整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验简

 电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Optimization of flow field in electrochemical trepanning of integral cascades (Ti6Al4V)

Ti6Al4V is widely applied in the integral cascades of aero engines. As an effective machining method, electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) has unique advantages in processing surface parts made of hard-to-cut materials. In ECTr, the state of the flow field has a significant effect on processing stability and machining quality. To improve the uniformity of the flow field when ECTr is applied to Ti6Al4V, two different flow modes are designed, namely full-profile electrolyte supply (FPES) and edges electrolyte supply (EES). Different from the traditional forward flow mode, the flow directions of the electrolyte in the proposed modes are controlled by inlet channels. Simulations show that the flow field under EES is more uniform than that under FPES. To further enhance the uniformity of the flow field, the structure of EES is optimized by modifying the insulating sleeve. In the optimized configuration, the longitudinal distance between the center of the inlet hole and the center of the blade is 6.0 mm, the lateral distance between the centers of the inlet holes on both sides is 16.5 mm, the length to which the electrolyte enters the machining area is 1.5 mm, and the height of the insulating sleeve is 13.5 mm. A series of ECTr experiments are performed under the two flow modes. Compared with EES, the blade machined by FPES is less accurate and has poorer surface quality, with a surface roughness (R_a) of 3.346 μm. Under the optimized EES, the machining quality is effectively enhanced, with the surface quality improved from R_a = 2.621 μm to R_a = 1.815 μm, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed methods.     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验

电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Electrochemical machining on blisk channels with a variable feed rate mode

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an economical and effective method for blisk manufacturing and includes two steps: channel machining and profile machining. The allowance distribution after the channel machining will directly affect the profile machining. Therefore, to improve the uniformity of allowance distribution in the machining of channels, a method that incorporates a variable feed rate mode is developed. During the machining process, the feed rates are dynamically changed according to the needs of the side gap at the different feed depths. As a result, the side gaps at the different feed depths vary, contributing to a decrease in the allowance difference. In this study, the dissolution processes of a blisk channel are simulated using different feed rates, and prediction profiles are obtained. Based on the prediction profiles, the relationship among the feed rate, feed depth, and side gap is established. Then, the feed rates at different feed depths are adjusted according to the relationship. In addition, contrast experiments are conducted. Compared with blisk channel ECM using a constant feed rate of 1 mm/min, using the variable feed rate decreases the allowance differences in the convex and concave parts by 62.2 % and 67.4 %, respectively. This indicates that using the variable feed rate in the ECM process for a blisk channel is feasible and efficient.     

Analysis and control of inter-electrode gap during leveling process in counter-rotating electrochemical machining

The inter-electrode gap (IEG) is an essential parameter for the anode shaping process in electrochemical machining (ECM) and directly affects the machining accuracy. In this paper, the IEG during the leveling process of an oval anode workpiece in counter-rotating ECM (CRECM) is investigated. The variation of the minimum IEG is analyzed theoretically, and the results indicate that rather than reaching equilibrium, the minimum IEG in CRECM expands constantly when a constant feed speed is used for the cathode tool. This IEG expansion leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the roundness of the machined workpiece. To maintain a small constant IEG in CRECM, a variable feed speed is used for the cathode based on a fitted equation. The theoretical results show that the minimum IEG can be controlled at a small value by using an accelerated feed speed. Experiments have been conducted using a specific experimental apparatus in which the cathode tool is designed as a combined structure of two sectors and a thin sheet. By detecting the machining currents flowing through the minimum IEG, how the latter varies is obtained indirectly. The results indicate that using an accelerated feed speed is effective for controlling the IEG, thereby improving the roundness of the machined workpiece.     

面向型面精度一致性的整体叶盘砂带磨削新方法及实验研究

由于整体叶盘由多个叶片组成,根据"木桶定律",整体叶盘的性能和寿命取决于型面精度(型线精度和表面质量)最差的叶片。因此,在满足整体叶盘型面精度的前提下,提高各叶片型面精度一致性对其性能和寿命具有重要的影响。提出一种面向型面精度一致性的砂带磨削新方法,一方面通过砂带周期性的往复运动结合自锐式磨削原理,实现型面铣削残差层的高效去除;另一方面通过砂带周期性的自动更新,保证各叶片的型面精度在同一截面具有高一致性。阐述并建立了面向型面精度一致性的砂带磨削新方法及其磨削控制方程。在此基础上,对某航空发动机整体叶盘的11个叶片进行了砂带磨削实验,并且运用标准差对整体叶盘型面精度一致性进行定量分析。研究结果表明:整体叶盘磨削后,表面粗糙度小于0.25 μm,型线精度小于0.05 mm,同时型面精度一致性显著提高,证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于电解扫掠成形原理的整体叶盘叶根加工方法

