The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

四涡系统构建及其特性的实验研究

飞机尾涡是与升力相关的固有流动现象,威胁着机场附近的飞行安全,同时也限制了机场使用效率。在矩形机翼翼尖以一定方式安装涡流发生器,产生与主涡旋向相反的小涡,来构建一种具有自我消散机制的四涡系统,能实现尾涡集中能力的快速消散。结合流动显示和粒子成像测速(PIV)测量,探索了在不同的参数匹配下,下游25个翼展范围内该四涡系统的空间发展过程、涡量发展曲线,以及45个翼展范围内主涡环量的衰减程度。实验结果表明,受小涡诱导,尾涡出现了相交不稳定性,主涡提前破裂,涡量随之降低。当小涡和主涡的初始环量比为-0.581、初始距离比为0.5时,45个翼展范围内,主涡环量衰减34.7%。该实验结果为低尾流机翼的设计提供了一定的参考。     

Behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a large range of Reynolds numbers

Numerical simulations based on the two-dimensional vorticity-stream function formulation are used to investigate the behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a wide Reynolds number range and to determine the maximum height the primary vortices reach far downstream of the lifting wing. All cases within the studied Reynolds number range (3 · 10² ≤ Re_Γ ≤ 3 · 10⁶) show the separation of boundary layer vorticity from the ground, the formation of vortices in the separation region and one or several rebounds of the primary vortex pair. The amount of circulation produced within the boundary layer shows only minor variations, while an increasing Reynolds number results in an increasing number of generated vortices with decreasing circulation. The minimum altitude of the primary vortex pair increases with a decreasing Reynolds number, while the maximum altitude far downstream does not show a regular dependence on the Reynolds number. For all Reynolds numbers the maximum altitude of the primary vortices far downstream is smaller than 3.1 times their initial spacing. This result is confirmed by theoretical deductions yielding an upper limit for the maximum altitude of the primary vortices after several rebounds.     

低雷诺数下二维翼型绕流的流场特性分析

采用高精度有限差分格式,对低雷诺数下二维翼型绕流进行了直接数值模拟,计算了雷诺数为1.0×104,NACA0012翼型0°,4°以及10°攻角下的流场。计算结果表明:在0°和4°攻角条件下,翼型绕流尾迹区的统计特性相似,0°攻角下的统计量值具有很好的对称性;在距翼型尾缘0.3弦长以后的尾迹区,旋涡排列成类似涡街的结构,涡量的极值、压力的极小值都位于旋涡中心,沿着流向,涡量极值的绝对值逐渐减小,压力的极小值逐渐增大。10°攻角下,翼型上表面从前缘开始分离,尾迹区统计分析结果所得图象与0°和4°完全不同,数值上较后者结果大;在翼型尾缘处,涡量的卷吸,高压力区域的形成,是旋涡脱落的条件,正向和反向旋涡的交替脱落,形成了类似涡街的结构。      

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

反弹自消散系统尾涡控制机制研究

为了研究加快尾涡消散的机理,以获得更合理的尾流间隔,进行了壁面反弹实验的数值模拟计算。实验采取在模拟机翼后缘安置反弹面的方法,诱发反弹二次涡与主涡相交出现不稳定性,以加快尾流衰减。数值计算运用N-S方程,对雷诺应力项采用Realizableκ-ε涡粘模型进行计算,分析经二次涡干涉后尾涡轴向涡量衰减、涡核下沉运动等参数的变化,以探究反弹二次涡对飞机主涡消散的演变影响。实验结果表明,反弹涡对主涡衰减有明显的促进作用。该实验为人工干预缩减机场尾流间隔的研究奠定了理论基础。     

高压比离心压气机二次流旋涡结构研究

为揭示高压比离心压气机的流动特性,采用数值方法对高压比离心压气机的旋涡结构和流动损失的产生及演变规律进行了研究。根据不同类型旋涡的具体特征,给出了分别适用于受迫涡和自由涡的二次流识别方法,包括截面旋线法和拟定主流的截面流线法。应用给出的二次流识别方法并结合耗散函数,探讨了压气机内旋涡的形成机理以及旋涡与损失的关联性。研究表明:当涡量与截面法矢量夹角的余弦值大于零时,旋线方向与实际气流方向定性一致,否则相反;旋线显示的涡轴方向与截面法矢量夹角大于90°时,识别出的旋涡不存在;刮削涡和泄漏涡既是低能流体的聚集区也是能量的耗散区,是影响离心压气机损失产生及分布的关键因素;诱导轮尾迹会抑制导风轮流道内叶表通道涡的形成。     

