国际最新载人月球探测发展分析

<正>近年来,世界主要航天国家再次将载人月球探测列为重点发展领域,全球迎来新一轮探月热潮。美国加速实施“阿尔忒弥斯”(Artemis)计划,提出从美国本土、利用美国运载火箭、将美国航天员送上月球的计划;欧洲、日本、加拿大等国家和地区积极参与美国主导的载人月球探测计划;俄罗斯也提出了本国的载人月球探测计划。1国际载人月球探测整体情况     

NASA历表在深空导航中的发展和比较

利用不同版本的数值历表,对我国正在进行的探月工程以及后续的金星、火星和木星等深空探测中的导航问题进行分析和讨论。对DE405、DE421和DE430的动力学模型及其使用的观测数据进行了分析比较,考察了历表的精度和稳定性。并根据DE430历表简单讨论了木星在我国深空探测站的可视问题,为以后深空导航提供参考。简单讨论了中科院国家天文台行星无线电研究团组基于月球无线电测距(LRR)发展我国自己的历表以及开展基于月球深空导航计划的可行性。     

嫦娥系列探月卫星无线电科学实验简介

在"嫦娥1/2/3号"系列探测任务中开展了行星无线电科学探测实验,这些工作包括:使用天文VLBI技术对探测器进行工程和科学测轨、定位观测,开环和闭环测速测距观测,基于微波观测重构和优化月球重力场模型,通过重力异常揭示质量瘤和撞击盆地。星载或器载主/被动雷达设备还用于探测月壤和月球内部结构。在"嫦娥2号"任务中,实现了对拉格朗日平动点利萨如轨道飞行的测控,以及对图塔蒂斯小行星的飞掠探测。在"嫦娥3号"任务中,实现了多通道开环3向相位测距和多普勒测速技术。该月球无线电相位测距技术LRPR作为一种新的空间测量技术,可以用于测定台站的位置、潮汐、星体的自转特性。还可以与月球激光测距技术LLR融合,监测月球动力学运动变化,并有潜力用于未来的火星探测任务。     

美国深空网的发展及其未来规划

1引言□□深空探测是指对月球和月球以远的天体和空间进行的探测,对实施深空探测的航天器进行测控通信的系统称为深空测控通信系统,它包括深空测控通信地面站和空间应答机两大部分。行星探测始于20世纪50年代末,美国和苏联/俄罗斯是行星探测的主要力量,它们通过发射无人行星探测器对太阳系内行星进行了大量的探测,极大地提高了对太阳系的认识程度。近些年来,深空探测再次成为航天技术发展的热点。目前,美国、欧洲航天局和俄罗斯等国家和组织已经建立了深空测控系统或测控网。法国、意大利和印度等国也在计划建立自己的深空站(DSS),用于对…     

俄罗斯载人登月发展态势分析

苏联时期曾把月球作为探索太空的一个重点,并取得了丰硕的科研成果。苏联解体后,俄罗斯曾一度搁置了月球探测开发计划。进入21世纪后,随着欧盟、美国以及其他一些国家重返月球计划,俄罗斯也启动了探月计划。根据俄罗斯载人航天发展战略,2026-2040年俄罗斯将实施载人登月任务和载人火星考察,将于2032年前在月球建立长期考察站,在2035年以后进行载人火星考察,同时建立防止小行星撞地球的保护系统。新修订的《2016-2025年俄罗斯联邦航天计划》明确了探月、载人登月和驻月是俄罗斯载人航天发展战略的重要方向。     

印度将与俄罗斯合作开展多项航天计划

□□印度将与俄罗斯联合开展月球初航-2月球探测计划,其中俄罗斯负责提供新一代的“月球车”(Lunokhod),印度提供飞行模块和发射支持。“月球车”将于2011-2012年发射,旨在研究月球矿物资源。两国还可能联合研发新型载人航天器。此外,印俄两国正在运载火箭及其组件、两用系统和GLONASS导航系统及其任务控制、地面跟踪设备等领域开展合作。例如,印度参与研发了俄罗斯GLONASS-K导航卫星,从2009年起这些卫星将由印度火箭从印度发射。■印度将与俄罗斯合作开展多项航天计划@小光     

空间扫描

美国航宇局概述重返月球的阶段计划;俄罗斯欲建造新型的超重型火箭;法国和俄罗斯签署共同研制运载火箭的协议;欧空局与印度加强月球任务方面的合作;波音公司计划改良商业通信卫星平台系列。     

第四届月球与深空探测国际会议召开

<正>2019年7月22日,由中国国家航天局和中国科学院主办的第四届月球与深空探测国际会议在珠海举行。来自法国、德国、俄罗斯等18个国家和地区的专家学者参加了大会,会议组委会共收到中外科学家提交的学术报告270余份。会上,我国科学家披露了"嫦娥四号"探测成果和下一步深空探测计划。     

