Thin-film Li-LiMn2O4 batteries

Thin-film rechargeable Li-LiMn₂O₄ batteries have been fabricated and characterized. Following deposition by electron beam evaporation of LiMn₂O₄, the amorphous as-deposited cathode films 1 cm² in area by 0.3to 4-μm thick were annealed at 700°C to 800°C in oxygen in order to form the crystalline spinet phase. The specific capacity of the cells between 4.5 V to 3.8 V ranged from 50 μAh/mg to 120 μAh/mg. When cycled over this range, the batteries exhibited excellent secondary performance with capacity losses as low as 0.001% per cycle. On charging to 5.3 V, a plateau with a median voltage of 5.1 V was observed. The total charge extracted between 3.8 V to 5.3 V corresponded to about 1 Li/Mn₂ O₄     

Comparative analysis of energy storage media and techniques

Techniques for storing and converting energy from one form to another are examined. The parameters of interest are storage density (in terms of both energy and power), conversion efficiency, and number of steps in the conversion process. The techniques compared are electrostatic, magnetic, inertial, chemical, thermal, and nuclear. Each technique for storage is discussed in terms of the ease with which the energy can be converted to electricity for powering lightweight compact power systems for a variety of uses. The storage density associated with the various mechanisms spans an enormous range (~0.5 MJ/kg to ~10⁵ MJ/kg). The impact upon time-to-refuel within the context of mobile tactical army applications is discussed     

阳极氧化对TiAl合金高温氧化行为和力学性能的影响

采用电化学阳极氧化技术在含NH4F的乙二醇电解液中对TiAl合金进行阳极氧化处理。研究阳极氧化对TiAl合金高温氧化行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:由于“卤素效应”,阳极氧化处理的TiAl合金经高温氧化后表面形成致密、连续的Al₂O₃氧化膜,有效阻止了氧的内扩散,进而显著提高合金的抗高温氧化性能。经1000℃氧化100 h后,阳极氧化试样增重由未经阳极氧化处理试样的85.86 mg/cm²降至0.67 mg/cm²。另一方面,阳极氧化TiAl合金表面硬度和弹性模量随高温氧化时间延长呈先降低后升高的趋势。阳极氧化TiAl合金在高温服役后,合金的摩擦系数较未经阳极氧化处理试样上升,但表面耐磨性先降低后升高。这是由于TiAl合金经阳极氧化后,表面形成了一层富铝含氟氧化膜,由于氧化膜中F元素在高温氧化过程中与Ti、Al结合形成卤化物,卤化物蒸气选择性扩散在原始氧化膜处形成致密的Al₂O₃保护膜。阳极氧化对TiAl合金力学性能的影响主要是由于氧化膜中Al₂O₃的含量变化所致。     

基于热力学的HTPB/AP复合底排药损伤本构模型及损伤差异分析

为研究HTPB/AP复合底排药（CBBG）单轴拉伸力学性能,进行了准静态（233~301 K,8.3×10^-5~8.3×10^-1 s^-1）和冲击（233~323 K,1 200~8 000 s^-1）加载实验。实验结果表明,各工况下的真应力应变曲线均有明显的屈服点,初始模量、屈服应力及后屈服阶段形态均呈现显著的温度和应变率相关性。在不可逆热力学框架内,推导了热力学力表达式和内变量演化法则,结合初始模量和屈服应力模型,建立了黏弹-黏塑-损伤本构模型。根据HTPB/AP CBBG宽泛温度和应变率实验数据,利用一维形式的本构模型进行了参数辨识和模型验证。结果表明,该模型能较准确描述黏弹性阶段和后屈服阶段。不同工况下的损伤演化律表明,冲击加载和低温均有利于损伤扩展。     

Electrochemical capacitors utilizing low surface area carbon fiber

The performance of electrochemical capacitors containing different commercial carbon fibers is reviewed. High specific capacitance (ca. 300 F/g) is obtained with low surface area carbon fiber (<1 m²/g) using a proprietary activation process. Capacitance is primarily achieved through pseudocapacitance resulting from surface functional groups. The performance of these devices is dependent on the type of carbon fiber, its carbon content, aspect ratio and microstructure. These devices can achieve high cycle life (ca. 100 k) without significant loss in capacitance     

