机械合金化对Laves相Cr_2Nb固相热反应合成的影响

 研究了机械合金化( MA) 对Laves 相Cr₂Nb 固相热反应合成的影响效果。结果表明, MA 对Laves 相Cr₂Nb 的固相热反应合成产生了活化效果, 它使反应合成温度显著降低。未经MA 处理的原始Cr、Nb 元素粉充分合成出Laves 相Cr₂Nb 的固相反应温度在1200℃以上, 而经MA 处理的球磨粉的充分反应温度可降低到900℃。MA 时间对反应合成进行的程度有较大影响。在900℃× 3h 的退火条件下, 使Laves 相Cr₂Nb 充分反应合成的MA 时间应不低于15h。     

Nb对富钛TiNiAl金属间化合物强化机制的影响

 采用力学压缩试验、扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法研究了Nb元素对于Ti₅₀Ni₄₂Al₈合金的力学性能和微观组织结构的影响。结果表明，Nb能够显著提高合金从室温到700 ℃之间的强度。在600 ℃时，Ti₅₀Ni₄₀Al₈Nb₂合金的压缩屈服强度和比强度分别为1 237 MPa和216 MPa/(g·cm^-3)，超过Rene95高温合金。微观组织观察及成分分析表明，Nb元素在基体和强化相Ti₂Ni（Al）中固溶，促进强化相的弥散析出和细化，并导致高强富Nb相的析出，从而提高了合金的强度。     

Si和Ti对Nb-6Hf-4Zr-2B合金组织和室温力学性能的影响

 为了寻求Nb合金的强度和塑性的平衡,设计了以Nb基固溶体Nbss为主导相的Nb-xSi-6Hf-4Zr-2B-yTi(x=4,8;y=10,30;原子分数)合金,研究了Si和Ti对合金组织和室温力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金由Nbss、Nb3Si和Nb5Si3等3相组成。4Si-(10,30)Ti合金铸态组织是Nb枝晶和分布在枝晶间的硅化物(Nb3Si和Nb5Si3),8Si-(10,30)Ti合金Nb枝晶间分布的是Nb/硅化物(Nb5Si3)的共晶和Nb3Si,随着Si和Ti含量的增加,硅化物体积分数增加。1 600 ℃退火50 h可使部分Nb3Si共析分解,改变合金的组织形貌和各相的体积分数。随着Si和Ti含量的增加,合金的硬度和强度增加,但塑性和韧性降低。Nb枝晶的失效方式为解理断裂,而硅化物为脆性断裂。     

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Resistance of Nb-22Ti-14Si-2Hf-2Al-xCr Alloys

Nb-22Ti-14Si-2Hf-2Al-xCr (x=2, 6, 10, 14, 17 at%) alloys are prepared by arc-melting under argon atmosphere. Microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of the arc-melted alloys are investigated. At 2 at% Cr content, the microstructure is composed of Nbss, Nb3Si and a small quantity of Nb5Si3, when the Cr contents increase, Nb3Si disappears. For the high Cr content (x ≥ 10 at%) alloys, besides the Nbss and Nb5Si3, Cr2Nb is also detected. With the increase of Cr content, the volume fractions of Cr2Nb and Nb5Si3 increase, while that of Nbss increases firstly and then begins to degrade when the Cr content is higher than 6 at%. For the alloy with 2 at% Cr, the room temperature fracture toughness is about 14.5 MPa·m1/2, but badly decreases to about 8.5 MPa·m1/2, when the Cr contents increase. Vickers hardness of Nbss tends to increase linearly from about 400 to 500, while that of silicides is not sensitive to Cr contents, about 950. The appearance of Cr2Nb phase significantly improves the high temperature oxidation resistance of the alloys with high Cr contents. The isothermal oxidation tests show that the oxidation kinetics of the alloys with various Cr contents follows parabolic oxidation kinetics.     

