弹翼对旋成体底部流动的影响

本文利用压强测量及纹影观测技术研究弹翼对旋成体底部流动及底阻的影响，研究对象包括有无收缩船尾的两种后体，并同时测量了模型的底面和侧面压强分布，通过实验观测结果和理论分析，得到较细致的弹翼干扰结果，有助于进一步认识底部注以动特性及上游干扰，对飞行器设计有实用意义。     

中等高超音速弹翼-弹体干扰特性分析

本文通过中等高超音速弹体流场分析和卵-柱-翼组合的干扰计算,指出翼-体之间会产生负干扰,即不利干扰,这种不利干扰由体对翼的干扰所引起,它的值的大小及出现的早晚,与翼-体组合的几何外形、相对位置、M_∞和α_∞有关,产生负干扰的物理原因是气流通过弹体头冲波后的动量损失所致。计算还指出,翼-体组合体的压心随M_∞增加略有前移,随α_∞增加趋于面心,并与实验结果吻合较好。     

动力翼伞多体非线性动力学建模与相对运动分析

动力翼伞的监测与控制设备通常安装在负载上,而主要的气动力结构为翼伞,因此为了实现动力翼伞的精确控制,有必要对其两体相对运动进行分析。考虑动力翼伞的附加质量以及两点柔性连接的特殊结构,采用机理法建立了系统非线性八自由度(8-DOF)相对运动模型,包括翼伞六自由度与负载两体相对运动自由度。通过仿真,分析了动力翼伞在动力变化、转弯和雀降3种操纵下以及遇侧风干扰时的两体相对运动情况。结果表明,动力变化和雀降操纵会引起两体相对俯仰运动,而转弯与遇侧风时具有明显的相对偏航运动。研究结果表明,所建模型可用于解释与分析动力翼伞的两体相对运动问题。     

地效翼风洞试验支架干扰数值分析

对地效翼移动地面风洞试验研究中的支架干扰进行了数值模拟和分析。分别对独立地效翼,带支架的地效翼及独立支架进行了数值模拟,计算采用可实现的κ-ε模型,通过求解定常不可压N-S方程,得出地效翼及支架周围流场分布情况。对几组计算结果比较分析了支架和地效翼的空气动力及由于干扰引起的空气动力,发现支架与地效翼之间的相互干扰随着地效翼迎角的增大而增强,如果忽略流动干扰造成的空气动力变化,地效翼升力误差很小,但阻力误差相对较大。同时对有干扰下和没有干扰下的流场进行了对比,分析了支架对翼尖涡流动及绕机翼流动的干扰。翼尖涡在地效翼翼尖附近的发展在0．5犮范围内基本不受支架的干扰;除支架对流场产生干扰外,移动带区域以外的固定地面附近粘性流动也对绕地效翼流动有一定的影响。本研究分析了风洞试验结果的可靠性,为地效翼风洞试验优化设计和地面效应风洞试验研究提供了参考。     

超音速旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹弹翼部分的诱导滚转力矩

本文研究的对象是以小迎角、小侧滑角和一般超音速飞行的旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹。当它偏转弹翼进行俯仰和偏航控制时,弹翼部分的不对称绕流会在弹翼上产生不对称载荷分布,从而诱导出滚转力矩。本文主要依据空气动力学中的细长体理论;在这个理论关于厚度问题、迎角问题和侧滑角问题的基础上,著重对两对弹翼偏转一定角度后,因气动干扰而在弹翼上产生的各种气动载荷进行了研究,并由此得出了弹翼部分诱导滚转力矩的计算公式。可以看到,它的大小与导弹的飞行条件、气动外形和操纵情况有关,一般情况下它是不大的。     

航空永磁电驱动系统比例谐振型自抗扰速度控制器设计

襟缝翼机电作动器是飞机高升力系统中的关键运动部件,其速度控制对襟缝翼的姿态调节十分重要。然而,襟缝翼机电作动器易受到翼面周期性或非周期性气动载荷干扰,传统的比例积分型速度控制器性能实现受限。为此,本文提出一种基于比例谐振自抗扰控制器（ADRC）,在抑制非周期性干扰基础上还可抑制特定次周期性干扰。周期性干扰通过采用比例谐振控制的扩展状态观测器来估计。通过试验,比较了比例积分型控制器、传统线性自抗扰控制器和比例谐振型自抗扰控制器的控制性能,验证了本文所提出的方法可以显著抑制干扰、提高机电作动器的速度控制精度,为飞机平稳起降提供技术支撑。     

