襟翼翼尖涡控制飞机尾流机制实验研究

为了研究襟翼小涡与主翼尖涡相交不稳定性触发条件,采用矩形机翼模型产生一对翼尖涡,同时在机翼上安装不同宽度及攻角的襟翼,对35个翼展下诱发R-L(Rayleigh-Ludwig)不稳定性的最佳涡系参数组合进行了研究。结果表明:通过水槽流动显示实验发现,单主翼尾涡在第35个翼展处未发生明显变化,能量衰减缓慢;加装襟翼后尾流不稳定性被触发,衰减效果明显,在一定范围内尾涡能量衰减值随着襟翼攻角的增大而增大;环量统计半径Rd=50mm时,对主翼尖涡环量进行PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)分析时发现,当主翼攻角α=8°,襟翼攻角β=28°,襟翼宽度b=55mm,来流速度V=0.5m/s时尾涡能量消散最快,主翼尖涡环量在第35个翼展时衰减为第一个翼展的28%;证实通过安装合适的襟翼可以有效地控制飞机尾流,加速其破裂和消散。     

反弹自消散系统尾涡控制机制研究

为了研究加快尾涡消散的机理,以获得更合理的尾流间隔,进行了壁面反弹实验的数值模拟计算。实验采取在模拟机翼后缘安置反弹面的方法,诱发反弹二次涡与主涡相交出现不稳定性,以加快尾流衰减。数值计算运用N-S方程,对雷诺应力项采用Realizableκ-ε涡粘模型进行计算,分析经二次涡干涉后尾涡轴向涡量衰减、涡核下沉运动等参数的变化,以探究反弹二次涡对飞机主涡消散的演变影响。实验结果表明,反弹涡对主涡衰减有明显的促进作用。该实验为人工干预缩减机场尾流间隔的研究奠定了理论基础。     

新概念机翼尾流特性实验

大型飞机常采用开启襟翼以增大机翼升力系数,实现较大迎角的起飞和降落,而机翼在大迎角状态下,翼尖会产生能量集中且自由消散时间长的飞机尾涡,严重影响后续起降飞机的安全。基于Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性,提出一种新概念飞机襟翼布局,通过水槽实验发现:新概念布局的襟翼对翼尖涡的消散具有明显的促进作用,不同参数组合下襟翼涡对翼尖涡的运动特性和能量变化的影响均有不同。实验结果也为飞机尾流控制的研究提供了参考,在满足飞行力学设计的基础上,合理运用增升装置构建四涡系统可以有效促进飞机尾流的消散,提高机场飞机起降效率。     

飞机尾涡系Rayleigh-Ludwieg不稳定性实验研究

以飞机起降过程中主翼和尾翼产生反向涡系存在相互作用的事实为背景,设计了一套反向双漩涡发生装置。通过改变两涡的位置关系与初始涡强度比值,采用流动显示与粒子成像测速(PIV)技术,对涡系相交不稳定性的作用特性进行了研究。结果表明:小涡的引入改变了主涡原有运动轨迹,合理地引入小涡的位置与小涡的强度,对主涡能量的衰减有明显的促进作用,但它们之间不呈现明显的线性关系;涡空间运动轨迹的分析,对未来完善机场起降控制模型有一定借鉴意义;实验结果也为飞机整体设计提供了一定参考依据,在满足飞行力学的设计基础上,优化整体气动布局对降低飞机尾流强度有显著的影响。     

鼓包对双立尾/三角翼立尾抖振的影响

为了研究鼓包对立尾抖振的影响,在北航的水槽和风洞中进行了在机翼头部放置了鼓包的75°后掠双立尾-三角翼的立尾抖振实验,采用了流动显示、立尾表面动态压力测量、激光测立尾顶部加速度的实验来检验鼓包对立尾抖振减缓的效果。流动显示的实验结果表明三角翼机翼头部加上鼓包后,前缘涡涡核会发生弯曲和扭转,这在一定程度上减弱了前缘涡。激光测立尾顶部加速度实验的结果表明,在25°到48°这段立尾抖振比较显著的迎角范围内,A1立尾位置的立尾抖振强度曲线比无鼓包的曲线数值上有明显的减小,抖振得到一定的改善。立尾表面动态压力的脉动强度也有明显的减小,前缘涡涡核的弯曲和扭转起到了减缓立尾抖振的作用。     