样本量为2的极小样本相容性检验方法

在航空航天领域由于成本、时间周期等原因进行疲劳寿命及可靠性评估时样本量通常极少（m=1或2）,利用相容性检验方法可对样本量进行扩充。常规的Wilcoxon秩和检验和K-S（Kolmogorov-Smirnov）检验适用于小样本情形,而极小样本相容性检验方面研究较少,且缺乏对方法合理性的详细说明和对不同方法检验功效优劣的比较。航空航天产品疲劳寿命多服从正态分布,因此本文主要以正态分布作为研究对象。利用Monte Carlo仿真发现从某一正态分布N（μ,σ²）中随机抽取两个样本x₁、x₂计算均值μ₁和标准差σ₁后构建新正态分布N（μ₁,σ₁²）,其±σ₁、±2σ₁和±3σ₁范围内的点落在原正态分布N（μ,σ²）±3σ范围内的概率依次为99.80%、98.13%和97.37%。在此基础上针对现场试验数据样本量为2的情况,本文提出利用3σ原则对先验信息数据进行相容性检验从而扩充样本量的方法。将该方法与两种文献方法对比后发现其误差率明显更低并呈现出检验性能随先验数据增加而不断提高的优势。     

TiBw/TA15复合材料板材超塑变形行为研究

研究了TiB_w/TA15复合材料板材在900~960℃、5×10^-4~10^-2s^-1条件下的超塑变形行为。结果表明,TiB_w/TA15复合材料流变应力随拉伸温度的升高和应变速率的减小而降低,在940℃、5×10^-3s^-1变形条件下获得的最大超塑性伸长率为439%。利用Zener-Hollomn参数和Arrhenius方程所建立的峰值应力本构方程为ε·=3.55×10⁸[sinh(2.0×10^-2σ)]^1.99×exp(-6.381×10⁵/RT),其变形激活能Q=638.1kJ/mol。复合材料超塑性变形组织与拉伸温度和应变速率密切相关。高温低应变速率有利于基体α相的动态再结晶以及晶须与基体处孔洞的愈合,低温高应变速率下,孔洞更易萌生于增强相与基体结合界面的端部。动态再结晶对复合材料超塑性的发挥起着关键作用。     

High performance magnetostrictive actuators

The application of magnetostriction in the design of a hybrid, electromechanical/hydraulic high-performance linear (large force and stroke) and/or rotational (large moment and angle) actuator is considered. The design concept combines the high power density of actuation possible with magnetostriction (approaching 0.1 HP/cm³ of the magnetostrictive material assuming 3 kHz excitation frequency) and the design flexibility of hydraulics. The objective of the research described was to validate the concept theoretically and to study alternatives and improvements. The system, as currently envisioned, offers very small packaging volume (approximately an order of magnitude smaller than conventional electromechanical systems), flexible packaging (relative location of the major system components is not critical), and easy control (precise control of actuation speed, quick reverse time, and inherent position lockup). The major technical problems associated with the design are outlined, and results of a computer simulation of a prototype actuator are presented     

纳秒脉冲等离子体激励器用于圆柱高速流动控制的数值模拟

利用数值模拟,研究了纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电（NS-DBD）等离子体激励器在圆柱高速流动控制中的应用。首先,研究了单电极NS-DBD等离子体激励器在静止空气中放电后的流场特性。研究表明在介质阻挡放电形成的等离子体区域,有局部能量快速注入,放电结束5 μs后在上极板后端点位置形成了一个局部温度高达900 K的热点,由此引发很强的压力扰动,形成以上极板后端点位置为中心,扩散速度约为声速的半圆形压缩波。在此基础上,通过数值模拟研究了NS-DBD等离子体激励器布置在直径为6 mm的圆柱上,来流马赫数为Ma_∞=4.6时,对圆柱脱体激波的控制作用。研究表明介质阻挡放电形成的半圆形压缩波对于脱体激波有很强的干扰作用,激波距离增加了15.7%,激波强度也有相应的减弱,导致阻力减少了13%。     