高超声速湍流二维压缩拐角压力和热流分布的工程计算方法

1.引言 机动弹头控制翼上的压力和热流分布是工程设计者十分关心的问题。由控制翼引起的激波将和粘性边界层发生干扰,特别是当控制翼折角大于同样来流条件下的起始分离角时,边界层将在翼前分离,并在翼面上再附,从而使翼上及附近的流动变得十分复杂。对层流二维分离流动,数值计算给出了符合实验的结果。对二维湍流分离流的     

吸气式高超声速飞行器非均匀尾喷流试验

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心0.5m高超声速风洞中,开展了非均匀喷流条件下的吸气式高超声速飞行器后体尾喷流/外流干扰测压试验研究。采用非均匀内喷管,模拟飞行器尾喷管非均匀入流,测量了飞行器后体膨胀面及水平翼表面压力,采用高清纹影观测了喷流干扰区域的流场结构,获得了不同工况下非均匀入流对尾部及水平翼表面压力分布的影响规律。试验结果显示尾喷管非均匀入流对飞行器尾部壁面压力分布及流场结构有明显影响,喷管入流的非均匀特征在吸气式高超声速飞行器喷流模拟中不可忽视。非均匀喷流核心区压力分布明显高于均匀喷流时的结果;核心区域外,非均匀喷流的作用面积略小于均匀喷流,且非均匀喷流同外流交叉干扰区域的面积和强度要略小于均匀喷流;均匀喷流在喷管出口区域存在明显的膨胀波系,交叉干扰激波及剪切层的扩张角也大于非均匀入口条件时的结果。     

双三角翼及其翼身组合的滚转运动特性比较研究

采用Navier-Stokes方程与滚转运动方程耦合计算方法,比较研究了不同后掠角的双三角翼和翼身组合体的滚转运动特性,分析了机翼前缘后掠角及细长机身对非定常滚转力矩时滞环、动态流场结构和物面瞬时压力分布的影响。研究结果表明：主翼迎风面上的融合涡能量在80°/60°双三角翼上耗散较小,而在76°/40°双三角翼上耗散严重,这是造成两模型滚转力矩稳定性与时滞特性差异的主要因素;机身对气流的扰动作用,大幅增强了滚转力矩的线性分量;机身对气流的上洗作用,增强了边条涡与融合涡吸力及其时滞性,同时加剧了主翼背风面的两涡干扰;大滚转角时机身对横流流动的干扰,使得主翼背风面压力分布的时滞差异显著增加。该研究结果有助于认识后掠角与细长机身影响双三角翼滚转运动特性的物理机理。     

嵌套网格性流动数值模拟用于风洞洞壁干扰研究

运用嵌套网格技术和Navier-Stokes数值模拟对机翼半模和翼身组合体试验时风洞的四壁干扰进行综合模拟，评估和修正，计算格式在空间上采用中心有限体积离散，在时间上采用多步Runge-Kutta时间步长格式进行积分，计算结果证明了该方法的可行性和优越性。     

Supersonic drag reduction technology in the scaled supersonic experimental airplane project by JAXA

Anticipating the international cooperative development of a next generation supersonic transport (SST), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed an advanced drag reduction technique as one of the key technologies that will be required. JAXA's technique is based on an aerodynamically optimum combination of well-known pressure drag reduction concepts and a new friction drag reduction concept. The pressure drag reduction concepts are mainly grounded in supersonic linear theory and involve the application of an arrow planform, a warped wing with optimum camber and twist, and an area-ruled body. The friction drag reduction concept is a world-first technical approach that obtains a natural laminar flow wing with a subsonic leading edge at supersonic speed. An ideal pressure distribution is first designed to delay boundary layer transition even on a highly swept wing, then an original CFD-based inverse design method is applied to obtain a wing shape that realizes the pressure distribution. An unmanned and scaled supersonic experimental airplane was flown at the Woomera test field in Australia in October 2005 to prove those concepts. Flight data analysis and comparison of flight data with CFD design data validated the drag reduction technique both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

亚超音速机翼最佳弯扭综合设计计算方法

本文介绍一种亚超音速机翼最佳弯扭综合设计的计算方法,它应用了有限基本解方法。分别在亚超音速各选取一个设计点(M数和C_L),进行机翼弯扭设计,其目的是减小与升力相关的阻力。在此基础上,顾及亚音速和超音速这两个设计点的气动力特性,还要兼顾到飞机其它性能和结构上实现的可能性,进行机翼的综合设计。本文分别给出了亚音速最佳弯扭设计,超音速最佳弯扭设计和综合设计的计算结果。经过分析表明,计算结果是合理的。     

超声三速角翼背风区旋涡运动的数值模拟

本文采用杂交通量分裂的ＮＮＤ格式模拟了Ｍ∞＝１．９５、Ｒｅ＝９．５×１０５，α＝１０°、２０°的三角翼绕流流场，结果揭示了超声速旋涡沿其自身轴线的发展规律，当旋涡轴向速度为超声速且处于顺压区时，涡轴附近的横截面流线向外转，而由机翼前缘尖点处发出的截面流线向内卷，它们之间存在极限环。数值结果与张涵信的拓扑分析结果完全一致。     

