微重力环境下蒸发液层热毛细对流的数值模拟

提出了一种新模型来研究由单一物质构成的液层在其纯蒸气中的蒸发.液层置于微重力环境中并且受到水平方向温度梯度的作用,液层的热毛细对流和蒸发耦合在一起,使得气液界面的传热传质规律更加复杂.用理论分析的方法求解了不考虑热毛细效应的纯蒸发模型,得出温度场分布和界面质量流量的解析表达式.对于热毛细对流和蒸发耦合情况,采用有限差分的投影算法同时求解Navier-Stokes方程和能量方程,得到了不同蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数下流场和温度场的稳态数值解.论述了蒸发Biot数和Marangoni数对界面传热传质的影响,提出并解释了蒸发和热毛细对流耦合的三种模式.      

天舟一号货运飞船空间实验装置蒸发相变地面实验

以天舟一号货运飞船为依托,开展空间蒸发相变传热规律的科学实验研究,探索重力对蒸发传热传质过程的影响规律.设计了一套地面蒸发实验平台,以蒸发相变液体FC-72为研究对象,通过红外热像仪测温、热流量计、差分热电偶等手段,观测FC-72液层在不同台面温度、注液量等情况下的相变界面变化、蒸发表面特性、流体物性及Marangoni对流涡胞的变化等,获取其蒸发两相流体的液层温度差、表面温度场、热流量值、蒸发速率和涡胞结构等.实验结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,FC-72液层与蒸发台面的温差越高,其蒸发速率越快;注液量越大,蒸发速率也越大;在蒸发过程中出现了浮力对流涡胞和Marangoni对流涡胞.此外,通过地面蒸发实验可以确定空间科学实验选用的实验介质和材料,进而优化确定空间科学实验的工况、参数及流程等,部分地面实验结果也将直接成为天地对比实验的科学成果.      

池沸腾现象中热毛细对流的成因

针对微重力条件下单组份液体池沸腾现象,探讨了有关热毛细效应作用及其成因的不同观点,指出正确描述气液相变界面两侧的温度关系是解决争议的关键.详细评述了现有的气液相变界面温度模型,发现气液相变的非平衡特征会导致气液界面上产生温度梯度,引起表面张力的显著差异,从而驱动热毛细对流的形成.但现有气液相变界面温度模型机理差异迥然,预测结果也差别很大,因此,需要更深入研究.      

热毛细对流模式转换及温度振荡特征

研究了矩形液池中由于两端温差引起的热毛细对流的温度振荡临界条件.在实验室中,设计了一个高分辨率的温度测量系统,用于实时观测并记录流体的温度.该系统主要由热电偶温度传感器、纳伏表和数据采集电脑3部分组成.得到了各种实验条件下温度振荡的临界条件,并且讨论了它与Prandtl数和Bond数之间的关系.利用flow3d软件数值模拟了微重力条件下的热毛细对流,发现了一种由于自由面变形和液层流场相互作用导致的晃荡的现象.     

实践十号卫星蒸发对流箱地面科学实验结果分析

实践十号卫星蒸发对流实验旨在研究置于加热底板的蒸发液滴在相变过程中,表面蒸发与表面张力驱动对流的耦合机理及其不稳定性.为与空间实验结果进行对比,利用蒸发对流箱完成在轨工况的科学匹配实验,获得相应工况的地面科学数据、工程参数及实验图像.通过对地面科学匹配实验结果进行分析,得到不同工况下液滴形貌（体积、表面积、接触角、液滴高度、液滴直径）变化规律,以及液滴蒸发过程中温度、热流量、蒸发速率和蒸发流量的变化规律.依据实验结果分析研究了具有质量交换的复杂流体相变界面的热质传输规律.      

热毛细效应对细丝薄膜流动不稳定性的影响

根据重力与热毛细力耦合作用薄膜在细丝上的流动情况,采用长波近似推导了界面的演化方程.通过色散关系分析热毛细作用对Rayleigh-Plateau稳定性的影响;通过时空模式的稳定性分析,研究了系统的绝对对流不稳定性特性;通过直接数值模拟,研究了薄膜破裂和绝对对流稳定性的关系.      