采用片状或管状阴极电解加工(ECM)后的整体叶盘由于加工运动、阴极形状等原因在叶根处会形成一定的加工残留,影响整体叶盘的加工精度。针对叶片电解加工后形成的叶根残留,开展去除叶根残留电解加工方法的研究,解决叶根电解加工的阴极结构、加工路径设计等难题。首先,分析了叶根的残留分布情况以及叶间通道的结构,采用了电解扫掠成形加工方案。其次,设计了阴极结构与加工路径,在阴极结构上采用了扇形流道并分析了电解液流速分布,通过增加引流槽、改变倾角等措施改善了流场;对阴极的运动路径进行了规划,利用专用仿真软件对阴极运动干涉与加工程序进行了检验;通过附加叶盘转动补偿了由于不同截面内叶间通道宽度与阴极刃口尺寸不一致给加工带来的不足。最后,制作了电解加工装置并通过试验对叶根电解加工方法进行了验证。试验结果表明,该加工方法有效去除了叶根残留,加工表面质量好,加工精度达到了要求。     

整体叶盘叶片加工变形控制技术研究

针对五坐标加工中心(MIKRON UCP1350)采用五轴联动方式加工整体叶盘时叶片和刀具受力变形较大的问题,从加工整体叶盘叶片的工艺特点着手,结合传统切削力理论公式计算和加工时叶片的有限元分析,对加工变形控制展开研究.在初步确定切削参数值后,经过试件实际试加工,修正切削参数值使加工后叶片既满足叶型面变形在公差允许范围...     

闭式整体叶盘通道五坐标分行定轴加工刀轴矢量规划方法

闭式整体叶盘是新一代航空发动机实现减重增效的关键零件,其通道结构属于典型多约束复杂通道结构。针对闭式整体叶盘通道精加工,提出了一种基于五坐标分行定轴加工的刀轴矢量规划方法。从加工原理上给出了分行定轴加工方法的基本概念,并分析了闭式整体叶盘通道五坐标加工的特征;在刀具预定义和建立检查面球体包围盒层次树结构的基础上,给出了刀轴矢量无干涉区域的计算方法;基于刀位点最短刀长的计算与分析,进行了叶盘通道加工区域划分,建立了分行定轴加工刀轴矢量规划方法。实验验证表明:分行定轴相对五轴联动加工方法不仅可明显提高加工过程中的稳定性和叶片加工表面质量,还可提高叶片精加工效率。     

Flow field design and experimental investigation of electrochemical machining on blisk

Flow field is a crucial factor to influence the stability and surface quality in the electrochemical machining (ECM) of blisks. A four-way flow mode was proposed to eliminate mixing regions of electrolyte at the leading and tailing edges. Two flow field models were described separately in this report: a W-shaped flow mode and a four-way flow mode. The flow field was analyzed through a finite element method. The results showed that, in comparison with the W-shaped flow mode, the distribution of electrolyte flow was more uniformed and the mixed region in the flow channel was improved. The pressure of the leading and tailing edges inlets was optimized, and optimal pressure of 0.6 MPa was determined. In addition, verification experiments were performed, and the results showed that the stability, efficiency, and quality of the profiles of the blisk blade manufactured by ECM were enhanced in the new flow mode.     

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace, national defense, energy and precision physical experiments. However, the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools. In this paper, an elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) with active cutting edge shift (ACES) based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool. Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge, the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed. Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted. The evolutions of the surface roughness, surface topography, and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed. The reasonable parameters of ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined. It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography. The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge, so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed. A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter ∅240 mm, height 122 mm, and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method, and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2 μm and Ra less than 50 nm, respectively.     

GH4169G整体叶盘阶梯铣削稳定性研究

为解决高强高温合金GH4169G整体叶盘叶片铣削加工不稳定问题,通过有限元分析的方法,分析了沿大径方向(叶片宽度)和轴向(叶身方向)两种逐层铣削方案对加工稳定性的影响,研究了阶梯铣削工艺和传统双面对称铣削工艺对整体叶盘叶片铣削稳定性的影响.结果表明:沿大径方向逐层加工时,其理论绝对稳定极限切削深度小于实际加工中可能的最大切削深度,主轴转速、切削深度等切削参数选择范围较小;而沿轴向逐层加工时,其理论绝对稳定极限切削深度大于实际加工中可能的最大切削深度.与传统双面对称铣削工艺相比,阶梯铣削工艺使整体叶盘叶片的刚度得到提高,相同载荷下叶片的最大变形量降低了60%,其前6阶模态频率均较高,加工过程更稳定,加工出的叶片能满足设计要求.      

