Microstructure evolution of a hypereutectic Nb–Ti–Si–Cr–Al–Hf alloy processed by directional solidification

In this work, the Nb–14Si–24Ti–10Cr–2Al–2Hf–0.1Y alloy(at.%) was processed by the liquid–metal-cooled directional solidification(DS) at 1750 C with withdrawal rates of 1.2, 6,18 mm/min and post heat treatment(HT) at 1450 C for 10 h. The microstructures of the directionally solidified and heat treated samples were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of directionally solidified alloy mainly consists of petaloid Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics and Ti-rich Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics. With the increase of withdrawal rate, the primary Nb5Si3is eliminated, Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectic cells turn round and connected with the microstructure refinement and Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics turn to a river-like morphology. After heat treatment,Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics disappeared and petaloid Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics turn to a specific fiber-mesh structure gradually, which is promoted by higher withdrawal rates. Furthermore,both the volume fraction of Cr2Nb and the content of Cr in Nbssof Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics change regularly with the increase of withdrawal rate and heat treatment at 1450 C for 10 h.     

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Resistance of Nb-22Ti-14Si-2Hf-2Al-xCr Alloys

Nb-22Ti-14Si-2Hf-2Al-xCr (x=2, 6, 10, 14, 17 at%) alloys are prepared by arc-melting under argon atmosphere. Microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of the arc-melted alloys are investigated. At 2 at% Cr content, the microstructure is composed of Nbss, Nb3Si and a small quantity of Nb5Si3, when the Cr contents increase, Nb3Si disappears. For the high Cr content (x ≥ 10 at%) alloys, besides the Nbss and Nb5Si3, Cr2Nb is also detected. With the increase of Cr content, the volume fractions of Cr2Nb and Nb5Si3 increase, while that of Nbss increases firstly and then begins to degrade when the Cr content is higher than 6 at%. For the alloy with 2 at% Cr, the room temperature fracture toughness is about 14.5 MPa·m1/2, but badly decreases to about 8.5 MPa·m1/2, when the Cr contents increase. Vickers hardness of Nbss tends to increase linearly from about 400 to 500, while that of silicides is not sensitive to Cr contents, about 950. The appearance of Cr2Nb phase significantly improves the high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloys with high Cr contents. The isothermal oxidation tests show that the oxidation kinetics of the alloys with various Cr contents follows parabolic oxidation kinetics.     

一种多元铌硅系原位复合材料的高温氧化行为

 采用电弧熔炼的方法制备了Nb-16Si-24Ti-6Cr-6Al-2Hf (原子百分数)多元铌硅系原位复合材料。进行了高温氧化试验，使用扫描电镜、能谱和X-射线衍射仪进行分析。结果表明该复合材料铸态组织主要由Nbss和β-Nb5Si3组成；经1250℃/100h静态氧化后，生成厚的氧化皮，其主要成分为CrNbO4，TiNb2O7；在氧化皮下发生严重的内氧化现象；氧优先在Nbss相中扩散并形成内氧化产物；硅化物对氧的扩散起到一定的阻挡作用；硅化物的分散分布有利于氧化皮中压应力的释放。     

Si和Ti对Nb-6Hf-4Zr-2B合金组织和室温力学性能的影响

 为了寻求Nb合金的强度和塑性的平衡,设计了以Nb基固溶体Nbss为主导相的Nb-xSi-6Hf-4Zr-2B-yTi(x=4,8;y=10,30;原子分数)合金,研究了Si和Ti对合金组织和室温力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金由Nbss、Nb3Si和Nb5Si3等3相组成。4Si-(10,30)Ti合金铸态组织是Nb枝晶和分布在枝晶间的硅化物(Nb3Si和Nb5Si3),8Si-(10,30)Ti合金Nb枝晶间分布的是Nb/硅化物(Nb5Si3)的共晶和Nb3Si,随着Si和Ti含量的增加,硅化物体积分数增加。1 600 ℃退火50 h可使部分Nb3Si共析分解,改变合金的组织形貌和各相的体积分数。随着Si和Ti含量的增加,合金的硬度和强度增加,但塑性和韧性降低。Nb枝晶的失效方式为解理断裂,而硅化物为脆性断裂。     

