Modeling of landing of a helicopter with skid undercarriage with regard for the second landing impact

A technique is suggested for calculating the helicopter spatial motion and the stress-strain state of a skid landing gear in the course of landing with regard for the second landing impact; geometric, material and design nonlinearity of undercarriage springs deformation is taken into account. The comparison between the analysis results and experimental data is presented.     

To an issue of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid landing gear for landing loading condition

The existing technique of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid type landing gear according to Airworthiness Standards [1] is analyzed and the results of comparing with design and experimental studies are presented. The main existing problems both in design simulation and the system of requirements to the conditions of rating the loads on the skid landing gear helicopter are identified. Also proposed are the techniques to increase safety of the helicopter emergency landing by refining the rating conditions of external loads at the design stage.     

基于飞参数据的飞机起落架地面受载状态分析

起落架是飞机起飞和着陆过程中的关键部件，其结构强度的优劣直接影响着飞机的起飞和着陆安全。本文针对某飞机依据强度和刚度规范设计出的起落架在某次着陆阶段出现的损伤故障，利用飞机的飞参数据，从中提取飞机着陆时的姿态与运动信息，分析飞机起落架的地面载荷信息，从而为故障排查提供参考和输入。分析结果表明，在某些情况会出现的三向载荷复合作用是导致该起落架结构损伤的可能原因之一。     

升力加载法在起落架缓冲器性能研究中的应用

针对某型飞机前起落架,在ADAMS/A ircraft软件环境下建立对应的虚拟样机模型。通过编制仿真控制文件,采用直接在起落架上加载当量升力而非折算当量质量的方法,研究了升力作用对缓冲器性能的影响,更加真实地实现了对起落架有仿升落震试验的模拟。最后,通过对比分析进一步验证了该种升力加载方法的有效性和可靠性,为型号研制中起落架缓冲系统的下一阶段的详细设计工作奠定了基础。     

某型无人机起落架放下阶段缓冲器气液流动特性研究

在设计飞机油气混合型式的可收放起落架时,应充分考虑其内腔之间的介质流动特性。以某型无人机起落架缓冲器阻尼孔径、充油量为研究对象,采用单因素实验法对各因素引起的缓冲器内部气液流动变化进行分析,通过Fluent软件对放下阶段不同阻尼孔径、充油量下的缓冲器气液特性进行仿真计算。结果表明：起落架放下过程缓冲器阻尼孔油液流量只与孔径大小有关,不受缓冲器充油量影响;在该型号无人机要求的637 mL充油量下,缓冲器阻尼孔孔径应大于6 mm;对于其他型号起落架缓冲器,当确定了充油量后,应将满足放下阶段缓冲器气液充填作为缓冲器阻尼孔设计标准之一。     

基于降落区概念的飞机起落架着陆动力学分析

在飞机跑道上引入降落区的概念,建立了飞机在该降落区上降落时的简化分析模型;推导出了基于该分析模型的运动微分方程及相关参数的表达式,采用数值分析方法解出飞机分别以正常着陆速度2.70m/s和非正常着陆速度3.545m/s垂直撞击地面这一过程的动态响应,给出机身载荷－时间历程曲线和地面垂支反力－时间历程曲线等。与原模型分析结果相比,正常着陆时机身受载和地面垂支反力最大值减小45％,非正常着陆时机身受载和地面垂直反力最大值减小49％,有效减小了冲击载荷。     

Soft landing stability analysis of a Mars lander under uncertain terrain

Safe soft landing of the lander is vital to the Mars surface exploration mission. Analysis and verification of the landing stability under uncertain terrain play an important role in lander design. However, the effect of uncertain terrain is ignored in most existing studies, making the analysis incomprehensive and increasing the risk of landing failure in practice. In this paper, a Mars lander with 10 attitude control thrusters is introduced and its dynamics model is then established considering plastic deformation parts and nonlinear contact forces. The effectiveness and accuracy of the dynamics modeling method are verified by experiments with an average relative error of 10%. In order to carry out the dynamics simulation with high-fidelity terrain, a terrain generation method based on statistical data is proposed. Through Monte Carlo simulation under a 50 m × 50 m randomly generated landing terrain, the stability of the lander and the effects of attitude control thrusters are analyzed. The results show that the failure rate is 5.5%, in which the primary failure forms are overturning and abnormal attitude. When the landing simulations are repeated without thrusters, the stable ratio decreases from 94.5% to 90.7%, suggesting the positive effects of attitude control thrusters in improving landing stability under rough terrain.     

