被动式太阳房在河北农村推广的探讨

本文在介绍太阳房概念的基础上,通过调查和分析河北农村住房情况、家庭规模、收入水平和能接受的新房造价,设计了符合河北农村现状的单层被动式太阳房,并进行了相应的热工计算和造价分析。结果表明,在不显著增加造价的前提下,节能率均达到了70%以上,从技术和经济的角度论证了被动式太阳房在河北农村推广的可行性。     

精确准直型太阳模拟器的设计

前言太阳模拟器是模拟地球外层空间太阳光辐射的一种装置。理想的太阳模拟器,其辐射光束输出特性应具有真实的太阳辐射强度、太阳光准直角、光谱分布、辐射稳定性和均匀性以及足够大的光束口径。由于技术水平以及模拟器造价的限制,目前还没有能模拟所有太阳特性的模拟器。     

论《国语解》的“为……所……”式被动式

"为……所……"式被动式是古代汉语中被动式的一种。这种被动式在先秦使用十分罕见,但在中古汉语中却得到了长足发展。论文以韦昭《国语解》作为研究对象,阐述"为……所……"式被动式在三国时期的飞速发展。     

地球同步三轴稳定卫星的偏航姿态确定

地球同步三轴稳定卫星在正常运行方式下的偏航姿态控制分主动式和被动式两种。主动偏航姿态控制需要偏航姿态信息,而在位置保持机动方式下需要偏航主动控制,这也需要偏航信息。由于天线反射器法线和卫星本体偏航轴并不重合,往往有几度夹角,偏航姿态偏差对天线指向精度要求的提高,对偏航精度要求也愈来愈高。本文针对目前地球同步三轴稳定卫星常用的偏航姿态确定方法做了讨论。着重讨论了利用太阳敏感器,地球敏感器和射频敏感器的三种组合模式确定偏航资态的方法,包括利用统计法估计偏航姿态。本文还对上述各种方法进行了误差分析和性能比较。     

KFTA太阳模拟器研制

KFTA太阳模拟器是一台光线水平入射的离轴准直型太阳模拟器,其离轴角为25?、辐照面的直径为600 mm。在太阳模拟器的研制中,采用了具有一定技术难度和风险的氙灯水平点燃技术方案。文章从方案设计、系统设计、关键技术及其调试试验等方面,介绍和分析了KFTA太阳模拟器的设计计算方法。KFTA太阳模拟器的成功研制对于建造大型太阳模拟器具有参考价值。     

展开式太阳板的动力学分析

太阳板是将太阳能转换成电能的装置,是行星探测车上重要的组成部分,为探测车的正常行驶和工作提供必要的电力支持.介绍了一种太阳板翻转机构,能有效地跟踪太阳照射角度,达到并保持其转动范围内的任意角度.基于Kirchhoff理论和Hamilton法建立了太阳板驱动展开过程和受力激励的动力学模型,分析了展开和受力振动的动力学特性,得到了太阳板展开过程中扭杆驱动力矩曲线和太阳板的固有频率及振型,并通过ADAMS虚拟仿真和太阳板的振动实验验证了理论分析的正确性;同时分析了太阳板受瞬时冲击的响应特性,得到了其响应曲线.     

太阳同步轨道的太阳相对于轨道面入射角的计算方法

以太阳同步轨道为例,首先在地心天球坐标系推出了太阳光线相对轨道面的入射角的求解方法,并分析了太阳相对于轨道面的入射角在一年之内的变化情况,然后根据此结果,在以卫星为中心的天球坐标系内研究卫星星蚀时间的解法和太阳相对于卫星任一表面入射角的解法,并求出星蚀时间在一年内的变化情况和太阳相对于卫星其它两个表面入射角的变化情况。     

航天器舱外载荷适配器技术综述

航天器舱外载荷适配器是一种轻小型空间对接机构,根据操作方式分为被动式和主动式两大类。文章介绍了日本设备调换装置(EEU)、美国飞行可释放连接机械装置(FRAM)等国内外舱外载荷适配器,总结了其引导定位、机械锁紧和电连接的功能实现方式。针对空间机械臂操作、人机工效学存在的无法精确定位和驱动力不足的问题,分析了舱外载荷适配器的工作模式、关键部件、地面试验等关键技术和解决措施。针对未来我国先进载荷任务需求,提出了开展功能强大、承载能力强的主动式适配器研究建议;针对大型高轨航天器,提出了开展被动式适配器技术研究建议。     

俄罗斯大型空间模拟器(KVI)中小平面镜拼凑式太阳模拟器的研制与运行

分析了太阳模拟器的基本要求,描述了光学系统的概况,给出了太阳模拟器各部件的功能和设计特点,还描绘了建造太阳模拟器主要部件过程中解决的问题。     

月球探测器外热流与散热能力分析

给出在不同高度和β角的环月圆轨道下,探测器的太阳和月球红外热流密度,并分析了其热流随轨道变化的规律。在嫦娥三号探测器热分析中采用月面月壤热数学模型,计算了着陆月面探测器表面在全月昼不同太阳高度角下的太阳热流和月表红外热流密度。通过对各个表面散热能力的分析总结,得出了背月面和背阳面的两个有效散热面,可为环月和月表探测器热设计提供参考。     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.