Cr对Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf合金显微组织与高低温力学性能的影响

 以Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf成分为基础,分别添加了2%和17%(原子分数,后同)的Cr元素替代Nb(分别称2Cr和17Cr合金),研究了Cr含量对Nb-16Si-22Ti-2Al-2Hf合金相组成、显微组织形貌、室温断裂韧性和高温强度的影响,分析了高低温失效机制。结果表明,铸态和1 375 ℃×100 h热处理后2Cr合金由Nbss和Nb₅Si₃两相组成;当Cr含量为17%时,出现了具有C15结构的Laves Cr₂Nb相,合金由Nbss、Nb₅Si₃和Cr₂Nb三相组成,热处理后在Nb₅Si₃中还析出了球状Cr₂Nb相。随着Cr含量由2%提高到17%,热处理合金的室温断裂韧性K_Q由14.32 MPa·m^1/2下降到10.30 MPa·m^1/2。合金强度与Cr含量的关系受温度影响,随Cr含量提高,室温和1 150 ℃时合金的硬度或强度增高,而1 250 ℃和1 350 ℃时合金强度降低。如1 150 ℃时2Cr和17Cr合金的屈服强度σ_0.2分别为349 MPa和387 MPa;1 350 ℃时分别为306 MPa和74 MPa。     

Hf对Nb15W5Si2B合金室温和高温力学性能的影响

 为了寻求Nb-Si基合金高温强度和室温塑性之间的平衡,设计了以Nb基固溶体相Nb-SS占主导的Nb15W5Si2BxHf(x= 0,5,10,15,原子百分数）合金,研究了Hf元素对Nb15W5Si2B合金的组织、室温和高温压缩性能以及高温蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,Nb15W5Si2B合金由Nb-SS和Nb5Si3两相组成,Nb5Si3相呈网状分布;Hf的加入不改变相组成,但Nb5Si3相由网状分布逐步变成不连续小岛状分布,而且体积分数减少。Hf同时提高Nb15W5Si2B合金的高温静强度和室温塑性,但对Nb15W5Si2B高温压缩蠕变性能不利。最后讨论了Hf对Nb15W5Si2B合金强化与塑性化机理。     

粉末冶金Ti-Al 系金属间化合物的研究

由于可以制备出组织细小、均匀的Ti-Al系金属间化合物材料,粉末冶金技术在Ti-Al系金属间化合物材料的应用研究方面具有很强的优势.本文以Ti-23Al- 17Nb( at％)和Ti-45 Al-2Cr-2Nb-(B,W)(at％)为例,介绍了粉末冶金技术在Ti-Al系金属间化合物材料制备及成形方面的制备工艺、性能和部分样件,展示了Ti-Al系金属间化合物材料在航天及武器型号方面良好的应用前景.     

Cr在Ti-Al-Cr合金抗高温氧化过程中的作用研究

研究了 Ti-50 Al,Ti-50 Al-1 5Cr,Ti-4 5Al-1 5Cr和 Ti-67Al-8Cr(原子百分数 )合金在 90 0～ 1 0 0 0℃下的高温氧化性能。结果表明 :Ti-50 Al-1 5Cr,Ti-4 5Al-1 5Cr和 Ti-67Al-8Cr均表现出优良的抗氧化性能,氧化后表面主要是 α-Al₂O₃及少量的 TiO₂ 组成。Ti-50 Al-1 5Cr,Ti-67Al-8Cr和 Ti-4 5Al-1 5Cr合金良好的抗高温氧化性能归于 Cr在合金抗氧化过程中起到了吸氧效应的作用。另外发现对于 Ti-50 Al-1 5Cr和 Ti-67Al-8Cr均发生了 950℃时的氧化增重比 1 0 0 0℃时的氧化增重大,这是由于 Cr的加入使 Ti的活性降低的缘故。     

Single track and single layer formation in selective laser melting of niobium solid solution alloy

Selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate Nb-37Ti-13Cr-2Al-1Si (at%) alloy, using pre-alloyed powders prepared by plasma rotating electrode processing (PREP). A series of single tracks and single layers under different processing parameters was manufactured to evaluate the processing feasibility by SLM, including laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance. Results showed that continuous single tracks could be fabricated using proper laser powers and scanning velocities. Both the width of a single track and its penetration depth into a substrate increased with an increase of the linear laser beam energy density (LED), i.e., an increase of the laser power and a decrease of the scanning speed. Nb, Ti, Si, Cr, and Al elements distributed heterogeneously over the melt pool in the form of swirl-like patterns. An excess of the hatch distance was not able to interconnect neighboring tracks. Under improper processing parameters, a balling phenomenon occurred, but could be eliminated with an increased LED. This work testified the SLM-processing feasibility of Nb-based alloy and promoted the application of SLM to the manufacture of niobium-based alloys.     