欧空局将为俄月球着陆器提供钻具

正根据欧空局同意大利莱昂纳多-芬梅卡尼卡集团签署的一份价值约800万欧元的合同,后者将为欧空局研制名为"勘探"的钻具样机。"勘探"将用在俄罗斯"月球-资源"月球着陆探测器上。"月球-资源"原定2020年发射,现定发射时间是2021年。这份合同的签订充分表明,欧空局非常倾向于在全面开展火星探测之前先大力开展一项月球探测计划。但这一"先月球,后火星"的新思路会否得到该局各主要成员国、尤其是     

印度将发射首颗月球探测卫星——月球初航-1

月球探测卫星--月球初航-1□□继日本和中国近期分别发射了本国的首颗月球探测卫星"月女神"和嫦娥-1之后,印度计划在2008年10-12月发射其第一颗月球探测卫星--月球初航-1(Chandrayaan-1,见图1).     

Prospects in the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Moon with the advent of sub-centimeter lunar laser ranging

Lunar laser ranging (LLR) measurements are crucial for advanced exploration of the laws of fundamental gravitational physics and geophysics as well as for future human and robotic missions to the Moon. The corner-cube reflectors (CCR) currently on the Moon require no power and still work perfectly since their installation during the project Apollo era. Current LLR technology allows us to measure distances to the Moon with a precision approaching 1 mm. As NASA pursues the vision of taking humans back to the Moon, new, more precise laser ranging applications will be demanded, including continuous tracking from more sites on Earth, placing new CCR arrays on the Moon, and possibly installing other devices such as transponders, etc. for multiple scientific and technical purposes. Since this effort involves humans in space, then in all situations the accuracy, fidelity, and robustness of the measurements, their adequate interpretation, and any products based on them, are of utmost importance. Successful achievement of this goal strongly demands further significant improvement of the theoretical model of the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Earth–Moon system. This model should inevitably be based on the theory of general relativity, fully incorporate the relevant geophysical processes, lunar librations, tides, and should rely upon the most recent standards and recommendations of the IAU for data analysis. This paper discusses methods and problems in developing such a mathematical model. The model will take into account all the classical and relativistic effects in the orbital and rotational motion of the Moon and Earth at the sub-centimeter level. The model is supposed to be implemented as a part of the computer code underlying NASA Goddard’s orbital analysis and geophysical parameter estimation package GEODYN and the ephemeris package PMOE 2003 of the Purple Mountain Observatory. The new model will allow us to navigate a spacecraft precisely to a location on the Moon. It will also greatly improve our understanding of the structure of the lunar interior and the nature of the physical interaction at the core–mantle interface layer. The new theory and upcoming millimeter LLR will give us the means to perform one of the most precise fundamental tests of general relativity in the solar system.     

USB测距测速数据误差建模和评估

统一S波段（UnifiedS-band,USB）系统是目前中国载人航天和月球探测任务的主要测控网。文章对中国USB系统的测距测速数据的误差构成进行了详细分析,给出了传播媒介、相位中心偏差、时标偏差、通道时延以及卫星星历误差的修正模型,并通过对实测数据的残差分析,对目前中国USB测量数据的精度进行了评估,给出了USB测距和测速数据的实际精度。最后,针对目前USB数据的处理和应用情况,提出了数据处理上需注意的一些问题。文章的结论对今后改善中国USB系统的测定轨精度具有一定的参考价值。     

USB观测数据时标偏差影响分析与评估

USB系统是目前中国载人航天和月球探测任务的主要测控网.由于USB测量设备本身以及无线电信号传播媒介以及其他误差因素的影响,USB测量数据中包含了各种误差,需要在定轨时对观测数据进行误差修正.通常,例行的USB测量误差修正包括对流层折射修正、电离层延迟修正和通道延迟修正,但对定轨过程中可能影响观测数据计算精度的时标偏差并未作修正.针对USB测距测速观测数据,详细研究了观测数据时标偏差对观测值计算精度的影响,分析了误差影响特性,建立了相应的误差修正模型,并通过与卫星星历偏差对USB测距测速观测值计算精度影响特征的比较,发现时标偏差对测量的影响与轨道沿迹误差对观测计算值的影响等效,这使得在定轨过程中分离时标偏差的难度较大.提出了基于星载GPS定位数据分离时标偏差的方法,并利用某次任务的实测数据,分离出了该次任务中USB测量的时标偏差.最后针对目前USB数据时标偏差影响和观测误差量级相当的情况,建议将目前的观测时标精度提高到优于0.1ms的水平,使得时标偏差的影响降低到比观测误差小一个量级的水平.     