V,Al对Nb-Si系超高温结构材料抗氧化性能的影响

采用真空非自耗电弧炉制备了Nb-22Ti-12Si三元以及三种不同V,Al含量的Nb.Ti-Si-V-Al五元Nb-Si合金,研究了四种合金铸态显微组织和1250℃的抗氧化性能.结果表明:V,Al的加入促进了反应Nb3Si→Nb Nb Nb5Si3,使合金相组成由Nb Nb3Si转变成为Nb Nb5Si3,从而增加了合金中Nb相体积分数;合金的抗氧化性能随V,Al含量的增加而提高;V,Al的加入使合金氧化皮结构发生了转变,生成了较为致密的氧化皮,降低了合金的氧化速率,减少了合金氧化皮的剥落和金属氧化损失量.Nb-21.9 Ti-11.9Si-4.4V-4.1Al经过1250℃/50h氧化后金属损失厚度仅为0.1mm.     

电子束区熔定向凝固Nb基高温合金的组织和性能

研究了Nb-Si-Ti-Hf-Cr-Al-B-Y合金在电子束区熔炉上的定向凝固组织、室温断裂韧性和高温瞬时拉伸性能.合金的组织主要由Nb基固溶体(Nbss)、α-(Nb)5Si3和(Nb)3Si相组成.定向凝固后,初生Nbss枝晶以及Nbss α-(Nb)5Si3/(Nb)3Si层片状或棒状共晶团均沿着试棒轴线定向排列.当电子枪移动速率R=2.4 mm/min时,定向效果最好.定向凝固使合金在1250℃的拉伸强度及室温断裂韧性均显著提高.R=2.4 mm/min试棒的抗拉强度最高,达85.0 MPa,同时其室温断裂韧性也达到19.4 MPa·m1/2.     

镍掺杂对α-Al2O3烧结过程、微观结构及力学性能的影响

 首先采用非均相沉淀包裹法制备金属镍包裹α-Al₂O₃复合微球粉体,然后采用热压烧结制备了Al₂O₃/Ni金属陶瓷。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）对复合粉体及热压烧结产物的成分和结构进行了表征,利用阿基米德法测量了复合陶瓷的密度,分别通过三点弯曲法和单边切口横梁法对陶瓷试条的抗弯强度和断裂韧性进行评估。研究发现：金属镍的引入活化了α-Al₂O₃的烧结,镍粒子均匀地分布在氧化铝的晶界上,增加了弱界面,提高了氧化铝的断裂韧性,最高可达7.62 MPa·m^1/2。     

机械合金化＋热压制备Laves相NbCr2合金及其组织性能研究

采用机械合金化 热压工艺路线来制备化学配比成分的单相Laves相NbCr2合金.研究了Cr,Nb元素粉经20h球磨后在1200℃,1250℃和1300℃不同时间热压所获得的Laves相NbCr2合金的组织和性能.结果表明:1250℃×0.5h热压获得的Laves相NbCr2合金组织均匀,晶粒尺寸达到微/纳米级,致密度达到97.1%,室温断裂韧性高于5.07MPa·m1/2.与熔铸工艺制备的单相Laves相NbCr2合金的断裂韧性1.50MPa·m1/2相比,所制备的单相Laves相NbCr2合金的室温断裂韧性大大提高,充分实现了细晶韧化的效果.     

稀土Y对Ti-23Al-25Nb合金显微组织的影响

采用OM,XRD,XRF,SEM,EPMA,TEM等分析手段研究了稀土Y对Ti-23Al-25Nb合金显微组织的影响.结果表明:两种合金铸态显微组织均为O相;稀土Y明显细化了Ti-23Al-25Nb合金晶粒尺寸,Ti-23Al-25Nb合金的晶粒尺寸在400～600μm之间,Ti-23Al-25Nb-0.36Y合金的晶粒尺寸在40～100μm之间,细化大约6～8倍.通过Ti-23Al-25Nb-0.36Y合金背散射、各元素线分布和TEM分析发现,稀土Y在Ti-23Al-25Nb合金中以Y2O3的形式存在于晶内和晶界,根据O相形成机制和晶粒细化理论,分析了稀土Y细化O相晶粒的过程.     

