs), the facilities for near-Earth space surveillance have to cope with increasing workload. It also applies to low-cost small optical surveillance facilities which may present regional, national and global networks. Improved methods of planning and scheduling optical telescopes are required to use these instruments efficiently. Today, optical observations are only feasible if the following quite stringent requirements are met: the object should be illuminated by sunlight, and it should be above while the Sun is below the observer’s horizon. For different orbits, these preconditions result in varying degrees of the space object observability at various ground-based sites. Certainly, satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) are particularly difficult to observe. This study aims at developing a new technique for assessing observability of a satellite in different types of orbits – namely, low, medium and high Earth orbits, imaging of the opportunity for its visibility in respective diagrams and their analysing for the existing near-Earth population of RSOs. Unlike other researches, wherein one or several observational stations have been chosen as target sites for in-depth analyses of visibility of all the satellites or just the selected ones, the present study focuses on examining the probability of optical surveillance of satellites in a certain orbit from any locations worldwide. It offers considerable scope for automation of surveillance planning and scheduling optical surveillance networks.     

FocusGEO望远镜观测地球同步轨道目标的光度特性分类

基于FocusGEO望远镜2017年12月至2019年6月的测光观测数据,开展台站上空地球同步轨道(GEO)目标光度曲线的分类研究.通过对GEO卫星光度曲线特征的统计分析,建立了一种全新的GEO卫星分类系统,确定了各类GEO卫星光度曲线的占比,分析了光度特征类别与卫星平台的相关性.本研究将197颗GEO卫星的光度曲线分...     

低秩条件下双星TDOA和FDOA无源定位算法

针对双星对地面已知高度目标辐射源到达时间差(TDOA)和到达频率差(FDOA)无源定位过程中存在卫星1位置矢量、两卫星位置矢量差以及两卫星速度矢量差三者共面问题,提出了一种获得目标位置三维解析解的算法,并指出当且仅当两卫星位置矢量和速度矢量四者共线时才无解。分析了共面但不共线和共线2种情况,给出了不同情况下的解析解,并且当两卫星位置矢量共线时可以将定位问题化简为简单的一元二次方程求解问题,可以有效降低求解复杂度和减少虚根数量。此外,当三矢量共面时还可以改善星下点区域的定位精度。仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。     

GNSS-R concept extended by a fine orbit tuning

Small changes in semimajor axis of the orbits selected for the GNSS-R [R as Reflectometry] satellites, so-called fine orbit tuning, known from the ESA’s Gravity and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer mission, can dramatically increase the number of nadir and off-nadir reflecting points and, in turn, can enhance the capability of the concept of bistatic altimetry (GNSS Reflectometry) without additional costs. The application of our suggestion is feasible for a satellite which will be equipped by thrusters for the orbit keeping. During the mission lifetime several orbit tunings are feasible, just to transfer from one to another orbit. Then we can study short-periodic or longer-periodic features, according to scientific goals defined for the mission. The shortest cycles (few days), corresponding to the required revisit time (defined by ESA), may be subcycles of much longer cycles (repeat periods).     

Long-term photometric signature study of two GEO satellites

Geostationary earth orbit satellites have been extensively used for unique high-orbit stationary characteristics. Long-term precise investigation is an important issue in the observation of GEO satellites, since it can provide valuable information on the satellites’ operation state, discrimination and early warning analysis. Ground-based optical-electronic devices play a significant role in the observation. 4-month photometric signature variation of two satellites is presented based on the successive observations using the 1.56-meter telescope of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO). It can be concluded that the long-term brightness change mainly results from the sun declination angle and regular orbit maneuver. Moreover, the solar panel offsets of the two satellites are analyzed and found to be approximately 4 degrees. Estimation of photometric accuracy reaches 0.15 mag for the application of CCD drift-scan optical-electronic technique.     

跟踪与数据中继卫星(TDRS)跟踪用户星的条件分析

中继卫星是航天测控网发展的必然趋势.一颗中继卫星对不同轨道的用户星测控支持能力是不同的,受多种因素的影响.从理论上详尽地分析了地球同步轨道中继卫星(TDRS)对近地航天器的跟踪条件,计算了中继卫星对各种轨道高度近地航天器的测控覆盖率,给出了中继星到用户星可视算法、地球遮挡和受太阳直射的计算公式,通过专业STK软件仿真验证了所得结论的正确性,它们可以作为确定天基网的中继星数量和对在轨中继卫星进行资源分配的理论依据.      