TC4钛合金盘铣开槽加工残余应力

整体叶盘盘铣开槽加工过程中铣削力大,铣削温度高,会在加工表面表成较深的残余应力层,对零件的疲劳寿命造成严重影响。为提高零件的疲劳寿命,本文以钛合金试块为研究对象,利用残余应力测试分析系统测量表面残余应力,利用拨层法测量次表面的残余应力,采用线性回归技术建立残余应力预测模型,并利用极差分析法分析工艺参数对残余应力的影响规律。试验结果表明:盘铣表面均为压应力,且轮毂面上的残余应力大于叶盆叶背面上的残余应力,均由挤光效应引起;回归预测模型的显著性水平为0. 01,其回归效果良好;各因素对σAx、σAy(σAx、σAy分别表示轮毂面x、y方向残余应力)的影响程度依次为主轴转速>进给速度>切削深度;对σBx(σBx表示叶盆叶背面x方向上的残余应力)的影响程度依次为主轴转速>切削深度>进给速度;残余应力纵向均为压应力,轮毂面上的分布深度为230~270μm,叶盆叶背面上的分布深度为170~175μm。     

整体叶盘通道电解加工电极多维运动轨迹优化

为了提高整体叶盘通道余量分布的均匀性,提出了电极运动轨迹优化方法.分析了电解加工间隙对电极运动轨迹的影响,优化了工具电极在叶顶及叶根圆柱面上的运动轨迹,并基于轨迹线上采样点作拟合垂线段中点的样条曲线获得新的轨迹线.为了验证优化后轨迹的合理性,进行了叶盘通道电解加工对比试验.试验表明,与优化前的轨迹相比,采用优化后的轨迹...     

Cutting force model and damage formation mechanism in milling of 70wt% Si/Al composite

High-mass fraction silicon aluminium composite(Si/Al composite) has unique properties of high specific strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent wear resistance and weldability. It has attracted many applications in terms of radar communication, aerospace and automobile industry. However, rapid tool wear resulted from high cutting force and hard abrasion, and damaged machined surfaces are the main problem in machining Si/Al composite. This work aims to reveal the mechanisms of milli...     

Surface-improvement mechanism of hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses

Superalloys are commonly used in aircraft manufacturing; however, the requirements for high surface quality and machining accuracy make them difficult to machine. In this study, a hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is proposed to achieve this target. In this method, electrochemical machining (ECM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are unified into a single process using a sequence of variable-amplitude pulses such that the machining process realizes both good surface finish and high machining accuracy. Furthermore, the machining mechanism of the hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is studied. The mechanism is investigated by observations of machining waveforms and machined surface. It is found that, with a high-frequency transformation between high- and low-voltage waveforms within a voltage cycle, the machining mechanism is frequently transformed from EDM to pure ECM. The critical discharge voltage is 40 V. When pulse voltages greater than 40 V are applied, the machining accuracy is good; however, the surface has defects such as numerous discharge craters. High machining accuracy is maintained when high-voltage pulses are replaced by low-voltage pulses to enhance electrochemical dissolution. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses can yield high-quality surfaces with high machining accuracy.     

A trajectory planning method on error compensation of residual height for aero-engine blades of robotic belt grinding

While the traditional trajectory planning methods are used in robotic belt grinding of blades with an uneven machining allowance distribution, it is hard to obtain the preferable profile accuracy and surface quality to meet the high-performance requirements of aero-engine. To solve this problem, a novel trajectory planning method is proposed in this paper by considering the developed interpolation algorithm and the machining allowance threshold. The residual height error obtained from grinding e...     

轮廓度约束下近净成形叶片余量优化方法

针对近净成形的叶片在自适应精加工中余量不均这一问题,提出了考虑叶型截面线轮廓度公差约束的余量优化方法。在设计基准与加工基准配准的条件下,改变工件做刚性位移的余量优化思路,建立一种新的叶身优化模型,避免优化后叶片检测处的截面线超出轮廓度公差,提升叶片余量优化阶段寻找到目标加工曲面的能力。最后以某压气机叶片为例进行验证,此方法不仅能够保证叶身加工余量,还能同时满足型面检测处的轮廓度公差,为近净成形的叶片在自适应加工中提供一种新的余量优化方法。     

整体叶盘数控砂带磨削技术及其试验

针对航空发动机整体叶盘结构复杂、材料难加工,铣削加工后粗糙度无法达到设计要求,铣削纹理明显,目前的手工抛光难以满足整体叶盘表面质量和型面精度要求的现状,提出了整体叶盘数控砂带磨削技术及其工艺试验。概述了整体叶盘砂带磨削研究进展,分别从新型砂带磨削技术和自适应砂带磨削技术等方面阐述了整体叶盘全型面数控砂带磨削技术。介绍了整体叶盘全型面数控砂带磨削试验装置及其数控磨削加工软件,利用该装置完成了4种不同级别的整体叶盘精密磨削加工试验。结果表明:整体叶盘磨削后,表面粗糙度小于0.4μm,型线精度小于0.05mm,同时型面精度一致性显著提高。     

Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.