Sm(CobalFe0.1Cu0.1Zr0.04)z(z=6.5~7.5)磁体的高温磁性能

 在大功率航空发电机等领域,迫切需要研制使用温度超过450 ℃的高温永磁材料。然而,NdFeB永磁材料使用温度低于80 ℃,耐高温NdFeB永磁材料的使用温度也低于150 ℃;商业2∶17型Sm₂Co₁₇永磁体使用温度范围低于300 ℃。近年来,研制使用温度超过450 ℃的高温永磁材料成为该领域研究的热点问题。本文用粉末冶金的方法,制备了不同z值的Sm(Co_balFe_0.1Cu_0.1Zr_0.04)_z(z=6.5~7.5)合金样品。系统研究了z值对合金结构、磁性能的影响规律。室温下z=7.3的合金矫顽力最大,超过2 400 kA/m;773 K时,z=7.1的合金矫顽力最大,达到640 kA/m。高温条件下合金的磁性能和退磁曲线的方形度降低。合金z值对内禀矫顽力温度系数影响显著,其中z=6.9的合金,内禀矫顽力温度系数最低,仅为-0.052%/℃,z≤6.7或z≥7.1时,均导致内禀矫顽力温度系数增大。     

Effects of Alloying Elements Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf on β-Nb5Si3 from First-principles Calculations

The energy, lattice parameters, electronic structures, and elastic constants of the intermetallic compound β-Nb₅Si₃ alloyed by Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf elements are investigated using first-principles methods based on plane-wave pseudopotential theory. From the impurity formation energy calculated, it is found that Ti, Cr, and Hf prefer to occupy the Nb_I, Nb_I, and Nb_II site, respectively, and that Al decreases the stability of β-Nb₅Si₃. Ti and Cr atoms reduce the c/a ratio of crystal lattices and Hf atom transforms the crystal lattice of β-Nb₅Si₃ from the tetragonal system to the orthorhombic system. The total state density of pure β-Nb₅Si₃ system and Ti, Cr, and Hf doped systems shows that Ti, Cr, and Hf improve the conductibility of β-Nb₅Si₃ system. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic modulus are obtained using Voight approximation equation. Ti and Cr increase the hardness and reduce the ductility of β-Nb₅Si₃. In contrast, Hf decreases the hardness and improves the ductility.     

Effects of B on the Microstructure and Oxidation Resistance of Nb-Ti-Si-based Ultrahigh-temperature Alloy

Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys concocted with boron ranging from 0 to 2 at% are prepared by arc-melting technology. The effects of adding boron on their as-melted microstructure and oxidation resistance are analyzed. The (Nb,Ti)ss, β-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ exist in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf alloy, while (Nb,Ti)ss, α-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ and γ-(Nb,Ti)₅Si₃ are present in Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-1B and Nb-22Ti-16Si-6Cr-3Al-4Hf-2B alloys. The oxidation of Nb-Ti-Si-based ultrahigh-temperature alloys is dominated by the diffusion of oxygen through (Nb,Ti)ss. Compared to boron-free alloys, the boron-containing alloys have significantly lower oxidation rate when oxidized at 1 200 °C for less than 50 h, but, for more than 50 h, their oxidation resistance deteriorates.     

热处理对Mo-Si系金属间化合物微观组织和断裂韧性的影响

以纯金属Mo与纯Si为原料,通过电弧熔炼法制备了Mo₃Si-Mo₅Si3共晶,Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂亚共晶和过共晶Mo-Si系金属间化合物。在1200℃分别对3种合金进行了12h、24h、48h和96h真空退火,观察层状结构在合金中的形成、变化及破坏。1200℃退火48h后,在Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂亚共晶合金中发现了发展完好的Mo₅Si3（D8m）/MoSi₂（C11b）层状结构,层间距为几百纳米;在Mo₅Si3-MoSi₂过共晶合金中,层状结构的层间距与体积百分含量在退火前后没有发生明显变化;在Mo₃Si-Mo₅Si3共晶合金中始终未观察到层状结构的存在。通过压痕法测量了各合金的断裂韧性（K_IC）,研究了微观结构与KIC之间的关系。     

