星下点轨迹恒定的低轨星座构型设计方法

为探寻适用于低轨巨型星座的构型设计方法,提供了一种所有卫星共星下点轨迹,且该轨迹固定不变的低轨恒定轨迹星座构型解析设计方法。该构型用回归因子、卫星总数两个参数进行编码。首先,利用平均轨道根数思想,建立了地球非球形摄动带谐项阶数为J₄条件下的回归轨道设计解析模型。其次,根据卫星与地球相对运动规律,确立了满足共星下点轨迹条件的解析式。最后,结合回归轨道设计与共星下点轨迹设计思想,建立低轨恒定轨迹星座构型设计模型。最终仿真结果表明,该构型设计方法符合所有卫星共星下点轨迹、且轨迹固定不变的设计预期,验证了本构型设计方法的有效性。本星座构型具有形式简易、构型易维持、覆盖范围广的特点,确保了空间系统与地面系统的方位一致性,极大程度降低了星地系统协同的复杂度。     

严格回归轨道的管道导航方法研究

分析了作为参考轨道的严格回归轨道与卫星在轨运行状态的相对运动关系,提出近地遥感卫星的管道导航方法。由于参考轨道的设计只考虑高精度的地球非球形摄动,与在轨卫星的动力学环境存在差别,这导致两者之间存在切航向漂移。基于高精度的轨道动力学模型和位置确定方法,设计了卫星与参考轨道采样点的沿航向对齐算法,从而获取了卫星相对参考轨道采样点的相位时间偏差和卫星在参考轨道编队坐标系切航向平面内的相对运动轨迹,进而引入椭圆的“最小二乘适配法”获取相对运动轨迹的特征量。所研究的管道导航方法可应用于基于GNSS测量数据的卫星自主轨迹保持。     

零偏模式下太阳光压对轨迹保持控制影响分析

从某颗在轨卫星地面轨迹漂移“异常”出发,分析了该现象发生的内在机理,建立了零偏模式下（卫星姿态偏航角保持为零）光压摄动力沿迹方向累积效应解析模型,并基于历史观测数据通过轨道改进估计模型参数。最后,利用该卫星2018年真实地面轨迹对新模型预报精度进行验证。结果表明,采用新模型后,卫星地面轨迹漂移预报误差得到明显改善,为该卫星轨迹保持控制策略制定提供了技术支持。     

地球观测卫星的轨道捕获和轨道保持

<正> 地球观测卫星利用星上遥感设备对地球进行观测,以获取各种地面信息.这种卫星通常选取太阳同步兼回归轨道.在太阳同步轨道上,运动的卫星在相同的地方时经过观测区域,卫星摄影时,太阳高度角基本相同;选取回归轨道,其目的是使卫星在运行一个回归周期以后,又重复原先的地面轨迹,这就可以满足用户对同一目标多次重复观测的要求.美国陆地卫星、泰罗斯、依托斯、雨云及法国的地球资源卫星均设计为这样的轨道.     

卫星轨迹跟踪控制的参数化方法

 在卫星轨迹控制系统的状态空间模型的基础上,通过分析卫星的轨道动力学方程,给出卫星轨迹跟踪控制问题的数学描述;基于线性系统的特征结构配置和模型参考理论提出一种卫星轨迹跟踪控制的参数化方法,设计系统的反馈镇定控制器和前馈跟踪控制器。分别进行卫星悬停和绕飞两种指令下的仿真。仿真结果表明,提出的控制方案是行之有效的。     

基于覆盖圆的太阳同步回归轨道卫星目标轨迹调整方法

遥感卫星星座在环境监测、地理测绘等领域运用中,需要考虑目标轨迹分布的优化问题.轨迹分布与星座的重访能力和进出站间隔保持等应用需求密切相关.目前对星下点轨迹分布的优化和调整还缺乏准确实用的方法,存在卫星数目增多带来的计算量增加问题和对多种需求综合考虑不够的问题.为了克服现有技术的不足,解决太阳同步回归轨道遥感卫星星座的目...     

超低轨道地球卫星脉冲星/星光折射/光谱组合导航

针对超低轨道地球卫星导航自主需求,提出了一种脉冲星/星光折射/光谱测速组合天文导航方法。首先根据地球超低轨道卫星运行轨道动力学方程建立导航系统状态模型;分别根据脉冲到达时间差和星光折射角与天体光谱频率建立导航系统量测模型;使用Unscented卡尔曼滤波方法,降低随机误差对导航精度的影响,使用基于UKF的信息融合方法,有效融合了三种天文导航方法结果数据。经计算机仿真分析,该组合导航方法位置导航误差均值为85.62m,速度误差均值0.190m/s,能够满足超低轨道地球卫星在轨运行导航需求。     