卫星轨道保持的一类控制模型

地球赤道静止卫星希望其定点位置固定不变 ;采用轨迹重复的近地轨道的对地遥感卫星 ,需要具有固定的地面轨迹位置 ;如果这类遥感卫星还同时采用太阳同步轨道 ,则还要求降交点地方平太阳时固定不变。上述这三种情况虽然其物理机制各不相同 ,但其变化及控制过程可以抽象出一种共同的模型。文章首先给出这个统一的模型并对其进行讨论 ,然后将结果应用到所述的三种具体情况     

Optical response of nanosatellite BLITS measured by the Graz 2 kHz SLR system

The nanosatellite BLITS (Ball Lens In The Space) is the first object designed as a passive, spherical retroreflector of the Luneburg type, dedicated for Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). The optical response of BLITS has been measured by the Graz 2 kHz SLR station and compared with the response of the classical retroreflector arrays (RRA) of the Low Earth Orbiting satellites such as ERS-2 and Stella. This work demonstrates that the optical response of BLITS is flat and featureless, comparable with the signature of a point-source or a flat target, and suggests that this innovative design will deliver a higher normal point (NP) accuracy (2.55 mm) than any other SLR target currently in orbit. The high reflectivity of the glassy BLITS (about 60% of the return rate from the multi-reflector Stella) is found to be decreasing by about 30% per year, probably due to the solar irradiation. Detailed analysis of the reflective half-shell demonstrates that a high return rate of SLR measurements can be achieved regardless of the incident angle of the laser beam, thus making the spherical lens a perfect successor of the classical RRA panels mounted on active satellites such as CHAMP, GOCE and GRACE.     

卫星位置偏差对双星/GIS组合定位的影响及组合定位试验

建立了双星定位和双星／GIS组合定位的计算模型.在此基础上研究了星历误差对双星定位结果的 影响,卫星位置偏差对组合定位结果的影响,在组合定位中,在经、纬度方向上,分别给卫星位置加入均方差 为1°的位置偏差.结果表明,给卫星位置加入均方差为1°的经、纬度方向位置偏差,并不会降低组合定位的 精度.对这一重要结论,从几何上给出了解释.最后进行了双星／GIS组合定位的物理试验.试验结果表明, 双星／GIS组合定位确实可以大大提高双星定位的精度.     

Hybrid method for crater detection based on topography reconstruction from optical images and the new LU78287GT catalogue of Lunar impact craters

Impact craters are ubiquitous and well-studied structures of high geological relevance on the surfaces of the Earth’s Moon, the terrestrial planets, the asteroids and the satellites of the outer planets. Therefore, it is not surprising that crater detection algorithms (CDAs) are one of the most studied subjects of image processing and analysis in lunar and planetary science. In this paper we are proposing a Hybrid CDA: a modified DEM (digital elevation map) reconstruction method used as a step in an existing CDA based on Hough transform. The new Hybrid CDA consists of: (1) reconstruction of topography from optical images using a shape from shading approach; (2) utilization of the DEM-based CDA; (3) correction of brightness and contrast of optical images used in order to be more suitable for evaluation of detections. An additional result of this work is a new method for evaluation of topography reconstruction algorithms, using a DEM-based CDA and an earlier approach for evaluation of CDAs. The new Hybrid CDA was tested using two Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³) images and two excerpts of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Wide Angle Camera (WAC) global optical image mosaic. As a result, the number of craters inside these four regions increased considerably from 1754 (as available in the previous LU60645GT catalogue) to 19 396 craters (as available in the resulting new LU78287GT catalogue). This confirmed the practical applicability of the new Hybrid CDA, which can be used in order to considerably extend current crater catalogues.     

月地高速激光通信系统链路特性分析

根据地球、月球、探月卫星的三体运动,针对月地激光链路的建立与保持,分析了地球与月球对链路的遮挡问题,对链路模式进行分析。仿真结果表明:使用3颗月球极轨(Moon Polar Orbit,MPO)卫星来进行通信时,链路中断的次数将大大减少,但是在某些时间段上,仍然受到月球的遮挡而迫使通信链路频繁中断。使用4颗MPO卫星来进行通信时,链路将不再受到月球的阻挡,而仅受到地球的遮挡。同理,增加地球同步轨道卫星的数目可避免地球的遮挡。仿真结果表明,采用2颗地球同步轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit,GEO)卫星建立链路,链路将不会受到地球的遮挡,建立深空科学研究的信息中继中心,采用激光通信技术,实现月地高速激光信息传输,为我国深空探测技术的发展提供支撑。