Improved creep aging response in Al-Cu alloy by applying pre-aging before pre-straining

The improvement of post-form properties without compromising creep formability has been a critical issue in creep age forming of aluminum alloy component. A pretreatment process incorporating artificial pre-aging at 165 °C for 6 h/12 h/24 h followed by pre-strain(3%–9%)has been developed. This method not only evidently improves the strength but also accelerates the creep deformation during creep aging of an Al-Cu alloy. A strength increase of 50 MPa with a slight decrease of ductility relative t...     

A physically-based representative stress methodology for predicting stress rupture life of Ni-based DS superalloy

Smooth and three types of U-shape single-edge notched plate specimens adopted to experimentally investigate stress rupture behavior of Ni-based Directionally Solidified (DS) superalloy at 850 °C exhibit notch weakening effect and multi-source cracking initiation near the notch root. However, stress rupture behavior of smooth and V-shape notched round bars at 1040 °C revealed by Li et al indicates notch strengthening effect and creep micro-holes originating mostly from the central portion. A combined creep-viscoplastic constitutive model is employed to analyze the distribution of stress, strain and stress Triaxial Factor (TF) near the notch root. The different stress distribution and creep restraint between asymmetric notched plate specimens and symmetric notched round bars are the main reasons for the corresponding failure mechanism. Meanwhile, a good qualitative relationship exists between TF value and stress rupture life of notched specimen. Especially, the area with maximum TF value (TF_max) is highly consistent with creep damage initiation region. Hence, based on the distribution characteristics of the initial tensile loading, a representative stress method independent of time -changing creep load at the location of TF_max is conducted for life prediction. The predicted results of both smooth and notched plate specimens and round bars agrees well with the experimental results.     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced Al Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced Al-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction rein- forced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

推进剂贮箱用2A14铝合金接头应力腐蚀性能研究

为了研究推进剂贮箱用2A14铝合金接头介质相容性,分析了铝合金的应力腐蚀机理,以2A14-T6铝合金本体、搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头和变极性氩弧焊(VPTIG)接头为研究对象,通过慢应变速率拉伸法进行应力腐蚀试验研究。结果表明,2A14铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中存在应力腐蚀现象,FSW接头的抗腐蚀性能优于VPTIG接头。。     

Non-isothermal creep age forming of Al-Cu-Li alloy: Experiment and modelling

Non-isothermal Creep Age Forming (CAF), including loading, heating, holding, cooling and springback stages, is an advanced forming technique for manufacturing high performance large integral panels at short production period and low cost. However, the creep deformation and aging precipitation during heating stage is often neglected in experiments and modeling, leading to low forming precision. To achieve shape forming and property tailoring simultaneously, a deep understanding of the non-isothermal creep aging behavior and the establishment of predictive models are urgently required. A new five-stage creep feature of Al-Cu-Li alloy during the non-isothermal creep aging is observed. The microstructural interactions between the dislocations, solute atoms, Guinier Preston zones (GP zones) and T₁ precipitates are found to dominate the five-stage creep aging behavior. The physical-based model considering temperature evolution history is established to describe the five-stage creep feature. The springback and yield strength of non-isothermal creep age formed plates with different thicknesses are predicted and compared by non-isothermal CAF experiments and corresponding simulations. The CAF experiments show that the springback and yield strength of the non-isothermal creep age formed plate are 62.1% and 506 MPa, respectively. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. The proposed model broadens the application of traditional CAF models that mainly focus on isothermal conditions.     

金属间化合物TiAl(W,Si)合金的蠕变行为和机制

 研究了 Ti-47Al-2 W-0.5 Si合金在 650～ 750℃区间的蠕变行为和变形机制。结果表明,合金 650℃蠕变寿命与施加应力之间符合线性的双对数关系,可用表达式 lg^t_f=10 lg^R+30来描述。蠕变寿命与最小蠕变速率之间满足 Monkman-Grant关系的修正式。合金的比蠕变强度与抗热腐蚀镍基高温合金 K438G相当。在700℃变载荷下蠕变时具有与恒载荷下蠕变相类似的特征。 800℃长期时效粗化合金组织,降低蠕变寿命。位错滑移和形变孪生是合金蠕变的主要变形机制。     

Compression Creep Behavior of High Volume Fraction of SiC Particles Reinforced AI Composite Fabricated by Pressureless Infiltration

The compression creep deformation of the high volume fraction of SiC particles reinforced AI-Mg-Si composite fabricated by pressure-less infiltration was investigated. The experimental results show that the creep stress exponents are very high at temperatures of 673 K, 723 K and 773 K, and if taking the threshold stress into account, the true stress exponent of minimum creep strain rate is still approximately 5, although the volume fraction of reinforcements is very high. The creep strain rate in the high volume fraction reinforced aluminum alloy matrix composites is controlled by matrix lattice diffusion. It is found that the creep-strengthening effect of high volume fraction of silicon carbide particles is significant, although the particles do not form effective obstacles to dislocation motion.     