GEO卫星快速发射入轨定点控制方法

提出了一种GEO卫星快速发射入轨定点方法,运载火箭将卫星发射进入GTO轨道后,由上面级或卫星自身在48h内快速定点到GEO轨道任意指定定点位置。考虑时间、测控等约束,在选定变轨策略基础上,以燃料消耗最小为目标,优化给出了快速入轨定点标称轨迹。采用无奇异的春分点根数描述轨道运动,基于最小二乘法给出了航天器在有限推力条件下变轨的闭环显式制导方法,控制航天器沿标称轨迹飞行。仿真算例表明,采用该变轨策略、轨道优化设计方法和制导律,可以完成GEO卫星快速入轨定点控制。     

共享星位式静止轨道卫星群构形简析

共享星位式静止轨道卫星群（Ｃｏ－ｌｏｃａｔｅｄＧｅｏｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｙＳａｔｅｌｉｔｅｓ）共占一个星位以完成对地通信任务。在这种共享星位的方式下每颗卫星间的位置差异很小,整个卫星群在经度和纬度方向上的允许偏差通常小于±０．１°。在这个范围内必须对卫星精确控制。经典的Ｃ－Ｗ方程形式简单,便于分析,但它的结果不能精确地反映卫星的相对运动,因而不宜用来研究共位式静止卫星群的几何构形及其控制。作者给出了一组修正的Ｃ－Ｗ方程以弥补其不足;并且根据卫星群偏心率与倾角综合的分离思想,讨论了两种策略,使得卫星群的构形可通过每个成员的轨道要素简单表出。适当调整每颗卫星的轨道要素可以保持卫星群的构形在空间不变,或者对地（近赤道观测站）不变。     

对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器的长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制

研究了绕飞卫星对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器进行长时间绕飞观测的轨道设计与控制问题。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在椭圆轨道上的长期绕飞轨迹设计模型;得到了绕飞轨迹以目标航天器为中心且保持封闭的条件。然后,考虑绕飞轨迹安全性和完成任务的相对距离需求,针对具体目标设计了长期绕飞观测轨道。绕飞过程中存在的摄动和误差影响会使绕飞轨迹不能保持封闭,不满足任务需求,为此采用双脉冲方法对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真结果表明,对运行在异面椭圆轨道上的目标航天器,所建立的绕飞轨迹设计模型和轨迹控制方法可以用于长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制中。     

The possibilities of polar meteorology,environmental remote sensing,communications and space weather applications from Artificial Lagrange Orbit

The ability to observe meteorological events in the polar regions of the Earth from satellite celebrated an anniversary, with the launch of TIROS-I in a pseudo-polar orbit on 1 April 1960. Yet, after 50 years, polar orbiting satellites are still the best view of the polar regions of the Earth. The luxuries of geostationary satellite orbit including rapid scan operations, feature tracking, and atmospheric motion vectors (or cloud drift winds), are enjoyed only by the middle and tropical latitudes or perhaps only cover the deep polar regions in the case of satellite derived winds from polar orbit. The prospect of a solar sailing satellite system in an Artificial Lagrange Orbit (ALO, also known as “pole sitters”) offers the opportunity for polar environmental remote sensing, communications, forecasting and space weather monitoring. While there are other orbital possibilities to achieve this goal, an ALO satellite system offers one of the best analogs to the geostationary satellite system for routine polar latitude observations.     

基于GNSS的高轨卫星定位技术研究

利用全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)进行导航定位具有全球、全天候、实时和高精度的优点,应用于高地球轨道(HEO)卫星的定位,能够提供精确的轨道和姿态确定,并且可以克服目前主要利用地面测控系统对HEO卫星进行定位的设备复杂、投资高等缺点,使得自主导航成为可能.本文对利用GNSS的高轨卫星定位相关技术进行了研究,分析了单一GNSS系统和多个GNSS组合系统的卫星可见性、动态性和几何精度因子(GDOP).通过仿真分析表明,利用组合GNSS系统并通过提高GNSS接收机灵敏度的方法,可以解决GNSS进行HEO卫星定位的相关问题,并能保证HEO卫星定位精度的要求.      

全球个人卫星移动通信系统

全球个人通信系统（ＰＣＳ）是一个发展中的新概念。１９９０年初开始提出利用静止轨道以外的其他轨道通信卫星的设想,最好是利用低轨道（ＬＥＯ）卫星。使用低轨道卫星就像把地面蜂窝网搬到天上,并能提供与之相仿的业务。文章评价了利用移动的和个人终端的通信卫星网;给出了未来低轨道卫星网的前景;对其中一些有关问题作了归纳。同时,描述了个人通信系统的功能性构成,并对一些网络的主要技术参数作表比较。     

