联合竞争：欧美通信卫星制造公司的竞争战略

从70年代初期至今,欧美通信卫星制造工业发生了巨大变化,一些通信卫星制造公司为了保住或加强竞争中的地位,重新调整组合。永久性地联合竞争或仅就具体项目联合竞争,区域性地联合竞争或国际性地联合竞争,已成了在竞争中取胜并获得更大的市场占有率所要采取的战略之一。本文将简单描述在过去20年里,欧美通信卫星制造公司在机构调整、重新组合和联合与竞争方面的一些主要活动。     

美国陆军的AAWS-M计划

1984年,美国陆军开始实施先进中程反坦克武器（AAWS-M）计划,以研制龙反坦克导弹的后继型。首先陆军选定3家公司竞争AAWS-M的研究与发展合同,获胜的小组再竞争生产合同。 参加竞争的3个小组是休斯飞机公司/霍尼韦尔公司、福特宇航公司/通用动力公司和得克萨斯仪表公司/马丁·玛丽埃塔公司（TI/MM）。 TI/MM参加竞争的导弹     

美空军干扰吊舱合同竞争激烈 ALQ-184取胜 ALQ-131败北

出乎行家预料的是:空军于1989年9月末与Raythcon公司签订了生产ALQ-184电子战干扰机吊舱的生产合同。这项竞争是从1988年3月开始的,Westinghouse公司的ALQ-131BLOCK 2系统竞争失败。ALQ-131BLOCK 2系统已广泛应用在欧洲战场上。     

阿尔卡特·阿列尼亚空间公司2006年订单创纪录

阿尔卡特·阿列尼亚空间公司2006年业绩非凡,签下了57颗通信与观测卫星的建造合同,其中有3颗是军事卫星。借助于这一创纪录的业绩,该公司成为在订单方面全球领先的卫星公司。     

麦道和波音等将竞争X－33合同

麦道和波音等将竞争Ｘ－３３合同美麦道公司和波音公司已决定联合竞争美国航宇局的Ｘ－３３试验性单级入轨飞行器研制合同。如能得手，这两家公司将把他们在航天运载工具及商业运输机方面的专长运用到美国新型低成本可重复使用运载器的研制工作中。美国航宇局准备在去年年...     

人工智能与航天装备技术的发展展望

正人工智能是国际竞争的新焦点。2018年以来,世界各主要国家相继发布国家级人工智能发展战略;各科技巨头公司也纷纷将人工智能作为核心战略。智能化竞争趋向白热化,主要发达国家连续重拳出击,力图在新一轮国际科技竞争中掌握主导权。     

"流星"便携式防空导弹

1986年12月15日英国肖特公司获得了2.25亿英镑固定价的“流星”的研制和初期生产合同.在此之前,该公司早在1982年就已经在原来的S14设计原理基础上进行方案论证和可行性验证.方案论证进行了一年,最后“流星”击败了与之竞争的英国宇航公司的高速导弹设计方案.     

2005年世界航天制造和服务商50强

在2005年的世界航天制造和服务商50强排名中,波音、洛马仍然位居前两位,诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司位居第三。2006年7月美国《航天新闻》根据问卷调查、各公司的年度报告、对公司官员的采访情况和财务分析评出了2005年世界航天营业收入前50位的公司。有些公司不愿透露其财务情况,有些公司没有把其航天收入与其他收入分开,故未排名。这一排名反映的是2005年与航天有关的销售情况,已合并的公司的销售额合并在了一起。有些公司没有列入该表,如租用转发器的公司(本刊上期已专门列出2005年世界固定卫星业务运营商26强)。而像直播电视公司、天狼星卫星…     

AGM-88C哈姆导弹将进行试验

为对付频率捷变及宽频谱的威胁而设计的新的AGM-88C型哈姆反雷达导弹预计将在1989财年开始进行初步试验。 得克萨斯仪表公司和福特宇航通信公司将竞争AGM-88C型新一代反雷达导弹的首批生产合同,该合同预计在1992年签订。目前他们正在竞争研制     

美国空天飞机的推进系统——超音速燃烧冲压喷气发动机

1987年10月7日,美国有关方面与麦道公司、通用动力公司和洛克韦尔国际公司三家主要的飞机公司签署了设计国家空天飞机(NASP)样机X-30的竞争合同。原计划第一架样机在1993年飞行,但有关人士认为,由于技术问题,飞行要推迟到1995年。按照计划要求,X-30样机应具备以下基本性能:     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

实施雷达管制的体会

2005年12月22日，我国在北京-西安-成都-昆明以东的广大空中交通管制区实施了雷达管制，这使得空中交通管制工作进入了新的时代，贵阳区域管制室也开始了划时代的雷达管制工作。实施之后，随着雷达管制工作的深入运行，一些在实施前未考虑到的问题相继暴露出来。在经过前期强化雷达管制模拟机培训后大部分管制员在实际运行过程中仍感到有不理解的问题，涉及到标准通话用语、雷达管制间隔、雷达管制和程序管制之间的间隔、雷达盲区、目视飞行与仪表飞行之间等。尤其是对间隔的掌握和通话术语的理解上存在着偏差，部分管制员在机组不作位置报时缺乏主动管制的意识，感觉到指令发的不流畅。为什么在作了大量的前期雷达管制理论准备工作和雷达管制模拟机培训后，在实际运行中还会有这样的问题，这是因为：一、雷达基本理论不是万能的。不可能解释所有问题、解决运行中的所有矛盾。     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.