有无翼尖涡扩散器的民航机翼数值模拟计算

采用ANSYS FLUENT软件对有无翼尖涡扩散器机翼翼尖涡的形成和消散进行基于Realizable k-ε涡粘模型的数值模拟计算,以探究翼尖涡扩散器对尾流的影响。通过对比分析两种机翼的静压系数、轴向涡量、速度矢量可知:加装翼尖涡扩散器不仅可以改变翼尖处静压系数的分布,使升力系数增大;还可以阻挡下翼面高压气流向上翼面流动,将翼尖涡分隔成涡量相反的四个涡,这四个涡在流向下游的过程中彼此消耗能量,最终减小了尾流的范围。     

纵向尾流间隔计算方法研究

综合考虑了飞机的速度、翼展、机翼面积、发动机推力等参数,应用空气动力学中的环量计算理论、尾流消散原理等,将动量定理和涡阻力的计算原理应用到尾流间隔的计算,分别建立了纵向尾流间隔计算模型。采用实际数据计算验证模型的正确性。     

尾涡中涡强与轴向速度的相互关系

大型飞机的翼尖涡会对飞入它尾流中的其它飞机造成巨大的危害。文章希望找到尾涡核中的轴向速度超过自由流速度的条件，从而深入了解这种尾涡的特性。在风洞实验中，我们采用的机翼模型的型号是NACA0015，它的半翼展展弦比为0．80。我们利用三传感器热线探针来测量尾涡核中的轴向速度，并将之与测得的涡的环量进行了比较，结果发现，轴向速度与一个无量纲环量参数呈线性关系。当这一环量参数较小时，轴向速度小于自由流速度，而当环量增大时，轴向速度也将逐渐增大，甚至能够超出自由流速度70％。我们还发现，轴向速度的大小对实验中所采用的两种端帽结构——平型和圆型十分敏感。另外，如果利用涡的半径来修正这一环量参数，那么两种端帽结构下的数据将会重合为一条直线。     

圆柱尾流中的二次分离及环量衰减问题

在圆柱绕流的非定常流动中,相应于旋涡的周期性脱落柱后的二次分离是周期性间断发生。二次涡的影响不能忽略。但对长时间流动的模拟还必须考虑尾涡的环量衰减。模拟Bluff Body流动有效的离散涡模型应包括二次分离及尾涡衰减两种机因。本文数值计算结果证明了上述结论。     

地面涡尾涡结构的实验研究

本文对燃气发动机地面涡尾涡的结构进行了详细的实验研究。用五孔探针详细地测量了沿两个回路的气流速度向量,从而得到了环量和涡心的位置。由环量的数值及发动机外表面流场的情况推断尾涡系具有片状结构,但大部分涡度则集中在尾涡涡核附近。这样不仅用定量的方法证明了地面涡——尾涡体系的存在,并且首次揭示了尾涡系具有片状结构,为这一新的流动现象提出了流动模型。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

旋翼桨尖涡模型及其在自由尾迹分析中的影响

 建立了一个旋翼桨尖涡初始涡核半径计算模型,用于消除旋翼自由尾迹分析中桨尖涡涡核半径依靠经验设定的现状。该方法利用涡量和涡矩守恒关系,考虑旋转效应的影响,并修正Vatistas涡量分布函数,得到了一个关于桨尖涡初始涡核半径与桨叶附着环量分布之间的非线性关系。将新建立的初始涡核模型同先前建立的涡核扩散与拉伸模型以微分方程初值问题的形式组成一个完整的桨尖涡模型,并将其应用于自由尾迹分析方法中,分别对两副模型旋翼的悬停尾迹进行分析。计算得到的桨尖涡初始涡核半径和展向位置与实验测量值的对比表明本文模型具有较高的准确性。此外,讨论了涡核湍流动量扩散效应在自由尾迹分析中的影响,分析表明该效应对自由尾迹分析的收敛性有重要影响。     