某型民用运输机主起落架连接区结构静力试验

飞机静力试验是飞机试验的重要内容之一,是验证飞机结构强度和静力分析正确性的重要手段。为验证某型民用运输机主起落架连接区结构满足静强度要求,以及有限元计算分析的正确性,在静力试验飞机上进行了主起落架连接区结构静力试验。通过全机有限元模型和细节有限元模型分析计算,进行加载、应力\应变、位移试验数据与有限元计算值的分析对比,计算值与试验数据符合较好。     

侧向甲板运动补偿技术研究

 为提高着舰的安全性, 减小着舰误差, 研究了侧向甲板运动补偿机理, 设计了雷达测量轴跟踪滤波器, 导出了侧向甲板运动补偿指令模型, 建立了甲板运动补偿状态下侧向自动着舰导引系统结构配置, 仿真表明, 开发的甲板运动补偿技术可有效地补偿由海浪引起的着舰误差。     

舱门对起落架流场和气动噪声的影响研究

前起落架一般具有异于主起落架的双侧对称舱门,民用飞机进场降落时打开的前起落架舱门必然对起落架流场和噪声产生干扰阻挡和反射作用。为了研究前起落架舱门对起落架流场和噪声的干扰阻挡效应,采用两轮起落架标模对改善的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法和福克斯·威廉姆斯—霍金斯（FW-H）方程进行数值方法验证;在数值计算方法准确可靠的基础上,对某民用飞机高保真前起落架有舱门和无舱门的两种模型的流场特征和远场辐射噪声特性进行对比计算分析,分析舱门附近流动演化过程及舱门对远场辐射噪声的影响。结果表明：由于舱门迎风端面非平直面,稍向内侧弯曲与来流具有一定夹角,导致在其前端引起当地流动分离,进而扩散到整个舱门之间的区域;两侧舱门阻挡干扰气流向展向扩散并撞击舱体侧面边缘的趋势,遮挡反射舱体前缘剪切流失稳撞击起落架产生的压力波,减弱了起落架的侧边噪声并形成声波干涉现象。     

Analysis of Local Slopes at the InSight Landing Site on Mars

To evaluate the topography of the surface within the InSight candidate landing ellipses, we generated Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at lander scales and those appropriate for entry, descent, and landing simulations, along with orthoimages of both images in each stereopair, and adirectional slope images. These products were used to assess the distribution of slopes for each candidate ellipse and terrain type in the landing site region, paying particular attention to how these slopes impact InSight landing and engineering safety, and results are reported here. Overall, this region has extremely low slopes at 1-meter baseline scales and meets the safety constraints of the InSight lander. The majority of the landing ellipse has a mean slope at 1-meter baselines of 3.2°. In addition, a mosaic of HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE DTMs within the final landing ellipse (ellipse 9) was generated to support entry, descent, and landing simulations and evaluations. Several methods were tested to generate this mosaic and the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline program dem_mosaic produced the best results. For the HRSC-CTX-HiRISE DTM mosaic, more than 99 % of the mosaic has slopes less than 15°, and the introduction of artificially high slopes along image seams was minimized.     

