离子电推进技术的发展现状与未来

离子电推进是最具代表性和技术成熟度的电推进技术类型之一。本文从放电室技术、离子光学系统技术、放电阴极和中和器阴极技术的优势、缺憾等方面,总结了离子电推进的技术发展现状。针对未来航天任务对离子电推进更大功率、更高比冲、更简系统等新需求,分析了传统离子电推进所面临的主要技术挑战,梳理出了环型离子电推进、双级加速离子电推进、自中和离子电推进、螺旋波放电离子电推进等创新离子电推进技术发展的未来方向。     

美国空天飞机的进展

本文介绍了美国国防预研局目前执行的空天飞机计划的概况。内容包括该计划的由来、执行该计划的技术基础以及研制其试验样机X-30所面临的各种关键技术问题。还对难度最大的航空发动机和火箭组合推进技术作了较全面的论述,既概述了美国过去在高马赫范围的涡喷发动机和冲压发动机研究方面所积累的经验,又阐明了空天飞机推进技术所面临的严重技术挑战。     

国外卫星推进技术发展现状与未来20年发展趋势

新形势下航天技术的发展对推进技术提出了更高的要求,无论在技术的广度和深度上都是前所未有的,如15年以上静止轨道卫星和8年以上低轨道卫星对高性能长寿命推进系统的要求、电推进技术的应用、微小卫星轨道保持的应用和深空探测对先进推进技术的依赖等。本文从先进化学推进技术、电推进技术、微推进技术和新概念推进技术4个方面分析了国外卫星推进技术的发展状况,总结了未来20年卫星推进技术的发展趋势,给出了对我国今后技术发展的启示。     

太阳帆推进技术研究现状及其关键技术分析

详细阐述太阳帆推进技术作为深空探测的技术方面的应用优势、技术特征、工作原理,总结了国外对太阳帆推进技术研究的历史发展和研究现状,并对太阳帆推进的关键技术进行分析,在此基础上,提出了我国发展太阳帆相关推进技术的必要性、发展策略和途径。     

双模式化学推进技术发展研究

阐述了卫星双模式推进系统的技术特征、工作原理及应用优势。总结了国内外对双模式推进技术研究的历史发展和研究现状,针对双模式推进系统的未来发展,对双模式推进的关键技术进行了总结和分析,说明了双模式推进技术研究的必要性和重要性。提出了我国双模式推进系统相关的发展策略和途径。在此基础上,根据我国已有的航天器单、双组元推进技术基础和航天任务对寿命、控制精度及工作环境提出了新的要求,并指出了发展双模式推进系统的初步设想。     

国外空间推进技术现状和发展趋势

空间推进技术通常可分为常规化学推进、电推进、微推进和新型推进4大类。常规化学推进是目前航天器的主要推进方式,性能继续提升。电推进已成功证明其优势和可靠性,在各种卫星和深空探测器上大量应用,且朝更宽泛功率的方向发展。蓬勃发展的微小卫星对微小推力、小质量、低功耗的微推进提出了迫切需求。无毒化学推进、太阳帆推进、核推进等新型推进技术正在加紧研制或进行空间飞行试验。首先综述国外卫星和深空探测器等航天器的各类空间推进技术应用和研究现状,然后分析其发展趋势,最后提出对我国空间推进技术的发展建议。     

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室,是我国惟一的固体火箭推进领域的国家级重点实验室,由航天科技集团公司第四研究院第四十一所和西北工业大学联合建设。自1995年建成以来,已具备了国内一流的研究条件,成为我国开展先进固体推进技术自主创新研究、人才培养、学术交流与合作、科学实验的开放式研究平台。     

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室,是我国惟一的固体火箭推进领域的国家级重点实验室,由航天科技集团公司第四研究院第四十一所和西北工业大学联合建设。自1995年建成以来,已具备了国内一流的研究条件,成为我国开展先进固体推进技术自主创新研究、人才培养、学术交流与合作、科学实验的开放式研究平台。     

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室

固体火箭发动机燃烧、热结构与内流场国防科技重点实验室,是我国惟一的固体火箭推进领域的国家级重点实验室,由航天科技集团公司第四研究院第四十一所和西北工业大学联合建设。自1995年建成以来,已具备了国内一流的研究条件,成为我国开展先进固体推进技术自主创新研究、人才培养、学术交流与合作、科学实验的开放式研究平台。     

多任务模式电推进技术

调研了多任务模式电推进技术在地球静止轨道卫星和深空探测器中的应用情况,电推进技术的应用由南北位置保持任务模式逐步向南北位置保持和轨道转移等多任务模式发展;总结了多任务模式电推进技术在功率需求、比冲、推力等方面的技术特点;从卫星平台技术、推力器技术、可变功率电源转换及控制技术、可变流量调节技术,以及多自由度、大角度矢量调节技术等方面,分析了多任务模式电推进在工程应用中要解决的关键技术。     

轨道转移推进系统及其发展趋势

根据轨道转移系统的应用分类（包括上面级类、空天飞机类、卫星类、飞船类和新概念类）,对各类型典型飞行器的推进系统进行了综合评述,分别总结了相关的技术方案和应用特点,并针对当前的研究热点,简要论述了未来的发展趋势,最后给出了几点结论.     