基于能量耗散率的低速扩压叶栅损失研究

针对无化学反应和热流输入的叶栅有黏不可压流模型,推导出能量耗散率的组分分解式,根据叶栅流场仿真结果进行分析简化,得到由轴向涡量、轴向阻力和剪切力组成的能量耗散率分解式。结合总压损失,分析了耗散各组分在前缘损失、叶表损失和通道损失中的主导因素:轴向涡量项反映旋涡结构,在通道损失中占主要部分,集中在通道涡和分离面附近;轴向阻力项反映扩压和叶表边界层转折造成的流动损失,在前缘损失和叶表损失中占主要部分,集中在叶栅前部的叶表边界层和主流区;剪切力项反映轴向截面速度不均匀性,在叶栅后部的叶表损失和通道损失中占主要部分,集中在叶表、端壁边界层和分离面附近。旋涡结构和耗散各组分分布特征揭示了叶栅通道中旋涡结构与能量耗散之间的分布关系,分离区并不是主要能量耗散区,高能量耗散区主要分布在叶表边界层(叶栅前部由轴向阻力项主导,后部由剪切力项中的υ(∂V_x/∂y)²项主导)、分离面附近(受剪切力项中的υ(∂V_x/∂y)²项和轴向涡量项影响)。大攻角情况下,叶栅通道损失显著增加,正攻角促使轴向涡量项的增长点提前,负攻角则使得叶表边界层的速度剪切加剧。     

三种不同面容比模拟积水溶液环境中300M钢的腐蚀行为

基于飞机结构材料300M钢在海洋高湿环境中缝隙部位积水导致的腐蚀损伤问题,研究了300M钢在3种不同面容比模拟积水溶液环境中的腐蚀行为,借助Tafel极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱实验探讨了影响腐蚀速率的主要原因。在模拟积水环境中,分析了腐蚀失重、失重速率、损伤度以及腐蚀过程中腐蚀溶液溶解氧浓度、pH值与不同面容比（2、5、20 mL/cm²）之间的关系。结果表明：随材料腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀溶液中的溶解氧浓度降低,pH值上升,而且随面容比的增大,材料的腐蚀失重增加,腐蚀失重速率也增大。Tafel极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱结果表明,不同pH值下300M钢耐蚀性的差别导致了不同面容比环境下腐蚀损伤的差异,3种面容比模拟积水环境中腐蚀速率大小为V₂₀>V₅>V₂。     

钛表面阳极氧化处理对TA2/聚醚醚酮（PEEK）粘结性能的影响

为了改善TA2/C_f/PEEK纤维金属混杂层板中TA2/PEEK的界面粘结性能,利用NaTESi恒压阳极氧化法对TA2板进行表面改性。首先通过正交试验对阳极氧化工艺进行优化,对不同处理工艺的TA2板表面进行了XRD、SEM分析以及粗糙度的表征;其次,研究了钛板表面改性对TA2/PEEK界面结合强度及断裂韧性的影响。结合扫描电镜图进行表面粗糙度及剪切强度的极差分析,发现随着阳极氧化时间的增长,表面粗糙度减小,TA2/PEEK接头的单搭剪切强度下降。对不同工艺下单搭接头的拉伸剪切强度进行比较后,确定了利于提高TA2/PEEK界面结合强度的最优工艺为恒压10 V、在35℃下阳极氧化10 min;该种工艺处理后的钛板表面粗糙度为1.34 μm,其表面形貌为纳米颗粒,粒径尺寸为100~200 nm,在阳极氧化时间为10 min、电压为10 V时,其表面纳米颗粒分布最为均匀,该种形貌下制备的TA2/PEEK界面剪切强度达到19 MPa,失效模式为混合破坏;通过载荷-位移曲线、R曲线,对此工艺下TA2/PEEK界面I型层间断裂韧性进行了表征,发现其平均能量释放率为188.1 J/m²,相比于未经表面处理的试样增加了103.1%,阳极氧化工艺处理后的TA2/PEEK界面抗分层能力更好。     

瓷介电容器老化对检测的影响

论述了瓷介电容器老化对检测的影响。对典型的X7R型瓷介电容器老化的分析,选择去老化的方法可以减少其对检测结果的影响。     

陶瓷基复合材料基体裂纹偏转能量释放率研究

采用虚裂纹闭合技术(VCCT)计算了基体裂纹在界面处不同传播路径的能量释放率,并结合基于能量释放率的裂纹偏转准则对陶瓷基复合材料基体裂纹偏转进行了研究.计算了弹性错配参数α和β、基体裂纹扩展长度a、基体裂纹相对扩展长度ad/ap对裂纹偏转的影响,并将VCCT计算结果与积分法的计算结果进行比较.结果表明:VCCT能够准确计算基体裂纹扩展时的能量释放率,计算结果可为研究陶瓷基复合材料失效机制提供一定参考.      