某无人机着陆滑跑动态仿真分析

用Catia建立全机模型,然后导入到Adams/View板块中进行仿真,首先对起落架进行落震仿真,以确定起落架缓冲弹簧的参数,保证起落架的着陆安全。然后再进行全机着陆、滑跑仿真,确定飞机的刹车力的施加时间以及跑道的长度,为以后飞机的真实着陆、滑跑提供安全依据。     

规则海浪情况下直升机着舰速度研究

从直升机和舰船运动方程出发，主要对直升机的着舰速度进行了研究，确定了在规则海浪情况下，着舰速度与舰船横摇角、侧向伴移、升沉之间的关系。最后，对直升机的着舰过程进行了模拟，所得结论可为直升机起落架强度设计和飞行员正确操纵直升机着舰提供参考。     

Contemporary approach to the design-systematic and experimental provision of autorotation landing safety for a helicopter with skid type landing gear

A new approach to the design-systematic provision of autorotation landing safety for a helicopter with skid type landing gear is proposed. We analyzed the existing simulation techniques and experimental studies regarding this problem. The main existing problems both in design simulation and the system of systematic requirements to the conditions of rating the loads on the skid landing gear are identified. Also proposed are the most optimal solutions to overcome the existing systematic contradictions and increase safety of helicopter piloting at autorotation landing.     

A Method for Designing the Helicopter Skid Landing Gear by a Criterion of Landing Impact Energy Absorption

This paper presents the results of calculating the energy criterion being proposed by an example of two types of skid landing gear for a multipurpose helicopter of transport category.     

大柔性飞机着陆撞击多质量块等效模型

考虑飞机结构振动刚性模态和前n阶弹性模态,将飞机机体等效地转化为多质量块等效模型,给出了等效系统力学参量的计算方法,为计及机体振动影响的起落架落震试验设计,通过试验检验或确定起落架着陆载荷、功量等提供模型依据,同时也为起落架设计分析、设计计算提供了简明的等效系统。还给出了大柔性飞机着陆功量、机翼位移、剪力、弯矩计算公式。算例结果表明大柔性飞机的起落架设计有必要考虑机体结构弹性,并从全局出发,采用特殊的构造措施和优化设计技术。     

跳伞着陆冲击的多体系统仿真分析方法

探讨跳伞着陆冲击过程中人体模型的多刚体系统动力学建模方法,介绍多刚体系统理论中Kane方法的基本原理,用Kane方法建立跳伞着陆冲击的二维人体模型,模拟人体在跳伞着陆冲击载荷作用下的运动学特征,计算出人体各段承受的着陆冲击力,并与相关试验结果进行比较,论证了Kane方法用于跳伞着陆冲击仿真分析的可行性.     

飞行器无动力应急着陆域和着陆轨迹设计

针对飞行器动力故障迫降着陆问题,提出一种应急着陆域（ELR）和着陆轨迹设计方法。首先,提出了无动力应急着陆域的概念,即无动力条件下可实现成功着陆的着陆点范围,并分别应用最优控制方法和hp自适应伪谱法对着陆域进行设计和求解;采用理论分析与仿真验证相结合的方法分析应急着陆域的特点以及影响着陆域大小的主要因素,并据此得到求解应急着陆域的简单近似方法。然后,依据所求得的应急着陆域,选择合适位置作为预定着陆点,并应用最优控制方法设计对应的着陆轨迹。仿真结果表明：应急着陆域的建立、分析对快速选择预定着陆点具有重要参考价值;设计的应急着陆轨迹可引导无动力飞行器实现成功着陆。     

民用运输机审定着陆距离计算方法浅析

着陆阶段是飞行中最关键的阶段,也是事故多发阶段,着陆距离的计算是民用运输机着陆性能分析的重要方面。本文讨论了在满足法规的条件下计算审定着陆距离的方法,并以某机型为例,给出了用这种方法计算不同条件下审定着陆距离的结果,结果表明这种审定着陆距离的计算方法是切实可行的。     

直升机起落架着陆载荷及参数影响分析

建立了直升机起落架着陆时的动力学分析模型,对起落架冲击载荷进行了动态仿真。计算分析了着陆下沉速度、旋翼拉力系数、轮胎压力及缓冲支柱通油孔面积等参数对起落架冲击载荷的影响。结果表明,直升机下沉速度提高时,起落架参数应作相应调整以降低冲击载荷。