Nb-10Si合金室温断裂韧性研究

利用真空电弧熔炼制备了处于亚共晶区的Nb-10Si-xMo(x=5,15)复合材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了在1200℃退火100h后复合材料的微观组织形貌、相组成和断口形貌,并测定了Nb-10Si-Mo复合材料的显微硬度。用单边切口悬臂梁法(SENB)研究了加入合金元素后复合材料室温韧性的变化。深入分析了合金元素对材料韧性相变形行为和复合材料室温断裂韧性的影响。     

金属间化合物NiAl合金蠕变行为的研究

系统研究了热等静压态(HIP)NiAl-9Mo,NiAl-Cr(Zr),NiAl-28Cr-5.5Mo-0.5Hf-0.02wt%P合金与定向凝固NiAl-28Cr-5.8Mo-0.2Hf,NiAl-28Cr-5.5Mo-0.5Hf,NiAl-28Cr-5Mo-1Hf,NiAl-Fe(Nb)共晶合金的高温拉伸蠕变行为.研究结果表明,七种NiAl合金具有相似的蠕变曲线,表现为较短的减速蠕变阶段和较长的稳态蠕变阶段及较高的蠕变应变.在高温低应力下蠕变变形主要受位错攀移过程控制,在低温高应力下蠕变变形主要由Orowan机制控制.NiAl合金的蠕变断口表现为塑性断裂和沿胞界断裂的混合特征.NiAl合金蠕变断裂主要受蠕变裂纹扩展所控制,蠕变断裂数据符合Monkman-Grant关系.     

Compound Ceramic Coatings Grown by Micro-plasma Oxidation on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Compound ceramics coatings on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were prepared by the direct current micro-plasma oxidation (MPO) in NaAlO2 solution. The composition and morphology of the coatings were studied with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer technique was used to analyze the solution features of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the process of preparation. The results reveal that Al2TiO5 forms in the coatings at the initial stages of MPO reaction, and its content changes rapidly with the reaction continuing: after 20 min, the ceramics coatings are composed of α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and Al2TiO5, but after 40 min, its main composition is of α-Al2O3. The content of Ti in the solution will increase when the MPO time extends, and as will Al in the anode area until, after 30 min, it reaches the maximum and keeps constant from then on. Both substrata of Ti and Al in the electrolyte join the MPO reaction at the initial stage, where the formation of Al2TiO5 happens; but as the MPO reaction prolongs, more and more Al in the electrolyte will take part in the reaction, leading to the appearance of a large amount of Al2O3.     

合金元素Al对Cr-20Nb合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

采用机械合金化＋热压烧结工艺制备了掺杂合金元素Al的Cr-20Nb合金,研究Al对Cr-20Nb合金在1100℃和1200℃下高温抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,合金元素Al能促进Cr-20Nb合金氧化时生成AlNbO4复合型氧化物,该复合型氧化物能有效抑制Cr2O3,的挥发反应,从而改善Cr2O3,氧化层的致密性,并提高氧化膜的粘附性,导致合金抗氧化性显著提高。不同Al含量的Cr-20Nb合金氧化增重均近似于抛物线规律。     

热变形对高铌TiAl合金微观组织的影响

通过对Ti-45Al-8.0Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y(原子百分数)合金的热压缩分析发现,其变形温度和变形速率对合金的真实应力-应变曲线以及变形后的组织有显著的影响。在低的变形温度和高的变形速率下,随应变量的增加合金呈现明显的软化现象,变形后存在大量的流线型组织,当变形温度达到1250℃、变形速率降到1×10^-3s^-1时,合金变形后的组织逐渐得到充分的再结晶,铸态组织得到明显的细化。     

喷射沉积A1-Si-Fe-Mn-Cu-Mg合金的微观组织与力学性能

利用喷射沉积技术制备了Al-20Si-5Fe-(0～3)Mn-3Cu-1Mg合金。借助扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射和拉伸试验等手段研究了喷射沉积合金的微观组织和力学性能，分析了不同Mn含量对合金组织演变的影响。结果表明，当合金中加入3％Mn时，组织中针状的Al-Si-Fe金属间化合物被颗粒状的Al     

射频等离子体球化TiAl合金粉末特性研究

采用水冷铜坩埚感应熔炼制备了名义成分为Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.02Y( at％)的大尺寸铸锭,经机械破碎后,采用流化床气流磨和射频等离子体球化工艺制备出高铌TiAl合金粉末,并研究了其特性.结果表明,采用上述工艺可大量制备出球形度高、粒度可控的高铌TiAl合金粉末;粉末的氧含量随粒度的细化而...     