高负荷涡轮端区非定常流动相互作用研究

采用三维黏性非定常数值模拟方法研究了某型高压涡轮端区非定常流动相互作用,着重研究了上游静子尾迹与转子二次流的非定常作用机制,同时还分析了负荷分布、激波等对端区非定常流动的影响。结果表明,静子尾迹的非定常作用一定程度减小了转子轮毂二次流的径向涡量;尾迹对流向涡量的影响取决于尾迹沿叶高的分布,当吸力面一侧的尾迹具有与二次流方向相反的流向涡量时,二次流的流向涡量减小;非定常效应还使得转子叶片根部负荷略为减小,也一定程度上抑制了转子轮毂二次流的发展。此外,受静子尾缘激波的影响,转子叶片表面负荷分布发生明显的周期性变化,导致叶片表面承受较强的非定常力,在涡轮设计中必须考虑。另外,通过计算涡轮级中的熵增和熵产,定量地分析了端区非定常相互作用产生的损失,并得到了一些有意义的结论。     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

二维涡轮叶栅流场的直接数值模拟

采用高精度有限差分格式求解非定常N-S方程组,对低雷诺数下二维涡轮叶栅流动进行了直接数值模拟,计算了雷诺数为10000,VKI涡轮叶栅在0°,8°以及-8°攻角下的流场,对涡轮叶栅非定常流动机理做了初步的探讨。计算结果表明:在叶栅尾缘处,逆时针方向和顺时针方向的主涡交替在壁面产生,并和主流相互作用产生二次涡,而当二次涡与主流连通发生掺混时,将引起主涡被分割并从叶片表面脱落;攻角在一定范围内的变化对VKI涡轮叶片表面边界层发展影响不明显。文中还对尾迹区的统计量特性和速度亏损特性等进行了研究。      

Excitation of instabilities in the wake of an airfoil by means of active winglets

Strong wake vortices that develop behind every aircraft as a byproduct of lift production pose a threat where aircraft fly in close staggering such as in the vicinity of airports. One approach to alleviate these vortex wakes is the use of high lift systems or control surfaces of the wing to create an unstable vortex system. The inherent instability of this vortex system shall then lead to an accelerated decay of the vortex wake, triggered for example by a periodic motion of the control surfaces. In the work presented here a simple wing model with winglets able to produce a vortex system of up to six distinct vortices is investigated in towing tank experiments. Theoretical studies show that these vortex systems potentially have a high degree of instability. By means of active oscillation of rudders integrated into the winglets, these vortex systems are to be excited to initiate an accelerated decay of the vortices. It is shown that configurations exist which exhibit strong instabilities, that lead to a significantly lower hazard level behind the vortex generating wing, even when not actively excited. However, an additional oscillation does not seem to accelerate decay of these vortex systems in relation to the statical reference case.     

圆盘绕流近尾迹实验研究

采用烟线和PIV实验研究Re=22400时直径与厚度比D／H=5圆盘近尾迹（x／D〈5）流场结构。流向平面烟线显示表明圆盘尾迹有稳定的回流区和随机扭曲倾斜的三维涡旋结构。对烟线平面PIV测速数据统计平均,发现该回流区具有较好的对称性,且长度为2．1D。对PIV数据进行POD重构,发现流向雷诺正应力和切应力峰值出现在回流区两侧剪切层,横向雷诺正应力峰值出现在回流区驻点附近,其正是烟线显示涡旋结构脱落区域。圆盘尾迹涡旋结构的产生和脱落源于剪切层的不稳定性及其与回流区的相互作用。圆盘尾迹前两个模态含能仅为10．9％和10．2％,表明湍流结构的随机性;前10个模态含能45．9％可较好描述流场的平均雷诺切应力。     

对转桨扇三维流场特性数值研究

对转桨扇（Contra-rotating propfan,CRP）是下一代民用航空推进备选方案开式转子发动机最重要的气动部件,其气动性能对整机性能影响显著。本文对不同进距比下的对转桨扇三维流场进行数值模拟,结合压气机及螺旋桨相关理论分析了对转桨扇内部流场及其滑流区涡结构和滑流特征。结果表明,对转桨扇后排流动特征及性能参数变化幅度均超过前排。对转桨扇实际进口气流角受到轮毂附面层、诱导速度、抽吸效应的共同影响,可根据不同叶高位置轴向速度的分布规律判断三种影响分别起主导作用的位置。在对转桨扇滑流区中,桨尖涡是导致损失的主要原因,径向涡量衰减比周向和轴向涡量衰减更快。对转桨扇滑流在径向上影响至3.5倍叶高位置。气流出后排桨扇后会持续加速直至静压达到环境压力,加速区域长度约为5倍桨扇半径。     