新型Co基合金Co-9Al-(9-x) W-xMo-2Ta-0.02B的显微组织与高低温力学性能

以新型Co基合金Co-9Al-9W-2Ta-0.02B成分为基础,分别添加了原子分数为2％、4％、6％、9％的Mo元素替代W（分别称2Mo、4Mo、6Mo、9Mo合金,W+Mo的原子分数为9％,无Mo添加的称为0Mo合金）,研究了Mo元素对合金相组成、显微组织形貌、维氏硬度和高低温压缩强度的影响.结果表明铸态合金由Co...     

Microstructure evolution of a hypereutectic Nb–Ti–Si–Cr–Al–Hf alloy processed by directional solidification

In this work, the Nb–14Si–24Ti–10Cr–2Al–2Hf–0.1Y alloy(at.%) was processed by the liquid–metal-cooled directional solidification(DS) at 1750 C with withdrawal rates of 1.2, 6,18 mm/min and post heat treatment(HT) at 1450 C for 10 h. The microstructures of the directionally solidified and heat treated samples were investigated. The results show that the microstructure of directionally solidified alloy mainly consists of petaloid Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics and Ti-rich Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics. With the increase of withdrawal rate, the primary Nb5Si3is eliminated, Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectic cells turn round and connected with the microstructure refinement and Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics turn to a river-like morphology. After heat treatment,Nbss+ Nb5Si3+ Cr2Nb eutectics disappeared and petaloid Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics turn to a specific fiber-mesh structure gradually, which is promoted by higher withdrawal rates. Furthermore,both the volume fraction of Cr2Nb and the content of Cr in Nbssof Nbss+ Nb5Si3eutectics change regularly with the increase of withdrawal rate and heat treatment at 1450 C for 10 h.     

Nb-10Si合金室温断裂韧性研究

利用真空电弧熔炼制备了处于亚共晶区的Nb-10Si-xMo(x=5,15)复合材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了在1200℃退火100h后复合材料的微观组织形貌、相组成和断口形貌,并测定了Nb-10Si-Mo复合材料的显微硬度。用单边切口悬臂梁法(SENB)研究了加入合金元素后复合材料室温韧性的变化。深入分析了合金元素对材料韧性相变形行为和复合材料室温断裂韧性的影响。     

一种多元铌硅系原位复合材料的高温氧化行为

 采用电弧熔炼的方法制备了Nb-16Si-24Ti-6Cr-6Al-2Hf (原子百分数)多元铌硅系原位复合材料。进行了高温氧化试验，使用扫描电镜、能谱和X-射线衍射仪进行分析。结果表明该复合材料铸态组织主要由Nbss和β-Nb5Si3组成；经1250℃/100h静态氧化后，生成厚的氧化皮，其主要成分为CrNbO4，TiNb2O7；在氧化皮下发生严重的内氧化现象；氧优先在Nbss相中扩散并形成内氧化产物；硅化物对氧的扩散起到一定的阻挡作用；硅化物的分散分布有利于氧化皮中压应力的释放。     

Nb-Si-Mo三元系合金相图

 Nb/Nb5Si3原位复合材料是一种有望替代镍基超合金用做飞机发动机叶片的新一代超高温结构材料。采用非自耗电弧熔炼技术制备出不同成分的Nb/Nb5Si3原位复合材料,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和能谱仪对Nb-Si-Mo三元系合金的相组成和微观组织进行研究。结果表明：Nb-Si-Mo三元系部分液相面投影图（<37.5 at% Si）含有4个初生相区,其立体相图中存在2个液固四相平衡反应和1个固态四相平衡反应。在2个液固四相平衡反应面之间存在一个三相共晶平衡棱柱,成分位于该棱柱内的合金会通过L→Nbss+β-Nb5Si3反应凝固生成Nbss/β-Nb5Si3片层共晶。