高超声速气膜冷却技术研究进展及发展方向

随着飞行器速度的进一步提高以及对可重复使用飞行器的需求,高超声速气膜冷却技术已经成为航空航天技术发展的热点问题。开展高超声速飞行器主动气膜冷却技术研究,对于解决高超声速飞行器面临的热防护问题,突破防热技术瓶颈,有十分重要的意义。本文在对主动冷却热防护技术原理、分类及其机制进行系统研究的基础上,从实验研究和数值模拟两个维度,对二维槽缝气膜孔工艺、离散气膜孔工艺和高超声速逆向喷流技术等高超声速气膜冷却技术以及影响气膜冷却效果的因素的研究现状进行了梳理和分析,进而提出了高超声速气膜冷却技术的防热材料研制、材料制备工艺、多气膜孔特性实验研究、逆向喷流气膜孔冷却技术实验验证等研究方向。     

高超声速飞行器结构热防护技术现状综述

随着航空航天技术的飞速发展,高超声速飞行器的研制日益受到各国的重视,飞行器以高超声速飞行时带来的热防护问题成为结构设计中的关键制约因素和主要技术瓶颈。本文简要介绍了高超声速飞行器的现有热防护基本形式;针对其不同部位的受热环境,重点分析了热防护形式及热防护材料的选择方法;并对未来高超声速飞行器热防护技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

一体化热防护结构传热分析及防热特性研究

正高超声速飞行器已逐渐成为各国航空航天领域发展的重要方向,高超声速飞行器的气动加热问题是限制其发展的一个重要问题,被称为"热障",热防护系统对高超声速飞行器至关重要。高超声速飞行器的热防护系统的主要作用,是在高超声速气动热力的环境下保证飞行器内部结构的温度维持在一定的范围内,确保结构的安全,热防护系统的研究对高超声速飞行器的发展和应用具有重大意义。常见的热防护系统有以下几种形式:吸热式热防护系     

高超声速飞行器热防护技术研究进展和趋势分析

热防护技术是决定高超声速飞行器设计成败的关键要素。高超声速飞行器不同部位将承受不同的力、热载荷,需选择不同的热防护方案。以HTV-2、X-37B和NASA的亚轨道运输飞行器为例,系统介绍三类典型高超声速飞行器采用的热防护方案,并揭示了热防护技术的最新进展。未来,材料工艺技术的发展和创新型热防护方案的研发,将进一步提升热防护系统的技术成熟度和适用范围,为各类高超声速飞行器的设计研制提供重要的能力保障。     

高超声速飞行器隔热材料技术研究进展

综述了以刚性陶瓷隔热瓦、陶瓷纤维隔热毡及轻质烧蚀材料为代表的飞行器隔热材料技术最新研究进展,详细介绍了这些隔热材料的组成、结构和性能特点,总结了这些材料在高超声速飞行器上的应用,展望了高超声速飞行器隔热材料的未来发展.     

1 500℃极端高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料热/振联合试验

远程高超声速飞行器处于极为恶劣的气动加热与振动耦合环境中,长时间的高温与振动载荷相互叠加会导致飞行器热防护材料出现裂纹、错位、剥离或脱落,甚至会引发致命的安全事故。因此热防护材料在极端高温环境下的地面热/振联合试验测试,对于高超声速飞行器的安全可靠性设计极为重要。建立高温与振动复合试验环境,设法解决轻质多孔隔热材料在强振动下,表面温度难于准确测量与控制的难题,制作水冷式隔热装置保护价格昂贵的振动激励设备等,实现了1 500℃高温环境下高超声速飞行器轻质隔热材料的热/振联合试验。得到非金属隔热材料陶瓷纤维板内部的断裂形貌及裂纹断面特征。根据试验前、后材料的表观及微观变化以及内部结合剂的变化等试验结果,对材料进行改进。经过试验测试后,达到了使用要求。本文建立的1 500℃极端高温环境下的热/振联合试验系统及试验结果为远程高超声速飞行器热防护材料的抗振动能力评估、隔热效果确定以及材料性能的改进提供了重要支撑。     

高超声速推进再生冷却研究综述

简要回顾了高超声速推进再生冷却的发展历程,介绍了高超声速推进再生冷却的基本特点。根据高超声速推进本身特点,从不同层面分析了高超声速推进再生冷却所面临的主要矛盾和难点。在此基础上,就高超声速推进再生冷却系统冷源不足、冷源及热载荷分布不均、系统动态特性复杂等问题的研究进展进行了详细的综述,包括热沉提升技术、超临界化学反应流动换热特性、强化换热技术以及再生冷却动态特性等方面的研究进展以及亟待解决的主要科学和技术问题。基于此,对目前高超声速推进再生冷却未来的发展进行了展望,认为高热沉燃料技术以及组合冷却技术等现有冷却技术的深化研究以及与其它领域技术的结合,是今后高超声速推进再生冷却的发展方向。     