X-ray pulsar-based navigation system with the errors in the planetary ephemerides for Earth-orbiting satellite

The objective of this paper is to investigate and reduce the impact of the errors in the planetary ephemerides on X-ray pulsar-based navigation system for Earth-orbiting satellite. Expressions of the system biases caused by the errors in the planetary ephemerides are derived. The result of investigation has shown that the impact of the error in Earth’s ephemeris is must greater than the errors in the other ephemerides and would greatly degrade the performance of X-ray pulsar-based navigation system. Moreover, the system bias is modeled as a slowly time-varying process, and is handled by including it as a part of navigation state vector. It has been demonstrated that the proposed navigation system is completely observable, and some simulations are performed to verify its feasibility.     

中继卫星(TDRS)支持环月探测器的研究

给出了基于轨道根数的跟踪与数据中继卫星(TDRS)对月球探测器的可视算法,分析和比较了地面站和TDRS对月球探测器的测控跟踪能力.结果表明,与依靠地面站相比,使用TDRS后,在不考虑月球遮挡情况下,对环月探测器的测控覆盖率可由50%提高到99%.存在最大月球遮挡时也能达到60%,大大提高了对环月探测器的测控能力.最后讨论了TDRS跟踪环月探测器对TDRS卫星平台的要求,提出了地面站与TDRS相结合的测控方案.在当前TDRS天线运动范围受限情况下,仍能实现对月球探测器的大范围测控覆盖率.      

A lunar laboratory

An international research laboratory can be established on the Moon in the early years of the 21st Century. It can be built using the transportation system now envisioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which includes a space station for Earth orbital logistics and orbital transfer vehicles for Earth-Moon transportation. A scientific laboratory on the Moon would permit extended surface and subsurface geological exploration; long-duration experiments defining the lunar environment and its modification by surface activity; new classes of observations in astronomy; space plasma and fundamental physics experiments; and lunar resource development. The discovery of a lunar source for propellants may reduce the cost of constructing large facilities in space and enhance other space programs such as Mars exploration.     

基于SA*的CE-3巡视器机械臂就位探测任务规划

针对机械臂规划方法无法满足CE-3巡视器成像及探测光照约束、避碰及机械臂位形切换次数等约束的不足,提出一种基于SA^*的月面巡视器机械臂就位探测任务规划算法。该算法在机械臂的工作空间进行搜索,根据星历计算太阳光照以解决光照约束,通过层次包围盒高效准确地进行机械臂碰撞检测以满足机械臂与环境不存在干涉的约束条件,通过相邻运动行为的代价削减保证规划后机械臂位形切换次数最少。最终通过月面巡视器在轨任务结果验证该算法的可行性。     

Cometary ephemerides for spacecraft flyby missions

For spacecraft without on-board navigation capability, their ability to fly close to target comets is limited primarily by the comet's ephemeris uncertainty. Factors contributing to cometary ephemeris uncertainties include measurement errors, star catalog errors, and offsets between the comet's center of mass and its observed center of light. The situation is further complicated by nongravitational forces acting upon a comet's nucleus and the paucity of observers currently making astrometric observations of comets. For comet Halley, the nongravitational forces affecting this comet's motion are consistent with the rocket effect of an outgassing water ice nucleus; the nucleus is apparently rotating in a direct sense about a stable spin axis. Accurate comet Halley ephemerides for close spacecraft flybys will require continued efforts to refine the existing nongravitational force model. In addition, the various flyby missions to comet Halley will require a well organized network of astrometric observers. These observers must rapidly reduce their observations in early 1986, thus allowing continuous updates to the comet's ephemeris just prior to the spacecraft flybys in March 1986.     

Space Life Science of China

In the past two years, China's space life science has made great progress. Space biomedical and life science programs have carried out ground-based research for the first batch of projects, and are preparing to carry out space-based experiments along with the construction of China's space station. And space life science payload of the space station completed the development of positive samples. Thus, with the development of lunar exploration and Mars exploration projects, astrobiology research has also made a lot of basic achievements. On the basis of summarizing the development of space life science in China, this paper mainly introduces the important progress of payload technology and life science research.      

Comparison of satellite orbit ephemerides for use in GPS meteorology

This paper discusses GPS (Global Position System) meteorology. The research presented is based on a comparison of values of precipitable water vapour PWV, based on GPS measurements using final and predicted ephemerides of satellite orbits. We analysed recent year’s improvement in predicting ephemerides. We compared the data outputs from a radiosonde using GPS receiver measurements directly from the meteorological station from which the radiosondes were launched. The results indicate a high quality of the predicted ephemerides. This finding makes predicted ephemerides highly usable for near real-time estimations of PWV. To use PWV in meteorological forecast applications, this high speed of PWV values supply is necessary.