利用GPS对地球静止轨道卫星定轨的可行性

总结了几种利用 GPS对地球静止轨道卫星定轨的方法 ,并且对仅仅接收 GPS星发射的信号来定轨这种方法进行了计算论证。得出了 GPS星在一个计算周期 (2 4 h)内对于静止卫星的可利用性 ,比较了不同条件下的可利用性。通过对可利用性分析 ,提出了一种利用 GPS对静止卫星定轨的方法     

Geosynchronous satellites expanding a future GNSS satellite constellation: A precise orbit determination study

The integration of geosynchronous orbit (GSO) satellites in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is mostly discussed to enable a regional enhancement for tracking. But how do GSO satellites affect the orbit determination of the rest of the constellation? How accurately can these orbits be determined in a future GNSS tracking scenario with optical links? In this simulation study we analyze the benefit of GSO satellites as an expansion of a MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) satellite constellation – we selected the Galileo satellite constellation – for MEO Precise Orbit Determination (POD). We address not only the impact on POD of MEO satellites but also the possibility to precisely determine the GSO satellites – geostationary orbits (GEO) and inclined geosynchronous orbits (IGSO) – in such an expanded MEO constellation. In addition to GNSS microwave observations, we analyze the influence of different optical links between the participating entities: Optical two-way Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) and ground-space oriented Optical Two-Way Links (OTWL). These optical measurements together with the GNSS microwave observations give a remarkable benefit for the POD capability. In the case of GNSS and OTWL, we simulate the measurements with regard to a network of 16 ground stations. We pay great attention to the simulation of systematic effects of all measurement techniques. We discuss the influence on the systematic errors as well as the formal orbit uncertainties. A MEO constellation expanded with GSO satellites as well as the use of optical links together with GNSS observations not only improves the MEO satellite orbits but also the GSOs to a great extent.     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

利用摆动地球敏感器两个探测器输出的姿态确定

摆动地球敏感器是地球同步通信卫星控制系统的重要部件。这种敏感器主要用于卫星的姿态测量,测量量作为控制系统的输入信号计算控制输出量。摆动地球敏感器有4个探测器,目前在轨卫星的基本使用方法均为至少使用3个探测器的测量信息进行姿态确定。本文给出了使用2个探测器测量确定卫星姿态的计算方法,并结合实际情况给出了使用策略。这种姿态确定方法大大拓宽了地球敏感器的使用范围,增加了地球敏感器的冗余性,延长了部件的使用寿命。     

混合星座导航系统的加权几何精度因子分析

不同类型卫星构成的混合星座导航系统或兼容系统中,考虑到广播星历精度不等导致的测距误差不等,用加权几何精度因子(WGDOP)代替几何精度因子(GDOP)作为最佳星座选择、定位精度评估和完好性监测的依据。对静止轨道卫星(GEO)/中高轨道卫星(MEO)构成的混合星座中不同卫星组合的WGDOP和GDOP进行了比较,实验结果表明WGDOP能更准确地反映星座性能和评估定位精度。在对定位精度或完好性监测的可靠性要求较高等场景,要用加权几何精度因子进行分析。     

Recent Progress of Fengyun Meteorology Satellites

After nearly 50 years of development, Fengyun (FY) satellite ushered in its best moment. China has become one of the three countries or units in the world (China, USA, and EU) that maintain both polar orbit and geostationary orbit satellites operationally. Up to now, there are 17 Fengyun (FY) satellites that have been launched successfully since 1988. There are two FY polar orbital satellites and four FY geostationary orbit satellites operate in the space to provide a huge amount of the earth observation data to the user communities. The FY satellite data has been applied not only in the meteorological but also in agriculture, hydraulic engineering, environmental, education, scientific research and other fields. More recently, three meteorological satellites have been launched within the past two years. They are FY-4A on 11 December 2016, FY-3D on 15 November 2017 and FY-2H on 5 June 2018. This paper introduces the current status of FY meteorological satellites and data service. The updates of the latest three satellites have been addressed. The characteristics of their payloads on-boarding have been specified in details and the benefit fields have been anticipated separately.      

The YORP effect on the GOES 8 and GOES 10 satellites: A case study

The Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect is a proposed explanation for the observed rotation behavior of inactive satellites in Earth orbit. This paper further explores the YORP effect for highly asymmetric inactive satellites. Satellite models are developed to represent the GOES 8 and GOES 10 satellites, both of which are currently inactive in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO). A simple satellite model for the GOES 8 satellite is used to analyze the short period variations of the angular velocity and obliquity as a result of the YORP effect. A more complex model for the rotational dynamics of the GOES 8 and GOES 10 satellites are developed to probe their sensitivity and to match observed spin periods and states of these satellites. The simulated rotation periods are compared to observations for both satellites. The comparison between YORP theory and observed rotation rates for both satellites show that the YORP effect could be the cause for the observed rotational behavior. The YORP model also predicts a novel state for the GOES 8 satellite, namely that it could periodically fall into a tumbling rotation state. Recent observations of this satellite are consistent with this prediction.