高超声速飞行器操稳性能分析

以静稳定性衡量稳定性能,以可用过载衡量机动性,给出了高超声速飞行器操稳性能的计算方法。并以高超声速飞行器基准外形为例,计算了其在不同马赫数下的操稳性能,分析了操稳性能随马赫数的变化关系,为高超声速飞行器概念设计阶段的优化设计提供了操稳性能优化指标。     

自制等离子喷枪冷却系统的设计及测试

等离子喷枪是制备热障涂层中的研究重点。目前关于等离子喷枪的研究多集中于喷嘴(阳极)、阴极,鲜有关于喷枪冷却系统方面的研究;喷枪冷却系统的优劣直接影响喷枪的工作寿命和喷涂过程的稳定性,同时制备热障涂层的质量也与冷却效果紧密相关。本文利用三维模型,详细阐述了自制的喷枪冷却系统通道及工作原理,并对设计进行了理论计算,对自制的喷枪进行点火试验和喷涂测试,结果显示自制的喷枪冷却系统功能良好,喷枪工作稳定,涂层质量较好。     

高超声速滑翔飞行器表面加热特点研究

高超声速滑翔飞行器具有高机动和远程快速到达能力,是高超声速技术应用的前沿领域。快速准确地预测飞行器表面受热变化特征,对高超声速滑翔飞行器热防护系统设计十分重要。以基于锥导乘波构型的高超声速滑翔飞行器和跳跃飞行弹道为研究对象,对其表面不同特征区域的加热开展了快速预测方法研究;采用选用方法分析驻点辐射平衡温度随飞行弹道的变化规律;在弹道特征位置上针对飞行器前缘及上、下表面的加热情况进行分析,获得高超声速滑翔飞行器受热的整体特征,可为分区域选择热防护措施提供参考。     

Analytic estimation and numerical modeling of actively cooled thermal protection systems with nickel alloys

Actively cooled thermal protection system has great influence on the engine of a hypersonic vehicle, and it is significant to obtain the thermal and stress distribution in the system. So an analytic estimation and numerical modeling are performed in this paper to investigate the behavior of an actively cooled thermal protection system. The analytic estimation is based on the electric analogy method and finite element analysis（FEA） is applied to the numerical simulation. Temperature and stress distributions are obtained for the actively cooled channel walls with three kinds of nickel alloys with or with no thermal barrier coating（TBC）. The temperature of the channel wall with coating has no obvious difference from the one with no coating, but the stress with coating on the channel wall is much smaller than that with no coating. Inconel X-750 has the best characteristics among the three Ni-based materials due to its higher thermal conductivity, lower elasticity module and greater allowable stress. Analytic estimation and numerical modeling results are compared with each other and a reasonable agreement is obtained.     

Vibration coupling effects and machining behavior of ultrasonic vibration plate device for creep-feed grinding of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding(UVAG) is an effective and promising method for machining of hard-to-cut materials. This article proposed an ultrasonic vibration plate device enabling the longitudinal full-wave and transverse half-wave(L2T1) vibration mode for UVAG.The characteristics of two-dimensional coupled vibration in different directions were analyzed on the basis of apparent elastic method and finite element method. Furthermore, a correction factor was applied to correct the freque...     

Review on active thermal protection and its heat transfer for airbreathing hypersonic vehicles

Hypersonic vehicles with turbojet, ramjet, and scramjet engines are expected to be widely applied to future transportation systems. Due to high-speed flight in the atmosphere, body outer surfaces suffer strong aerodynamic heating, and on the other hand, combustion chamber inter walls are under extremely high temperature and heat flux. Therefore, more efficient and stable active cooling technologies are required in hypersonic vehicles, such as regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, as well as their combinations. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on three active cooling methods, i.e., regenerative cooling, film cooling, and transpiration cooling, and deeply analyzes the mechanism of each cooling method, including the fluids flow, heat transfer, and thermal cracking characteristics of different hydrocarbon fuels in regenerative cooling, the heat transfer and flow mechanism of film cooling under supersonic mainstream conditions, and the heat transfer and flow mechanism of transpiration cooling.     