MEMS Electronically Steerable Antennas for Fire Control Radars

Large apertures are of great benefit to applications that are prime powered limited as is found on aerostat and other airborne platforms. Electronically scanned array antennas are often proposed for these applications. However, increasing the aperture area with conventional array technology is met with prohibitive cost, weight, and prime power increases because of the dense spacing of phase shifters and/or active T/R modules. This discusses the recent development of RF MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) switch technology and the use of these switches in a Radanttrade lens configuration for arrays of approximately 10 m² at X-band. A proof-of-concept 0.4 m² MEMS Electronically Steerable Antenna (ESA) containing 25,000 MEMS switches has been successfully designed, fabricated, and tested. The 0.4 m² MEMS ESA was then integrated with an AN/APG-67 radar system to form the MEMS Demonstration Radar System. The MEMS Demonstration Radar System successfully detected both airborne and ground moving targets during a series of extensive radar demonstrations. This is believed to be the first large scale employment of MEMS switches in a scanning antenna and radar system. The low-cost, lightweight, and low power technology demonstrated can enable weight and power constrained platforms with electronic steering.     

铝电解电容在湿热环境下的贮存可靠性

针对电子设备中的铝电解电容在贮存环境下的失效问题,通过对铝电解电容进行湿热贮存试验,考察了湿热环境引起的铝电解电容外观状态和电性能的变化,并对试验中出现的失效现象进行了分析.结果表明,铝电解电容在湿热环境下出现了引脚腐蚀和橡胶塞长霉的失效现象;环境温度对铝电解电容贮存可靠性有重要影响,温度超过40℃引脚腐蚀速度会大大加快.温度在30℃适宜霉菌生长,温度超过30℃后没有长霉现象.阳极箔上的阳极氧化膜被腐蚀是铝电解电容在湿热环境下出现电容量和漏电流增大的原因.     

Buck-flyback DC-DC converter

It is difficult to obtain a large input/output voltage ratio with a DC-DC converter, because the duty factor d may not reach very small values. For the same reason, it is difficult to obtain an output voltage that is adjustable in a large range. A DC-DC converter circuit is proposed that overcomes this limitation by performing a voltage ratio d²/(1-d) in the best operating mode. Circuit operation is analyzed, operating modes are evidenced, and the voltage ratio is deduced in each operating mode as a function of output current, duty factor, and circuit component values. Boundary conditions between different operating modes are obtained; consequently, it is concluded that these conditions do not occur for some operating modes. Component ratings are summarized, to facilitate circuit design. The buck-flyback DC-DC converter is very suitable for low-voltage (e.g. computer) power supplies and for power supplies with the output voltage (adjustable in a large range) supplied from the mains without a mains voltage transformer     

Magnetic energy storage devices for small scale applications

The author considers basic principles of magnetic energy storage, structure requirements and limitations, configurations of inductors, attributes of high-T_c superconducting materials including thermal instabilities, a relative comparison with the state-of-the-art high energy density power sources, and refrigeration requirements. A review of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) technology reveals that the advent of high-temperature ceramic superconducting materials and advances in high strength materials and refrigeration technology are likely to facilitate fabrication of smaller SMES units. The design parameters of a micro superconducting magnetic energy unit for Air Force application are presented and discussed     

等离子体激励抑制喷管分离流动数值模拟

为研究等离子体激励器对喷管分离流动的抑制作用,运用了模拟等离子体激励作用效果的唯象学模型,数值模拟研究了交流介质阻挡放电等离子体和电弧放电等离子体对喷管分离流动的抑制效果,并探究了电弧放电等离子体不同放电热功率密度、不同放电位置对抑制效果的影响。结果表明：电弧放电等离子体在抑制喷管分离流动方面有更好的效果。当电弧放电等离子体激励器作用于激波与边界层相互作用区的上游时,对分离流动的抑制效果最好;当电弧放电热功率密度较小时,其产生的诱导射流速度很小且不易对分离区的流线产生影响;当电弧放电热功率密度为8×10¹⁰ W/m³时,喷管的分离回流区完全消失。