环路热管温度波动现象的实验分析

对实验中观察到的环路热管温度波动现象进行了描述和解释.实验发现,较小热载荷和较大热载荷下环路热管容易出现温度波动现象.对于蒸发器充满液体的启动情况,小热载荷启动容易出现毛细芯内的工质蒸发现象,芯内蒸发继而引起冷凝器入口处的温度波动,并且最终导致可变热导区的稳态工作温度偏高.冷凝器出口处的温度波动现象产生的原因是工质充装量和储液器容积的不匹配,冷凝器出口的温度波动可以通过对工质充装量的控制来避免.     

对流换热系数的瞬态测量技术

使用等热流法瞬态实验测量对流换热系数:基于流动稳定及热平衡条件下对测量表面突加一稳定热流,测出测量表面高低两种窄幅热色液晶的显色时间,根据窄幅液晶的显色温度及其时间通过求解一维半无限大平板非稳态导热方程得到对流换热系数.推导出此方法的误差传递公式,在此基础上分析如何得到准确的对流换热系数.最后给出热流法测对流换热系数的实验流程,并通过自由盘实验验证热流法测对流换热系数的可行性.     

环形浅液池内低Prandtl数流体超临界热毛细对流演化

为研究低Prandtl数（Pr）流体热毛细对流演化过程，对环形浅液池内Pr=0.011的流体热毛细对流进行三维数值模拟.研究发现:当Marangoni数较小时，流动为轴对称稳态流动；当Marangoni数超过某一临界值后，流动失稳并转变为热流体波，其波数随Marangoni数增加而减小，而波动主频增大；随着Marangoni数增加，流动加强，沿周向运动的热流体波演变为沿径向运动的径向波，其波数大大减小；当Marangoni数继续增加时，波动频谱曲线噪声增加，呈广谱特性.因此，在计算范围内热毛细对流的演化过程为:轴对称稳态流动-热流体波-单周期径向波-多周期三维振荡流动.      

纵向非均匀多孔介质Marangoni对流不稳定性

理论研究了纵向非均匀多孔介质中流体表面张力驱动的对流不稳定性.充满液体的多孔介质层从下方加热,上方自由表面冷却,形成可引起多孔介质液层Marangoni-Benaxd对流流动的纵向温度梯度.采用线性化的Brinkman-Forchheimier方程作为控制方程组,对孔隙率分别为线性函数、正弦三角函数分布的非均匀多孔介质液层的Marangoni-Benaxd问题进行了线性稳定性分析.通过采用Chebyshev-Tau谱方法求解广义特征值问题,得到了系统临界Maxangoni数随无量纲波数变化的中性稳定性曲线,分析和比较了孔隙率的变化对液层对流稳定性和流场结构的影响,获得了纵向非均匀多孔介质液层不稳定性现象的新特征.      

微重力条件下悬浮区中的Marangoni对流

本文研究微重力条件下悬浮区中的表面张力梯度驱动对流。采用有限元方法数值研究二维、轴对称悬浮区中的定常流动和温度分布,讨论P_r数及自由面上散热条件的影响。计算表明,P_r数(M_α数)增大时,流区大部分自由表面上温度梯度减小,流区流速较小,对流热输运较扩散效应增强。只要能维持自由面上一定的温度梯度,在较大的P_r数(M_α数)时,仍能得到收敛的定常解。     

EFFECTS OF CONVECTIVE FLUID MOTION UPON OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH IN HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLUTION

For understanding of the influence of convective flow on crystal growth, space high temperature in situ observation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystals in high temperature up to 1000°C. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3 and a mix ture of Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects on ground and in space.On the earth, an investigation of growth kinetics of KNbO3 crystal related to two different states of convection: diffusive-advective flow and diffusive-convective flow,has been performed. The per unit length of a step e is calculated from the exper imental data for two different states of convection. Analyses of these data show the effect of buoyancy convection is to enhance the sharpness of the interface. The growth of KNbO3 crystals from solution of KNbO3+Li2B4O7 was investigated in space. The streamlines of the steady thermocapillary convection in Li2B4O7 solvent was observed. Due to thermocapillary convection, KNbO3 crystal grains grew and filled the whole solution homogeneously. Earth-based quenching experiments are de signed in order to study polyhedral instability of KNbO3 crystal, which is controlled by diffusion mechanism limitation. In all cases, when the crystal was nucleated near air/solution surface, it lost its polyhedral stability and varied from polyhedrons to dedrites. The thickness of diffusion mechanism limitation layer is about 60μm.     