横流中空心锥形喷雾的扩散特性与影响因素

为了更好地理解和认识空心锥形喷雾射流与横向气流的掺混过程，基于可视化实验测量，针对空心锥形喷雾的初始雾化状态、喷射角度和雾化锥角以及横流速度等因素对空心锥形喷雾射流在横流中的扩散特性进行了系统分析。研究结果表明，随着横流速度的提高，流场中对称反旋涡对（CVP）结构变小，但其稳定性及产生的卷吸气流则是先增强而后减小；提高喷雾初始液滴的动量和数流率，均可以增大射流剪切层的贯穿深度和射流尾迹的伸展高度，同时使流场中CVP的涡量强度增大。基于实验测量结果，建立了空心锥形喷雾垂直入射横流条件下掺混流场液滴群CVP结构特征尺寸和剪切层轨迹的预测关联式。另外针对喷嘴雾化锥角和喷射角度的分析表明，当喷雾初始雾化状态相近时，随着雾化锥角的减小，流场中CVP的水平尺度减小但竖直方向尺度增大且结构更为稳定，同时喷雾液滴的贯穿深度增大；相比喷雾垂直于横流入射，当喷嘴以一定角度逆向横流入射时，CVP结构稳定性减弱，流场剪切层涡结构变大且剪切层区域液滴富集现象减弱，射流尾迹紊乱程度增加，反之，则流场剪切层涡拟序结构变小，射流尾迹现象减弱，CVP结构变小。     

弯曲流道内二次流动的运动学分析和 数值可视化方法

通过运动学分析,得到了涡量与二次流之间的关系方程,介绍了弯曲流道内二次流结构的可视化方法.以截面法向涡量为基础,可求解得到与涡量对应的二次流速度场.该方法具有以下几个特点:从运动学求解得到的涡量与二次流流函数之间的方程,直接体现了二次流作为涡的特性,且作为分析流动结构的后处理方法,能够量化地求解出二次流速度以及分布情况.该方法消除了位势流的影响,使二次流显示更加真实清晰,这种方法比速度矢量图法更加准确完善.      

关于风洞侧壁效应的原理

本文讨论了关于风洞侧壁效应原理的几种不同的理论解释,即尾涡模型,位移效应模型和前缘马蹄涡模型。从实验观察和基本原理两个方面对上述不同解释进行了考察。指出原有理论存在不同程度的缺陷和片面性。在此基础上对侧壁效应原理提出了较为全面的解释。     

An investigation of tip vortices unsteady interaction for Fokker 29 propeller with swirl recovery vane

A numerical study was performed to explore the unsteady interaction between the upstream propeller and the downstream swirl recovery vane (SRV) by transient simulations. Much larger fluctuations of thrust coefficient were observed on the vane, which indicates that the varia-tions of the total efficiency depend mainly on the working performance of the stator. The harmonic loads of the decomposed unsteady blade-surface pressures show that the stator experiences about ten times higher of unsteadiness compared with the rotor. Notable changes appear at the vane lead-ing edge due to the potential disturbance as well as the sweeping effects from the wake of the upstream propeller, whereas more significant unsteadiness occurs at the stator tip region as a result of the interaction between the rotor/stator tip vortices. The visualization of vortex structures addresses that the rotor tip vortex has a dominant effect on the stator tip vortex since the latter one starts right at the impingement location on the vane top in this configuration. Furthermore, a longer and a shorter SRV were investigated based on the original case to explore different inter-action patterns for the rotor/stator tip vortices. Weaker effects have been observed as expected.     

使用高阶逆风通量差分裂格式的悬停旋翼流场数值模拟

为减少Jameson二阶中心差分有限体积法导致的旋翼尾迹的数值耗散,将三阶逆风格式(MUSCL)与通量差分裂方法相结合,建立了一个三维雷诺平均N-S方程数值模拟悬停状态旋翼流场的方法。为了充分考虑旋翼尾迹对流场的影响,采用周期性边界条件和由动量理论导出的远场边界条件。为进一步减少尾迹数值耗散和便于添加上述边界条件,采用了嵌套网格方法。然后,进行了算例计算,给出了桨叶表面的压强分布,与可得到的试验数据及二阶中心差分方法的计算结果进行了对比,并针对几种不同桨尖形状的旋翼悬停流场进行计算,数值结果显示:后掠桨尖可减弱超临界流动。此外,还计算和分析了旋翼下方不同位置上的涡量分布。计算结果表明,本文方法能够有效地减少旋翼尾迹的数值耗散。      

接触面积和流向涡对波瓣混合器引射比的影响

通过对波瓣混合器的数值计算,研究了接触面积和流向涡对波瓣混合器引射比的影响.计算结果表明:主次流的接触面积越大,波瓣混合器的引射性能就越好,引射比随波瓣周长比的增加而线性递增.同时,流向涡的强度越大,波瓣混合器的引射比也越大,引射比随量纲一流向涡强度的增加而先快后慢增加,两者之间是指数的关系.当波瓣张角未导致气流分离时,主喷管出口的流向涡角动能随波瓣张角的增加而先慢后快增加,两者之间是抛物线的关系.而且,波瓣张角的增大不仅可以增加流向涡的涡量,还可以扩大流向涡的分布区域.