2D-C_f/SiC复合材料蠕变断裂及损伤机理研究

研究了2D-C_f/Si C复合材料在空气中,温度分别为700℃和900℃,蠕变应力分别为50MPa、75MPa和100MPa条件下的蠕变断裂及损伤机理。运用拉森-米勒参数法拟合材料的蠕变断裂时间,使用扫描电子显微镜分析其微观组织和断口形貌以进一步揭示其蠕变断裂机理。结果表明:2D-C_f/Si C复合材料的蠕变断裂寿命与温度和应力密切相关,较高温度或应力会降低材料的蠕变断裂寿命;在蠕变过程中,材料除发生应力损伤外,还会发生氧化损伤;2D-C_f/Si C复合材料的氧化损伤比应力损伤对蠕变断裂时间有更显著的影响。     

典型焊接参数对铝锂合金FSW对接接头疲劳性能的影响

采用疲劳试验机对3种不同对接工艺的Al-Li-S4铝锂合金FSW对接接头及母材进行了疲劳性能测试,并采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对组织和断口进行了分析。结果表明:在210MPa应力水平下,Al-Li-S4-T8铝锂合金母材在疲劳寿命达到200万次;在600/400、800/80、800/2003种典型FSW工艺条件下,800/200参数接头疲劳性能最优,在170MPa应力水平下,接头疲劳寿命可达200万次;Al-Li-S4合金FSW接头疲劳断裂大部分从焊缝表面起裂,这可能与FSW过程中金属材料的周期性流动和周期性微观组织使焊缝内部出现强度薄弱区或应力集中有关。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊结构ECA评定

基于含缺陷结构断裂评定的COD设计曲线与净截面屈服失效判据,对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊结构进行了工程临界评定(ECA)。分析了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区、热机影响区、热影响区和母材区的临界裂纹尺寸,确定了不同载荷水平下2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊结构的表面缺陷容限,并对特定内压下2219铝合金运载火箭贮箱筒段搅拌摩擦焊纵缝进行了ECA评定,为2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊结构的断裂控制提供了参考。研究结果表明,纵向前进边热影响区为2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂控制的关键区域,特定内压条件下给定的表面缺陷可以接受。     

Advances and challenges on springback control for creep age forming of aluminum alloy

Creep age forming (CAF) is an advanced forming technology that combines creep deformation and age hardening processes. When compared with the conventional forming technologies including roll bending and shot-peen forming, CAF has many advantages of low residual stress, excellent dimensional stability, good service performance and short production cycle. It is an optimal technique for precise manufacturing for shape and properties of large-scale complicated thin-walled components of light-weight and high strength aluminum alloys in the aviation and aerospace industries. Nevertheless, CAF has an inevitable disadvantage that a large amount of springback occurs after unloading, which brings a challenge on the accurate shape forming and property tailoring of components. Therefore, how to achieve accurate prediction and control of springback has always been a bottleneck hindering the development of CAF to more industrial applications. After the factors of affecting springback and measures of reducing springback are summarized from the internal and external aspects, constitutive models for predicting springback and springback compensation methods for CAF of aluminum alloy panel components are reviewed. Then, a review of research progresses on tool design for CAF is presented. Finally, in view of the key issue that it is difficult to predict and control the shape and properties of components during CAF, the technical challenges are discussed and future development trends of CAF are prospected.     

预处理对2219铝合金蠕变行为及力学性能的影响

为了研究不同预变形量对铝合金蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。以2219铝合金为研究对象,在温度为175℃,180 MPa应力条件下,研究0~8%的预变形量对2219铝合金蠕变行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明:预变形处理的引入,材料的蠕变变形量和力学性能大幅度增加。当预变形处理量为1%时,其蠕变变形量较未处理时试样蠕变变形量增加了118%。而随着预变形量的继续增加,试样的的力学性能呈现快速下降的变化趋势。综合考虑蠕变变形量与力学性能时,最利于构件的蠕变时效成形的2219铝合金的预变形处理量为3%。     

变载条件下镍基单晶合金蠕变本构建模方法

针对镍基单晶合金在变载条件下的蠕变计算问题,基于"等损伤"假设提出了一种用于变应力/温度条件下的硬化准则,并与耦合损伤的蠕变模型相结合.采用Arrhenius对数关系式对蠕变应变速率进行温度内插,使之能够用于给定温度范围的蠕变计算.将上述蠕变模型编写为ABAQUS/UMAT用户子程序,利用DD3,CMSX-4,DD6和...     

铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝疏松缺陷形成机理

采用圆锥形搅拌头焊接20mm厚的7075-T6铝板,分析焊接过程中焊缝内部疏松缺陷的形成过程及原因。研究表明,焊缝表面成形良好,无明显缺陷。但是,在焊缝轴肩区和焊核区之间出现了疏松缺陷。分析认为,焊缝上、下部金属温度差太大,导致其塑性流动行为发生变化是疏松缺陷形成的主要原因。搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)过程中,焊缝上部金属温度较高,而底部温度仍然很低,脱离搅拌针端部的塑化金属在周围冷金属巨大的变形抗力作用下转而沿搅拌针表面往上迁移。到达轴肩区下方汇聚区时,由于轴肩区金属温度高,向下的挤压力太小,导致回迁上来的塑化金属继续往上迁移并冲破轴肩区而沿轴肩边缘溢出形成飞边。汇聚区内没有足够的塑化金属填充、焊缝无法被压实而产生疏松孔洞。通过建立疏松缺陷形成的物理模型,可以更直观地反映出焊缝金属流动形态及缺陷形成过程。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊表面冷喷涂层的结构与耐蚀性

采用冷喷涂技术在2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头上制备Al涂层,以提高搅拌摩擦焊接头耐蚀性。通过数字显微镜、扫描电镜、电化学工作站对Al涂层的结构及耐蚀性进行表征。结果表明:冷喷Al涂层质量良好,孔隙率仅为0.77%,涂层内部存在等轴晶、细化晶粒以及拉长晶粒,涂层界面以机械咬合为主,涂层/接头区界面质量明显优于涂层/母材区界面;电化学数据显示,涂层腐蚀敏感性较低,自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度均低于热影响区,冷喷涂层降低了搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀敏感性;晶间腐蚀实验表明,腐蚀6 h后,涂层最大腐蚀深度仅为热影响区最大腐蚀深度的50%,证明冷喷涂技术显著改善了搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐腐蚀性。     

服役工作条件对涡轮转子叶片蠕变寿命的影响

基于Larson-Miller蠕变寿命理论,定量地分析了高压涡轮相对转速、飞行高度H、径向温度分布系数(RTDF)偏离设计状态时对涡轮转子叶片蠕变寿命的影响.结果表明:以叶根位置来看,高压涡轮相对转速从参考状态减小2%,导致叶片温度减小6%,叶片应力减小6%,使蠕变寿命因子从1增大到186.H增大导致叶片温度增大、叶片应力减小.从叶根位置来看,在温度和应力的综合作用下,H偏离参考状态时,蠕变寿命因子减小;而远离叶根位置,温度对蠕变寿命因子的影响越来越大,蠕变寿命因子随着H的减小而增大.RTDF减小导致叶片温度减小,使蠕变寿命因子随之增大.      

激光喷丸对7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的影响

以7075铝合金试样的搅拌摩擦焊接头为对象,利用激光喷丸和常规喷丸工艺对其进行后续处理,通过试验对比分析了激光喷丸工艺对表面粗糙度、显微硬度、接头残余应力、裂纹扩展、疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,经激光喷丸处理的搅拌摩擦焊接头的表面粗糙度远小于常规喷丸处理的接头表面,而对接头显微硬度的影响差异不大。激光喷丸可改变接头的残余应力分布,是增强搅拌摩擦焊接头抗疲劳性的有效方法,对其他焊接接头及构件的激光喷丸处理具有一定的参考价值。     

圆棒拉伸试样蠕变过程中的应力应变分布分析

对光滑及切口圆棒试样进行有限元蠕变分析,得到了蠕变过程时的应力应变分布。在相同的平均净拉伸蠕变应力下,切口的存在使得最小截面上的平均Mises应力和平均轴向应力小于光滑试样。切口还导致蠕变时的应力松弛并使得试样的最大应力不再发生在切口根部。这可以用来简单解释切口对试样断裂寿命的影响。     

An orientation-dependent creep life evaluation method for nickel-based single crystal superalloys

This paper aims to propose a creep life evaluation method considering the effect of crystallographic orientation. First, the maximum Schmid factor of {111} <112> and the corresponding lattice rotation angle were introduced to form an ‘‘orientation factor". Then the equivalent stress was calculated by multiplying this factor and the nominal stress. Latterly, the LarsonMiller Parameter(LMP) method was adopted as the rupture life evaluation criteria, in which the input variable was the equiva...     

Dependence of creep age formability on initial temper of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

The initial temper of the material may directly affect the whole creep age forming(CAF)process. In terms of creep deformation and stress relaxation, using the constant-stress creep aging and constant-strain stress relaxation aging tests, the relationship between initial temper and CAF formability is investigated for an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy at 165 °C for 18 h. Three tempers are selected as the initial tempers in CAF, viz., solution, retrogression and re-solution. The CAF formability of this alloy with initial temper of retrogression is the best, and the creep strain of the retrogression tempered specimen after creep aging of 18 h is about 1.21 and 1.34 times than that of the solution and the re-solution tempered specimens, respectively. The calculated stress exponents of this alloy with three initial tempers range from 7.3 to 9.5, indicating that the CAF of this alloy is mainly controlled by the dislocation creep. The various formability for three initial tempers are attributed to different inhibitions of the transgranular precipitates on the dislocation movement. For the retrogression temper, the initial fine and uniformly distributed precipitates are seriously coarsened after6 h of CAF, which minimally inhibit the dislocation movement. While, for the re-solution temper,the fine precipitates are re-precipitated in the matrix of the alloy, which observably hinder the dislocation movement and lead to the worst formability.