Ti-22Al-25Nb合金剪切旋压过程中显微组织演化

通过剪切旋压试验,研究了旋压温度(910℃和1000℃)和减薄率(0、10%和30%)对Ti-22Al-25Nb合金显微组织的影响,探讨了旋压过程中的显微组织演化规律。结果表明:Ti-22Al-25Nb(原子数分数)合金旋压组织主要由α2相、B2相和O相组成,在旋压过程中,B2晶粒沿旋轮进给方向被拉长,且伴随有动态再结晶现象发生;温度主要影响Ti-22Al-25Nb合金中α2相与O相的尺寸和形貌,随着旋压温度的升高,O相片层逐渐变短并粗化,α2相趋向等轴化;变形量主要影响α2相体积分数与O相形貌,随着减薄率的增大,α2相体积分数逐渐减少,O相从片层状转变为短棒状。因此,Ti-22Al-25Nb合金剪切旋压过程中不仅发生晶粒变形与动态再结晶现象,更涉及复杂的相变行为,组织控制困难。     

Effects of Alloying Elements Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf on β-Nb5Si3 from First-principles Calculations

The energy, lattice parameters, electronic structures, and elastic constants of the intermetallic compound β-Nb₅Si₃ alloyed by Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf elements are investigated using first-principles methods based on plane-wave pseudopotential theory. From the impurity formation energy calculated, it is found that Ti, Cr, and Hf prefer to occupy the Nb_I, Nb_I, and Nb_II site, respectively, and that Al decreases the stability of β-Nb₅Si₃. Ti and Cr atoms reduce the c/a ratio of crystal lattices and Hf atom transforms the crystal lattice of β-Nb₅Si₃ from the tetragonal system to the orthorhombic system. The total state density of pure β-Nb₅Si₃ system and Ti, Cr, and Hf doped systems shows that Ti, Cr, and Hf improve the conductibility of β-Nb₅Si₃ system. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic modulus are obtained using Voight approximation equation. Ti and Cr increase the hardness and reduce the ductility of β-Nb₅Si₃. In contrast, Hf decreases the hardness and improves the ductility.     

热处理对Mo-Si系金属间化合物微观组织和断裂韧性的影响

以纯金属Mo与纯Si为原料,通过电弧熔炼法制备了Mo₃Si-Mo₅Si3共晶,Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂亚共晶和过共晶Mo-Si系金属间化合物。在1200℃分别对3种合金进行了12h、24h、48h和96h真空退火,观察层状结构在合金中的形成、变化及破坏。1200℃退火48h后,在Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂亚共晶合金中发现了发展完好的Mo₅Si3（D8m）/MoSi₂（C11b）层状结构,层间距为几百纳米;在Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂过共晶合金中,层状结构的层间距与体积百分含量在退火前后没有发生明显变化;在Mo₃Si-Mo₅Si3共晶合金中始终未观察到层状结构的存在。通过压痕法测量了各合金的断裂韧性（K_IC）,研究了微观结构与KIC之间的关系。     

Primary Solidification Phase and Lamellar Orientation in Directionally Solidified Ti-45Al-7Nb Alloy

Primary solidification phase and lamellar orientation are investigated in Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy at very high ratio of temperature gradient to growth rate (G/v) by a liquid-metal-cooled directionally solidified method. It shows that Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy solidifies with primary α phase. Longitudinal (parallel to growth direction) microstructure shows that α dendrites in solid-liquid mushy zone are discontinuous and transverse microstructure of α dendrites is worm-like feature. Growth direction of α phase is about 80° away from〈0001〉α direction, and close to〈1120〉α direction. The corresponding lamellar orientation is aligned at the angle of about 10° to growth direction, which is consistent with α-dendrite growth direction according to Blackburn orientation relationship. Therefore, due to the altered growth direction of α phase, the lamellar orientation in Ti-45Al-7Nb alloy is controlled at the G/v ratio of 5×109 K·sm-2.