漂浮基空间机器人捕获卫星过程动力学模拟及捕获后混合体运动的RBF神经网络控制

 讨论了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获目标卫星过程的碰撞动力学建模,以及捕获操作结束后空间机器人与卫星混合体的稳定控制问题。首先采用多刚体动力学建模方法并结合空间机器人捕获目标卫星过程中的碰撞动力学特性,建立了漂浮基空间机器人在轨捕获漂浮卫星过程的动力学模型,并在此基础上计算出完成捕获操作后空间机器人与目标卫星混合体关节的运动速度。然后针对卫星及空间机器人系统惯性参数均是未知的复杂情况,应用上述模型、神经网络控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了空间机器人与卫星混合体在捕获过程碰撞冲击影响下稳定运动的高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案,以达到对捕获卫星的有效控制。此外,高斯径向基函数神经网络控制方案具有不需要测量和反馈载体位置、移动速度与加速度的显著优点。系统数值仿真证实了上述控制方案的有效性。     

具有时延的漂浮基空间机器人基于泰勒级数预测、逼近的改进非线性反馈控制

 探讨了本体位置与姿态均不受控的漂浮基空间机器人在时间延迟(简称时延)情况下惯性空间轨迹跟踪的控制问题.利用拉格朗日方法并结合系统动量守恒关系,分析、建立了漂浮基空间机器人完全能控形式的系统动力学模型及运动Jacobi关系.以此为基础,针对系统存在时延的情况,利用泰勒级数预测、逼近的方法,建立了适用于时延情况下控制系统设计的数学模型.利用该模型,提出了一种空间机器人在时延情况下的改进非线性反馈控制方案.然后运用Lyapunov第二类方法,结合范数以及图形分析的方法证明了在时延情况下整个闭环控制系统的渐近稳定性.文中提到的控制方案能够有效地克服系统存在时延的影响,控制漂浮基空间机器人末端爪手跟踪惯性空间的期望轨迹.系统数值仿真结果证明了上述控制方案的有效性与精确性.     

基于激光扫描的移动机器人实时轨迹测量系统

 设计了一种移动机器人实时轨迹测量系统，主要包括激光扫描仪、数据采集计算机、无线通讯网络和数据处理显示软件4个部分。测量系统采用两台激光扫描仪从不同高度测量机器人身上安装的标志杆的位置，将测量数据经过位置识别和坐标系对准后，传输到一台计算机上进行融合，采用卡尔曼滤波器消除测量随机误差，绘制出机器人的运动轨迹。实验结果表明，测量系统可以在较大的测量范围内实现厘米级测量精度和目标分辨率的轨迹测量，为移动机器人的设计开发和导航控制等研究领域提供了良好的实验测试平台。     

惯性参数不确定的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制研究

针对自由漂浮空间机器人系统惯性参数不确定问题,提出一种笛卡儿空间内的自适应轨迹跟踪控制方法。采用扩展机械臂模型建立了自由漂浮空间机器人关节空间动力学方程,进而推导笛卡儿空间中的自由漂浮空间机器人动力学方程。在基于逆动力学法的自由漂浮空间机器人自适应控制器设计中,利用标称控制器离线固定控制参数与补偿控制器在线补偿方法,既可以保证惯量矩阵可逆,又可以使控制参数实时估计。采用Lyapunov方法的稳定性分析表明系统是稳定且渐进收敛的。最后,应用该控制方法对两杆平面自由漂浮空间机器人进行了仿真研究。仿真结果显示自由漂浮空间机器人末端执行器在笛卡儿空间具有良好的轨迹跟踪能力。     

面向飞机蒙皮对缝的移动机器人自主跟踪方法

提出一种面向飞机蒙皮对缝的移动机器人自主跟踪方法,用以解决大型蒙皮上表面装配对缝的自动化测量问题。移动机器人包括对缝测量模块和运动控制模块,对缝测量模块在测量对缝间隙阶差的同时得到机器人相对于对缝的位姿,运动控制模块控制机器人自主调姿。基于双线结构光与对缝的相对位置关系,提出机器人在不同情况下的自主调姿方法,解决了机器人在运动过程中与对缝产生偏差时的自主调姿问题。通过试验表明移动机器人对缝自主跟踪的位置误差为5.81mm,角度误差为3.52°。     

一个超冗余度移动操作臂机器人系统的实现与运动控制

冗余度或超冗余度移动操作臂机器人可在空间站上为宇航员提供很大的帮助.对一个超冗余度移动操作臂机器人系统的设计和实现作了介绍,这个系统由一个8自由度的模块机器人和一个1自由度的电机驱动的导轨组成;对该系统的逆运动学解法进行了讨论,提出了一种基于避关节极限与位形优化的简化逆运动学控制方法;并提供了仿真和实验结果.     