Natural convection driven by buoyancy and surface tension forces under external magnetic field

Two-dimensional natural convection driven both by buoyancy and surface tension in the horizontal layer of an electrically conducting liquid which is subjected to a horizontal temperature gradient and a vertical magnetic field is studied theoretically. The flow and temperature distribution in the liquid layer is analysed for two cases; (1) the top surface is free and the bottom is a rigid wall, and (2) both surfaces are rigid. The effect of the magnetic field on the flow velocity and the temperature distribution is made clear and the simple expressions are obtained for two extreme cases of the sufficiently large magnetic field and the small magnetic field.     

Two-dimensional Marangoni and buoyancy convection related to crystal growth techniques in space

The natural convection in the horizontal liquid layer driven both by surface tension gradient and buoyancy was investigated experimentally and theoretically.The fluid motion was visualized by mixing fine flakes of aluminum into the liquid. At the same time, the temperature field was visualized by the Mach-Zehnder interferometry and the local temperature gradient distributions were visualized by making use of the refraction of parallel incident light.The numerical analysis using the Galerkin method was also carried out which agreed well with the experimental results.It was found that the velocity and temperature fields of Marangoni convection were varied depending on the aspect ratio of the liquid layer and on the coupled buoyancy convection.     

Hydrothermal instability of thermocapillary convection in large-Prandtl-number liquid bridges under microgravity

Linear stability analysis was performed to study the mechanism of transition of thermocapillary convection in liquid bridges with liquid volume ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.2, aspect ratio of 0.75 and Prandtl number of 100. 2-D governing equations were solved to obtain the steady axi-symmetric basic flow and temperature distributions. 3-D perturbation equations were discretized at the collocation grid points using the Chebyshev-collocation method. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions were obtained by using the Q–R method.The predicted critical Marangoni numbers and critical frequencies were compared with data from space experiments. The disturbance of the temperature distribution on the free surface causes the onset of oscillatory convection. It is shown that the origin of instability is related to the hydrothermal origin for convections in large-Prandtl-number liquid bridges.     

Experimental investigation of transient thermal behavior of an airship under different solar radiation and airflow conditions

Knowledge of the thermal behavior of airships is crucial to the development of airship technology. An experiment apparatus is constructed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of airships, and the transient temperature distributions of both hull and inner gas are obtained under the irradiation of a solar simulator and various airflow conditions. In the course of the research, the transient temperature change of the experimental airship is measured for four airflow speeds of 0 m/s (natural convection), 3.26 m/s, 5.5 m/s and 7.0 m/s, and two incident solar radiation values of 842.4 W/m² and 972.0 W/m². The results show that solar irradiation has significant influence on the airship hull and inner gas temperatures even if the airship stays in a ground airflow environment where the heat transfer is dominated by radiation and convection. The airflow around the airship is conducive to reduce the hull temperature and temperature nonuniformity. Transient thermal response of airships rapidly varies with time under solar radiation conditions and the hull temperature remains approximately constant in ∼5–10 min. Finally, a transient thermal model of airship is developed and the model is validated through comparison with the experimental data.     

振动表面自然对流强化换热特性

基于振动影响流动换热边界层发展的思路,通过实验方法对振动条件下的自然对流换热特性进行研究.实验采用电铃谐振器作为加热膜的激振源,并利用红外测温技术对表面温度场进行了测量.结果表明:振动对自然对流的强化可提高90.7%.在等热流密度条件下,振动能量越大,换热越好;在等振动能量条件下,热流密度越小,换热越强.研究结果为强化表面自然对流换热提供了一种新思路.