Nitrous oxide as a rocket propellant

Nitrous oxide is introduced as a multi-purpose propellant for spacecraft. Potential space applications of this propellant are given. Based on comparison to conventional systems, a multi-mode nitrous oxide propulsion concept is expected to deliver higher performance. Main features of a self-pressurising, nitrous oxide storage system are described. A nitrous oxide catalytic decomposition technique is suggested for restartable spacecraft propulsion. Up-to-date experimental results are presented. A conclusion describes the long-term feasibility of novel nitrous oxide propulsion option concepts.     

Novel mission concepts for polar coverage: An overview of recent developments and possible future applications

The paper provides a survey of novel mission concepts for continuous, hemispheric polar observation and direct-link polar telecommunications. It is well known that these services cannot be provided by traditional platforms: geostationary satellites do not cover high-latitude regions, while low- and medium-orbit Sun-synchronous spacecraft only cover a narrow swath of the Earth at each passage. Concepts that are proposed in the literature are described, including the pole-sitter concept (in which a spacecraft is stationary above the pole), spacecraft in artificial equilibrium points in the Sun–Earth system and non-Keplerian polar Molniya orbits. Additionally, novel displaced eight-shaped orbits at Lagrangian points are presented. For many of these concepts, a continuous acceleration is required and propulsion systems include solar electric propulsion, solar sail and a hybridisation of the two. Advantages and drawbacks of each mission concept are assessed, and a comparison in terms of high-latitude coverage and distance, spacecraft mass, payload and lifetime is presented. Finally, the paper will describe a number of potential applications enabled by these concepts, focusing on polar Earth observation and telecommunications.     

Overview and status of a mirror fusion propulsion system design study

The main goal of this paper is to describe and emphasize the important discoveries made since 1986 in the engineering design of space fusion propulsion plants.

Among the important discoveries are four fundamental design principles (DPs) which should be used when adapting candidate Earth-based fusion-electric power plants to propulsion in space.

1. DP1. Maximize direct access to space for waste radiation.

2. DP2. Operate components as passive radiators whenever possible.

3. DP3. Optimize the plasma characteristics for best specific jet power

4. DP4. Optimize mission capability versus lifetime-mass-to-orbit (LMTO).

Another discovery is a design philosophy called IDEAs (Integrated Design Environment Algorithms) which is a tool for discovering new fundamental design principles.

These discoveries allowed us to adapt, and then to optimize, an earth-based fusion-electric magnetic-mirror-fusion reactor concept for propulsion in space. The resulting design is called the Mirror Fusion Propulsion System (MFPS); and its design status is reviewed.

This work can be used as a general road map for others attempting to convert earth-based designs to propulsion in space. It also has applicability to matter-antimatter propulsion systems engineering.     

First results of PRECISE—Development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system

PRECISE focuses on the research and development of a MEMS-based monopropellant micro chemical propulsion system for highly accurate attitude control of satellites. The availability of such propulsion systems forms the basis for defining new mission concepts such as formation flying and rendezvous manoeuvres. These concepts require propulsion systems for precise attitude and orbit control manoeuvrability. Application-oriented aspects are addressed by two end-users who are planning a formation flying mission for which the propulsion system is crucial. Basic research is conducted aiming at improving crucial MEMS technologies required for the propulsion system. Research and development also focuses on the efficiency and reliability of critical system components. System analysis tools are enhanced to complement the development stages. Finally, the propulsion system will be tested in a simulated space vacuum environment. These experiments will deliver data for the validation of the numerical models.     

Thrust chamber health monitoring

With the arrival of the reusable space propulsion systems, the new field of propulsion system health monitoring is emerging. Health monitoring consists of measuring and reviewing engine operating parameters which will warn of engine deterioration or abnormal operation well in advance of any failure. The health monitoring data can be used to establish that an engine should be repaired or replaced, thereby avoiding a future flight failure. This paper presents a status report on the development of a health monitoring system for regeneratively cooled thrust chambers. The system employs a single measurement with a simple nonintrusive sensor to monitor the operation of the engine. The basic measuring and sensor concept is explained and the results of both laboratory and engine firing tests with the health monitoring system are presented.     

微型高压电磁阀的设计及应用

要保持在国际卫星市场中强有力的竞争力 ,必须大力开展星上推进系统部件小型化的研制工作。本文详细介绍了微型高压电磁阀的工作原理、设计要点、结构形式、性能特性以及应用方向     

航天器推进系统差压检漏技术研究

文章研究了一种非对称基准物差压检漏技术,估算了差压检漏技术在推进系统检漏工况下的检漏灵敏度,并在2 MPa和20 MPa两种压力下进行了实验。实验结果与理论计算结果接近,实验结果表明该技术能够满足部分航天器推进系统总漏率测试要求。     

烃类推进剂航天动力技术进展与展望未来

为研究烃类推进剂航天动力技术在中国的后续发展和未来应用方向,对比分析煤油、甲烷和丙烷等典型烃类推进剂的物理化学性质和应用特性,简要介绍烃类推进剂航天动力在一次性运载火箭、可重复使用运载器、高性能上面级推进、无毒空间推进和吸气式推进领域的发展动态及应用状况。当前国内外航天动力系统的发展和应用情况表明,以液氧煤油发动机和液氧甲烷发动机为代表的烃类推进剂航天动力将引领未来高性能低成本航天推进系统的发展趋势,依照中国液氧/烃火箭发动机的研制进展和技术水平,以其为核心的新型动力体系在中国未来的天地往返、载人登月和深空探测等多任务适应性方面具有良好应用前景。