Calibration of robotic drilling systems with a moving rail

Industrial robots are widely used in aircraft assembly systems such as robotic drilling systems. It is necessary to expand a robot＇s working range with a moving rail. A method for improving the position accuracy of an automated assembly system with an industrial robot mounted on a moving rail is proposed. A multi-station method is used to control the robot in this study. The robot only works at stations which are certain positions defined on the moving rail. The calibration of the robot system is composed by the calibration of the robot and the calibration of the stations.The calibration of the robot is based on error similarity and inverse distance weighted interpolation.The calibration of the stations is based on a magnetic strip and a magnetic sensor. Validation tests were performed in this study, which showed that the accuracy of the robot system gained significant improvement using the proposed method. The absolute position errors were reduced by about 85%to less than 0.3 mm compared with the maximum nearly 2 mm before calibration.     

飞机表面爬行机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

针对飞机蒙皮铆钉缺陷无损检测移动机器人进行了运动学和动力学建模,并且基于该移动机器人的模型,设计了双闭环轨迹线性化控制器(trajectory linearization control,TLC)。同时设计了逻辑控制算法保证机器人运动轴在达到完整约束临界点时进行状态切换。该方法解决了在飞机特殊表面环境下,对基于X-Y平台的新型爬行机器人如何完成轨迹跟踪控制的问题。实验结果表明,该控制器具有较好的动态性能,能够在满足系统实时性要求的前提下实现爬行机器人距离精确性和速度稳定性控制。     

空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制

提出了动态抓取域用于空间机器人捕获漂浮目标的抓取控制。空间机器人捕获漂浮目标时,由于机械臂与基体的动力学耦合、抓取时的碰撞激振等非线性特性使得抓取控制变得复杂而重要。首先建立了空间机器人及漂浮目标的动力学模型,而后引入了末端装置抓取目标时的碰撞模型,并提出了"动态抓取域"用于机械臂抓取目标时的控制,同时应用关节主动阻尼控制,以减小抓取碰撞激振对空间机器人冲击的影响。结果表明:在相同抓取时间下,加速抓取明显优于匀速抓取,碰撞力振幅减小至匀速抓取时的20%,对空间机器人的激振冲击明显消除,仅在抓取结束前有小幅激振。这对空间机器人的抓取控制有着重要的理论价值及工程实际意义。     

地面可移动服务机器人发展现状

行走机构决定了地面可移动服务机器人的特性和应用领域,按照行走机构的不同,将地面可移动服务机器人分为轮式、履带式和多足式,介绍了各种地面可移动服务机器人的发展现状和应用特点,特别探讨了双足机器人在人类生活中的应用前景.提出了地面可移动服务机器人7大关键技术:导航定位、路径规划、多传感器融合、机构设计与动力、智能控制、能源供给和管理、人机接口.分析了发展地面服务机器人的迫切性,给出了我国军用和民用可移动服务机器人的关系和发展思路思路.     

移动工业机器人在飞机装配生产线中的应用研究

在总结移动工业机器人在飞机装配生产线等航空制造场景典型应用的基础上,重点分析了移动工业机器人多传感器融合的同步定位和建图、移动机器人导航控制、机械臂精度控制和数字化测量等关键技术,并对未来航空领域移动机器人的人机协作、多传感器数据融合、智能规划与决策、数字孪生体系等发展趋势进行了阐述。     

Space robotics in the '90s

This article describes the use of robots to perform work in space. In particular, telerobotics, which uses human operators to control the movement and operation of the robots, are explored. The relationship between the human operator and the robot is very complex but these systems are being used to explore planetary surfaces and will also be used in the construction of the space station. Research being conducted at NASA facilities is described, providing a picture of the future of space robotics.     

一种多旋翼多功能空中机器人及其腿式壁面行走运动规划

 提出了一种既可实现飞行功能又可实现壁面运动的多旋翼多功能空中机器人。设计了机器人的结构,分析了其工作原理,研究了机器人腿式壁面行走模式下腿/足与壁面接触时的机体动力学。结合多旋翼推进的机理对机器人在壁面运动模式下的步态进行了规划,基于非线性轨迹线性化控制(TLC)法设计了空中机器人在步态过程中的姿态稳定控制器。在MATLAB环境下对机器人的腿式壁面运动进行了仿真分析研究,仿真结果表明了所设计的步态及其稳定控制方法的可行性。     

机器人系统的动态混合力/位置控制的几何原理

基于在位形空间中受约束系统的几何性质,对机器人系统的运动及所受的约束力进行研究。通过引入法空间及切空间的概念,实现了机器人运动及力的解耦控制,从而简化了控制系统。通过对双臂机器人系统的位置/力动态混合控制的数字仿真,说明本方法简单、可行。     