A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

超声速飞行器综合热管理系统优化设计

针对飞行器超声速巡航时遭受机体外部气动加热与辐射换热的情况，提出了一套综合考虑燃油系统、冲压空气与消耗性冷却剂制冷系统及热防护系统的超声速飞行器综合热管理系统；针对典型的超声速飞行包线，基于二阶多项式响应面代理模型技术，以热防护层厚度、回油质量流量以及消耗性相变冷却剂质量流量为设计变量，以燃烧室进口燃油温度为约束条件，以变量引起的起飞重量增量及其燃油质量代偿损失最小为设计目标，采用自适应模拟退火算法对综合热管理系统进行了优化设计。结果表明：采用二阶多项式响应面代理模型计算的结果与仿真计算结果的误差低于2%；在本文选取的设计变量取值范围内，最优方案倾向于热防护层厚度和冷却剂质量流量取最小值而回油质量流量取中间值，且最优方案较第一组初始方案就目标函数而言减重约16%。     

尖化前缘高导热材料防热分析

针对飞行器高超声速飞行时严重的气动加热环境,提出疏导式热防护结构( TPS),为飞行器前缘提供热防护.采用有限元法和有限体积法,分别对在特定工况下飞行的尖化前缘固体域和流体域进行计算,验证了前缘内嵌高导热材料的防热效果,其中来流马赫数为6.5时,头部壁面最高温度下降了13.6％,尾部最低温度升高了16.7％,实现了热流...     

Recent active thermal management technologies for the development of energy-optimized aerospace vehicles in China

Recently, the development of modern vehicles has brought about aggressive integration and miniaturization of on-board electrical and electronic devices. It will lead to exponential growth in both the overall waste heat and heat flux to be dissipated to maintain the devices within a safe temperature range. However, both the total heat sinks aboard and the cooling capacity of currently utilized thermal control strategy are severely limited, which threatens the lifetime of the on-board equipment and even the entire flight system and shrink the vehicle’s flight time and range. Facing these thermal challenges, the USA proposed the program of “INVENT” to maximize utilities of the available heat sinks and enhance the cooling ability of thermal control strategies. Following the efforts done by the USA researchers, scientists in China fought their ways to develop thermal management technologies for Chinese advanced energy-optimized airplanes and spacecraft. This paper elaborates the available on-board heat sinks and aerospace thermal management systems using both active and passive technologies not confined to the technology in China. Subsequently, active thermal management technologies in China including fuel thermal management system, environment control system, non-fuel liquid cooling strategy are reviewed. At last, space thermal control technologies used in Chinese Space Station and Chang’e-3 and to be used in Chang’e-5 are introduced. Key issues to be solved are also identified, which could facilitate the development of aerospace thermal control techniques across the world.     

卫星MEMS热控系统的动态特性及自主控制策略

在卫星热控系统中将高效冷却技术与系统层次的智能控制策略相结合是完成航天热控任务的理想候选方案。针对一种基于微机电系统(MEMS)的微槽道换热器和微百叶窗在卫星主动热控系统中应用的方案,应用集总参数法建立了受控对象的系统动态响应模型;提出了一种引入外热流协调因子和专家智能整定比例-积分-微分(PID)控制相结合的自主温度控制策略;完成了其在纳卫星上应用效果的仿真研究。仿真结果表明:自主温度控制策略能够根据当前的控制局势及变化趋势对多个被控量进行自主协调,不但能够有效满足星载电子设备的苛刻温控要求,同时也是实现卫星高度自主飞行的关键技术之一;该温度控制策略同样适用于其他控制场合。     

Ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation applied for deformation measurement in thermal testing with infrared quartz lamps

In thermal-structural testing of hypersonic materials and structures, deformation measurement on the front surface of an object directly heated by quartz lamps is highly necessary and very challenging. This work describes a novel front-surface high-temperature deformation measurement technique, which adopts ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation (UV 3D-DIC) to observe and measure the high-temperature deformation fields on front surfaces directly heated by quartz lamps. Compared with existing blue light DIC techniques, the established UV 3D-DIC, which combines UV CCD camera, active UV illumination and bandpass filter imaging, can effectively suppress the strong disturbing light emitted by the quartz lamps and the heated sample itself during heating process. Two experiments were carried out to verify the robustness and accuracy of the developed technique: (1) direct observation of front surfaces of a hypersonic thermal structure sample heated from room temperature to 1050 °C, and (2) front-surface thermal stain and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurement of an Inconel 718 sample up to 800 °C. The well matched strain and CTE results with literature data show that UV 3D-DIC system is an effective technique for front-surface deformation measurement and has great potential in characterizing deformation response of hypersonic materials and structures subjected to transient aerodynamic heating.