Shock/shock interactions between bodies and wings

This paper examines the Shock/Shock Interactions (SSI) between the body and wing of aircraft in supersonic flows. The body is simplified to a flat wedge and the wing is assumed to be a sharp wing. The theoretical spatial dimension reduction method, which transforms the 3D problem into a 2D one, is used to analyze the SSI between the body and wing. The temperature and pressure behind the Mach stem induced by the wing and body are obtained, and the wave configurations in the corner are determined. Numerical validations are conducted by solving the inviscid Euler equations in 3D with a Non-oscillatory and Non-free-parameters Dissipative (NND) finite difference scheme. Good agreements between the theoretical and numerical results are obtained. Additionally, the effects of the wedge angle and sweep angle on wave configurations and flow field are considered numerically and theoretically. The influences of wedge angle are significant, whereas the effects of sweep angle on wave configurations are negligible. This paper provides useful information for the design and thermal protection of aircraft in supersonic and hypersonic flows.     

外挂物投放 发射过程数值仿真中的非均匀流场计算

本文介绍了用面元法计算外挂物投放/发射过程中的非均匀流场问题。理论分析表明三角形奇点分布形态在非均匀流场计算中具有其独特的优越性。本文还阐述了伍德沃德程序中机翼线性变化源分布中法向扰动速度公式的错误。数值结果表明,理论计算与实验值吻合较好。     

螺旋桨滑流与机翼之间气动干扰影响研究

基于多参考系方法,利用RANS方程对某型螺旋桨飞机的全机有滑流和无滑流空间流场进行了数值模拟,分析了滑流在机翼干扰作用下的发展趋势,机翼气动特性在滑流作用下的改变,滑流对飞机失速特性的影响。研究结果表明,螺旋桨旋转卷起的涡流经机翼时被切割成上下两部分,形成了绕机翼的横向二次流,机翼的存在改变了滑流的涡量分布和涡的结构。在弦向,滑流影响最严重的部位是机翼前缘,滑流旋转效应改变了机翼绕流的当地迎角,加速效应增加了桨后气流的速度,这是引起机翼气动特性改变的主要原因。虽然滑流的诱导作用使机翼外段提前发生了分离,但是其推迟了机翼根部分离现象的发生,改善了飞机的失速特性。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

边界层抽吸效应对分布式推进系统气动性能影响数值研究

为探究边界层抽吸（BLI）效应对飞机的气动性能影响,采用基于沿流线体积力模型的飞机/发动机一体化数值模拟方法对某分布式推进系统进行了计算和分析。结果显示,BLI效应主要影响飞机中心体部分及发动机外整流罩的气体流动,对翼身融合体（BWB）的融合段及外翼段的升阻力影响较小。保持飞行条件和飞行攻角不变,飞机的升、阻力系数均随着无量纲化的发动机流量增加而增大,存在最佳无量纲化的发动机流量对应最大升阻比。发动机的安装位置直接影响机身表面的局部超声区和整流罩外的激波分布,布局在机身尾缘处会获得更好的升阻比,最大升阻比对应的无量纲化的发动机流量为0.65。      

超音速公务机声爆计算与布局讨论

超音速公务机是航空工业的重要发展方向之一,低声爆设计技术是超音速公务机的关键技术,但国内在该领域几乎没有任何研究基础,无法为超音速公务机提供足够的设计支持。为此,介绍了两种计算声爆的方法：一是从超音速流动的线化方程出发,推导体积和升力产生声爆强度的估算方法,该方法适用于飞机概念设计阶段;二是从非线性声学传播方程出发,使用CFD近场结果作为输入,编程计算声爆强度,该方法适用于飞机初步/详细设计阶段。在此基础上,对影响声爆强度的参数进行初步分析,结果表明：飞机重量和飞行高度对声爆强度影响很大,展弦比、翼载等参数对声爆强度的影响较小;＂细长机身＋鸭式布局＋大后掠三角翼＂布局比较有利于减小声爆强度。     

用全位势方程计算机翼的亚声速,跨声速和超声速绕流

对大后掠小展弦比细长机翼,本文对机翼纵轴垂直的每一横流截面生成O型网格,形成对机翼流场的H-O型网格,用守恒型全位势方程、差分和隐式近似因式分解迭代算法计算绕机翼的可压缩位流。自由流可从亚声速直到低超声速的全部跨声速范围。本算法要求机翼前缘有大后掠角,后缘可稍许后掠或前掠。本文算例表明,所研制的计算程序已可提供工程实用。