Hierarchical control of intelligent machines applied to spacestation telerobots

A hierarchical architecture is described which supports space station telerobots in a variety of modes. The system is divided into three hierarchies: task decomposition, world model, and sensory processing. Goals at each level of the task decomposition hierarchy are divided both spatially and temporarily into simpler commands for the next lower level. This decomposition is repeated until, at the lowest level, the drive signals to the robot actuators are generated. To accomplish its goals, task decomposition modules must often use information stored in the world model. The purpose of the sensory system is to update the world model as rapidly as possible to keep the model in registration with the physical world. The architecture of the entire control system hierarchy and how it can be applied to space telerobot applications is described     

Fuzzy adaptive robust control for space robot considering the effect of the gravity

Space robot is assembled and tested in gravity environment, and completes on-orbit service（OOS） in microgravity environment. The kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the robot will change with the variations of gravity in different working condition. Fully considering the change of kinematic and dynamic models caused by the change of gravity environment, a fuzzy adaptive robust control（FARC） strategy which is adaptive to these model variations is put forward for trajectory tracking control of space robot. A fuzzy algorithm is employed to approximate the nonlinear uncertainties in the model, adaptive laws of the parameters are constructed, and the approximation error is compensated by using a robust control algorithm. The stability of the control system is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov theory and the trajectory tracking control simulation is performed. The simulation results are compared with the proportional plus derivative（PD） controller, and the effectiveness to achieve better trajectory tracking performance under different gravity environment without changing the control parameters and the advantage of the proposed controller are verified.     

双轮移动机器人运动目标追踪与避障控制算法

 设计了双回路的双轮移动机器人运动目标追踪与避障控制方案。内层控制回路是运动目标追踪控制律，指导机器人追踪到目标并保持一定的安全距离，控制律考虑了机器人在运动速度上的限制，其渐近稳定性用Lyapunov函数法进行了证明。当遇到障碍物时，外层控制回路根据超声传感器的信息和阻抗控制的概念产生阻抗虚拟力，将期望目标调整到虚拟位置，使机器人能够自动转向以避开障碍物。仿真研究和实验结果证明了追踪算法的有效性和避障方法的可行性。     

New nonlinear control algorithms for multiple robot arms

Multiple coordinated robot arms are modeled by considering the arms as closed kinematic chains and as a force-constrained mechanical system working on the same object simultaneously. In both formulations, a novel dynamic control method is discussed. It is based on feedback linearization and simultaneous output decoupling technique. By applying a nonlinear feedback and a nonlinear coordinate transformation, the complicated model of the multiple robot arms in either formulation is converted into a linear and output decoupled system. The linear system control theory and optimal control theory are used to design robust controllers in the task space. The first formulation has the advantage of automatically handling the coordination and load distribution among the robot arms. In the second formulation, it was found that by choosing a general output equation it became possible simultaneously to superimpose the position and velocity error feedback with the force-torque error feedback in the task space     

Elastic Robot Control: Nonlinear Inversion and Linear Stabilization

An approach to the control of elastic robot systems for space applications using inversion, servocompensation, and feedback stabilization is presented. For simplicity, a robot arm (PUMA type) with three rotational joints is considered. The third link is assumed to be elastic. Using an inversion algorithm, a nonlinear decoupling control law Ud is derived such that in the closed-loop system independent control of joint angles by the three joint torquers is accomplished. For the stabilization of elastic oscillations, a linear feedback torquer control law us is obtained applying linear quadratic optimization to the linearized arm model augmented with a servocompensator about the terminal state. Simulation results show that in spite of uncertainties in the payload and vehicle angular velocity, good joint angle control and damping of elastic oscillations are obtained with the torquer control law u = ud + us.     

Detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target

The rotational motion of a tumbling target brings great challenges to space robot on successfully capturing the tumbling target. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the target’s rotation to a rate at which capture can be accomplished by the space robot. In this paper, a detumbling strategy based on friction control of dual-arm space robot for capturing tumbling target is proposed. This strategy can reduce the target’s rotational velocity while maintaining base attitude stability through the establishment of the rotation attenuation controller and base attitude adjustment controller. The rotation attenuation controller adopts the multi-space hybrid impedance control method to control the friction precisely. The base attitude adjustment controller applies the dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix to stabilize the base attitude. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) The compliant control method is adopted to achieve a precise friction control, which can reduce the target angular velocity steadily; (2) The dual-arm extended Jacobian matrix is applied to stabilize the base attitude without affecting the target capture task; (3) The detumbling strategy of dual-arm space robot is designed considering base attitude stabilization, realizing coordinated planning of the base attitude and the arms. The strategy is verified by a dual-arm space robot with two 7-DOF (degrees of freedom) arms. Simulation results show that, target with a rotation velocity of 20 (°)/s can be effectively controlled to stop within 30 s, and the final deflection of the base attitude is less than 0.15° without affecting the target capture task, verifying the correctness and effectiveness of the strategy. Except to the tumbling target capture task, the control strategy can also be applied to other typical on-orbit operation tasks such as space debris removal and spacecraft maintenance.