Two-dimensional wake vortex physics in the stably stratified atmosphere

The effects of stable stratification on aircraft wake vortices are investigated by means of high-resolution two-dimensional simulations. The simulations elucidate that the vortices first decelerate and then accelerate their descent, where they largely conserve their circulation. However, for very stable stratification the tip vortices may rise again to the flight path. The underlying physical mechanisms are revealed by means of a point vortex method and are examined complementarily by balancing the impulse of the wake vortices. It is shown that the prominant effects, deceleration, detrainment and acceleration, are caused by the kinematic interaction of the vorticity generated by baroclinity and the primary vorticity. Furthermore, it is found that the impulse of the ‘whole’ system, including the detrained secondary vorticity, is oscillating with the Brunt-Väisälä frequency which implies that the wingtip vortices themselves do not. Finally, a local shear-number is proposed which takes into account the interaction of primary and secondary vorticity and can describe the instantaneous tendency of wake vortices to accelerate or to decelerate.     

高压比离心压气机二次流旋涡结构研究

为揭示高压比离心压气机的流动特性,采用数值方法对高压比离心压气机的旋涡结构和流动损失的产生及演变规律进行了研究。根据不同类型旋涡的具体特征,给出了分别适用于受迫涡和自由涡的二次流识别方法,包括截面旋线法和拟定主流的截面流线法。应用给出的二次流识别方法并结合耗散函数,探讨了压气机内旋涡的形成机理以及旋涡与损失的关联性。研究表明:当涡量与截面法矢量夹角的余弦值大于零时,旋线方向与实际气流方向定性一致,否则相反;旋线显示的涡轴方向与截面法矢量夹角大于90°时,识别出的旋涡不存在;刮削涡和泄漏涡既是低能流体的聚集区也是能量的耗散区,是影响离心压气机损失产生及分布的关键因素;诱导轮尾迹会抑制导风轮流道内叶表通道涡的形成。     

Wake vortex characteristics of transport aircraft

The flow and flight physics of wake vortex systems has been intensively investigated concentrating on a large variety of aspects. This paper gives a brief overview on past and present wake vortex research activities such as early studies, integrated programs, model and flight tests, numerical investigations, fundamental physical aspects and alleviation strategies. Then, detailed results of the properties of the wake near field and extended near field are presented addressing typical length and time scales and especially turbulence quantities. Progressing from the near field to the far field wake instability mechanisms are explained along with their relevance for wake vortex decay. Characteristic quantities are given for the short and long wave instabilities associated with vortex merging and wakes consisting of two and four trailing vortices. A non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced to classify the main instability types. Means for wake vortex alleviation are described aimed at influencing the wake vortex turbulence field or triggering and amplifying the inherent instabilities. The methods discussed include passive means such as the effects of spoilers, differential flap setting and four-vortex systems and active means using oscillating flaps or auxiliary devices.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

Equilibrium state of trailing vortices: two-dimensional model of a far-field vortex wake

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a system composed of a large number of two-dimensional point vortices is employed to describe the vortex system shed from aircraft wings. According to this theory, these higher energy states of the vortex system can only be achieved by segregating the point vortices of like kind into two clusters that descend with a constant velocity. The solution is given in terms of the integral constraints for each cluster: total circulation, center of inertia, and kinetic energy. The negative non-dimensional inverse temperature of the system and the length scale related to angular momentum of a single trailing vortex are obtained versus initial interaction energy of the vortex system. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated tangential velocity distribution in the trailing vortex and the data. The flow characteristics for three different wing loads are also compared to emphasize the effect of initial circulation distribution along a lifting wing on the vorticity distribution in the equilibrium trailing vortices.