To an issue of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid landing gear for landing loading condition

The existing technique of rating the external loads on a helicopter with skid type landing gear according to Airworthiness Standards [1] is analyzed and the results of comparing with design and experimental studies are presented. The main existing problems both in design simulation and the system of requirements to the conditions of rating the loads on the skid landing gear helicopter are identified. Also proposed are the techniques to increase safety of the helicopter emergency landing by refining the rating conditions of external loads at the design stage.     

Simulation of elastoplastic deformation of helicopter skid landing gear springs

A technique is proposed for calculating the stress strain state and power intensity of helicopter skid landing gear springs operating under conditions of dynamic loading taking into account a physically and geometrically nonlinear deformation scheme. Using real helicopter structures, the sufficient reliability of the technique developed is confirmed by comparison with experimental results. The solution convergence conditions are analyzed by the method proposed under approximation of the material deformation diagram with stressed spline.     

Modeling of landing of a helicopter with skid undercarriage with regard for the second landing impact

A technique is suggested for calculating the helicopter spatial motion and the stress-strain state of a skid landing gear in the course of landing with regard for the second landing impact; geometric, material and design nonlinearity of undercarriage springs deformation is taken into account. The comparison between the analysis results and experimental data is presented.     

Verification of a mathematical model of dynamic loading in the quasistatic statement for a helicopter tubular skid landing gear by the results of drop tests

We present the results of verifying a mathematical model of dynamic loading of the helicopter skid landing gear with regard for two successive landing impacts. Also presented are the results of analyzing the interaction of springs in the course of drop tests.     

Z11直升机自转着陆试飞

通过对Z11直升机自转特性及自转着陆的试飞，研究了在自转着陆的进场着陆阶段，如何使旋翼能够提供最大的拉力，减小下降率，使直升机以低于起落架设计允许的最大下降率进行自转着陆，从而保证直 同和驾驶员的安全。最后分析探讨了Z11直升机空中停车后处置的驾驶技术及操纵要领。可供有关研究人员和直升机飞行员参考。     

Analysis of static loading of a helicopter tubular skid landing gear

A three-dimensional design model of a helicopter tubular skid landing gear based on the application of the large beam displacement theory is presented. The design model takes into account special features of constructive, physical and geometrical deformation nonlinearity. The analysis of a real helicopter structure is given that confirms sufficient validity of calculation results obtained using the model developed by comparing with the results of the finite element analysis.     

直升机旋翼自转着陆的安全性研究

旋翼自转是直升机一种特殊的飞行情况,在此情况下,旋翼失去发动机动力,只能利用其原有的旋转动能和直升机的势能保持稳定旋转。因此发动机停车后如何保证直升机自转着陆的安全性变得尤为重要,本文从理论上分析影响自转着陆安全性的几个因素,并就加强海军航空兵旋翼自转飞行训练的问题提出一些建议。     

垂直着陆中直升机旋翼动力学行为研究

提出了直升机垂直着陆撞击激起旋翼扰动的动力学模型,为预估粗暴着陆时起落架载荷和旋翼液压阻尼器轴向速度幅值给出了一种数值模拟方法。以弹性轴承旋翼直升机为例,对垂直着陆时直升机机体、起落架、旋翼桨叶及阻尼器的动力响应进行了数值模拟,分析了着陆撞击引起机体和旋翼扰动的力学机理,可知在起落架触地后的第1个振荡周期中,各片桨叶将经历其不同的摆振幅值,并激起旋翼摆振后退型响应。着陆撞击引起桨叶的大扰动,将冲开阻尼器的定压安全活门,严重降低其等效阻尼。随机着陆时,起落架触地速度及过载系数、旋翼挥舞及摆振幅度和阻尼器速度峰值等动态参数由于着陆时机体的姿态角及角速度不同呈现很大的分散性,其分散性与着陆高度有关。     

Analysis of static loading for a helicopter tubular skid landing gear

We compare the results of analyzing the stress strain state for the tubular skid landing gear with regard for the physically and geometrically nonlinear scheme of deformation; the analysis is carried out by the finite element method and with the aid of a special beam-type design model. The analysis has been performed for a real helicopter design. The peculiarities of deforming the aircraft structures of the type under study are shown based on the comparison results.     

A Method for Designing the Helicopter Skid Landing Gear by a Criterion of Landing Impact Energy Absorption

This paper presents the results of calculating the energy criterion being proposed by an example of two types of skid landing gear for a multipurpose helicopter of transport category.     

基于仿生的适于特殊地形的直升机起落架设计

现阶段直升机起落架主要采用轮式起落架和滑撬式起落架,由于机动性和灵活性较差,导致直升机起降时对地面的平整度及坡角要求较高,在遇到某些特殊地形如乱石滩、斜坡坡度较大地带可能面临无法正常起降这一困难。本文受某些仿生无人机起落架设计启发,提出了一种新型直升机起落架的设计方法,此种起落架采用三立柱支撑结构,主体是三个位于机身底部的液压伸缩支撑杆,在直升机降落时杆端的传感器与主控配合来动态控制支撑杆的伸缩长度。此种起落架通过控制每根液压杆伸缩不同的长度来适应不同环境下的崎岖地形,使直升机在乱石滩及大坡度地面起降成为可能。经过设计举例及受力分析,得出本设计方法在工程上是可以实现的,并且在直升机抗震性能的提升方面也有一定作用。     

轻型直升机起落架的载荷分析与设计

轻型直升机的滑橇式起落架结构简单,有着广泛的实际应用。本文针对某项目直升机的设计需要,用机械能守恒定律和材料力学的方法对该型起落架的着陆载荷做出定量分析,并校核了起落架的垂直过载和强度。     

基于直升机地面共振要求的起落架刚度及阻尼优化设计

为给出满足直升机地面共振稳定性要求的起落架刚度及阻尼的优化设计方法,首先构造机体无阻尼时其非稳区的模态阻尼比函数,据此给出机体模态非稳区临界转速的计算方法,结合与旋翼摆振后退型模态共振转速下机体模态阻尼比的计算方法,给出了满足地面共振稳定性的机体固有频率及阻尼要求。然后,根据支持在起落架上的机体自由运动模型,建立机体模态频率及阻尼与起落架刚度及阻尼的关系,从而给出满足直升机地面共振稳定性的起落架刚度及阻尼要求。最后,基于上述稳定性要求,在满足着陆缓冲性能要求的起落架刚度及阻尼范围内,以减小起落架需用阻尼且增大机体最小模态阻尼比为优化目标提出了对其刚度及阻尼进行优化设计的方法,并通过对某型直升机4种不同重量重心状态下的起落架刚度及阻尼进行优化验证了该方法的可行性。     

共轴式直升机自转下滑着陆飞行轨迹近似计算

介绍了直升机自转下滑的概念，对自转下滑着陆过程中的能量转换进行了分析，以能量法计算为基础。根据共轴式直升机的特点，介绍了共轴式直升机诱导功率的计算方法，引入了计算自转下滑着陆轨迹的控制模型，根据该控制模型，用数值计算得出了某轻型共轴式直升机的自转下滑着陆轨迹，其结果可为飞行员实施自转着陆提供参考。     

Drop test simulation for a helicopter tail landing gear

The paper describes a mathematical model of drop tests on the landing gear of the Ka-62 helicopter. The model is formulated using the multibody system simulation procedure based on the Lagrange equations of the first kind.     

变转速旋翼直升机单发失效低速回避区分析

利用最优控制方法研究变转速旋翼直升机在遭遇单发失效时,旋翼转速对自转着陆低速回避区的影响。首先,以UH-60A直升机为样机,建立三维刚体飞行动力学模型,并分析低速范围内旋翼转速对直升机需用功率的影响。然后,在模型中加入单发失效后自转着陆阶段发动机输出功率以及旋翼转速变化方程,并利用直接多重打靶法将直升机单发失效后的自转着陆过程转换为非线性最优控制问题进行数值求解。最后,基于最小化回避区面积的思想,得到并分析直升机在不同旋翼转速下单发失效后的自转着陆低速回避区,以及回避区高悬停点、拐点和低悬停点对应的最优着陆轨迹和操纵过程。结果表明：随着旋翼转速的降低,直升机单发失效后的低速回避区首先会逐渐缩小,然后迅速增大。最小回避区对应的旋翼转速略高于最小需用功率对应的旋翼转速。适当降低旋翼转速不仅能有效降低直升机的需用功率,还有利于提高直升机单发失效后的自转着陆性能。     

直升机着舰起落架动态响应

舰载直升机着舰过程复杂。与地面降落相比,舰面的不稳定气流使得直升机姿态难以保持,下降的速度更大,且由于直升机通常都是单轮着舰,导致起落架载荷很大。为了研究直升机在不同条件下着舰时起落架的动态响应,建立了机体/起落架/舰船耦合模型,将着舰过程中直升机的运动和舰船的运动联系起来,通过仿真计算得出起落架的动态响应。仿真计算结果表明:直升机着舰质量越大,起落架压缩量和载荷越大;直升机低头着舰会导致前起落架载荷显著增大;直升机着舰下沉速度过大会导致着舰载荷急剧增大,可能会对结构造成破坏。     

Safety Analysis of Helicopter Autorotation Landing Execution on Conditions of Providing Skid Landing Gear Static Strength

The requirements for skid landing gear static strength ensuring are examined based on the comparative analysis of the Airworthiness Standards requirements. Probabilistic principle of determining the safety factor of the skid landing gear is presented. The analysis of the experimental data on bench and flight tests is performed for calculating the actual value of this factor.     

直升机自转下滑训练过程发动机的控制规律

为确定直升机自转下滑训练过程发动机的控制规律,分析了采用正常控制规律进入自转状态时涡轴发动机的变化过程,提出了在现有控制规律基础上增强动力涡轮转速控制模块中总矩"提前器"作用和适当放宽速率限制值的控制对策.仿真结果表明,改进后的控制规律能够基本满足直升机对发动机状态控制的要求,为解决直升机发动机在自转训练情况下的控制问题提供了一条有效的技术途径.