全球导航星座星间链路技术发展建议

美国全球定位系统（GPS）的Block IIR和Block IIF系列导航卫星安装了UHF频段的星间链路收发设备,未来的GPS Ⅲ系列导航卫星将用Ka频段星间链路替代UHF频段星间链路,提高星间数据通信容量,增强抗干扰能力;俄罗斯全球导航卫星系统（GLONASS）的新一代GLONASS-K系列导航卫星开始安装S频段星间链路收发设备;欧洲的伽利略（Galileo）卫星导航系统也在规划全球导航星座的星间链路体系;我国北斗（Compass）卫星导航系统正处在由区域覆盖向全球覆盖的过渡阶段,全球星座的星间链路正处在多种系统体制的抉择中。文章在对国外各种星间链路研究的基础上,从导航星座星间链路需求和特点出发,提出建议：1）建设高频段星间链路;2）加强星间天线与卫星总体的联合设计;3）星间网络协议要具有灵活性;4）尽可能保持每颗卫星的星间链路设备状态一致。文章考虑了现有国内技术储备和国外未来技术发展方向,提出的观点可以作为我国全球卫星导航系统对星间链路选择的参考,对我国Compass系统建设技术先进的星间链路有一定的指导意义。     

卫星导航系统及其在空天安全中的重要作用

简要介绍了美国"全球定位系统"(GPS)、俄罗斯"全球导航卫星系统"(GLONASS)和欧洲正在建设的"伽利略"(Galileo)卫星导航系统的发展及其基本发展态势.详细介绍了中国自主建设的"北斗"(COMPASS)卫星导航系统的发展思路、系统组成和应用情况.分析总结了卫星导航系统在空天安全中的几项重要作用,如实现协同...     

GNSS导航信号体制兼容性分析

导航信号体制设计是卫星导航系统设计的重要方面。文中结合Compass、GPS和Galileo系统信号体制设计,分析了Compass系统拟采用的调制方式性能及与其他卫星导航系统的兼容性能,仿真了最坏接收情况下的Galileo系统的授权信号增强对Compass系统部分信号的性能影响。     

国外卫星导航定位技术发展现状与趋势

本报告对目前国外三大卫星导航定位系统GPS ,GLONASS和伽利略系统的技术性能进行了对比研究 ,分析了卫星导航定位技术的未来发展趋势 ,对我国发展卫星导航定位系统提出了建议。     

GNSS全球导航卫星系统的新发展

GNSS全球导航卫星系统是20世纪90年代中期欧盟提出的一种综合星座系统,而不是一个单一星座系统。GNSS主要包括GPS、GLONASS、Galileo、Compass和IRNSS及它们的星基增强系统,例如,WAAS、EGNOS和GDGPS等。文中主要分析了GPS、GLONASS、Galileo的新发展及Compass和IRNSS的建设进展。     

多GNSS掩星大气探测卫星星座设计

为减少无线电掩星(RO)大气探测星座的卫星数量并增加探测数据量,将北斗（BD）和GPS、Galileo、GLONASS共同作为探测信源,提出一种多全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）掩星大气探测星座概念和优化设计方法。融合先验大气模型和二维射线追踪算法,建立兼容多GNSS信源的掩星事件前向模拟算法,实现掩星事件快速精确仿真;给出多GNSS掩星大气探测星座参数对探测性能的影响特性,降低了星座模型的复杂度;并利用改进的蚁群算法实现星座参数寻优。设计结果与COSMICII星座相比,卫星数量减少2颗,探测数据量增加了40%,探测均匀性提高了67%。     

一类适用于各种轨道类型的导航卫星广播星历研究

导航卫星广播星历是卫星导航定位的基础,要求有较高的精度和实时性。GPS和GLONASS广播星历形式适合于某一类卫星轨道,但存在一定局限性。利用切比雪夫多项式拟合导航卫星轨道,拟合系数作为广播星历的参数发布,这是一种新的广播星历形式,可作为各种轨道类型的导航卫星的广播星历参数,而且具有精度高、计算速度快等特点。     

Post-disposal orbital evolution of satellites and upper stages used by the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations: The long-term impact on the Medium Earth Orbit environment

The long-term evolution and environmental impact in MEO of all the abandoned spacecraft and upper stages associated with the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations were analyzed. The orbits of the disposed objects, as of 1 May 2011, were propagated for 200 years and snapshots of their evolving distribution were obtained, together with an estimation of the changing collision probability with the spacecraft of the operational navigation systems existing or planned in MEO, i.e., GLONASS, GPS, Beidou and Galileo. The probability that the abandoned objects considered will collide with the operational spacecraft of the navigation constellations is very low, even taking into account the intrinsic eccentricity instability of the disposal orbits. Assuming the present or envisaged configuration of the constellations in MEO, the probability of collision, integrated over 200 years, would be <1/300 with a GLONASS spacecraft, <1/15,000 with a GPS or Beidou spacecraft, and <1/250,000 with a Galileo spacecraft. The worst disposal strategy consists in abandoning satellites and upper stages close to the altitude of the operational constellation (GLONASS), while a re-orbiting a few hundred km away (GPS) is able to guarantee an effective long-term dilution of the collision risk, irrespective of the eccentricity instability due to geopotential and luni-solar perturbations. The disposal strategies applied so far to the GPS satellites should be able to guarantee for at least a few centuries a sustainable MEO environment free of collisions among intact objects. Consequently, there would be no need to adopt disposal schemes targeting also the optimal value of the eccentricity vector. However, it should be pointed out that the GPS disposal strategy was devised well in advance of the Beidou constellation announcement, so most of the abandoned satellites were re-orbited fairly close to the altitude of the new Chinese system. A new re-orbiting approach will be therefore needed in the future.     

Galileo系统在空间飞行器定位中的应用

欧洲的Galileo系统将在2008年建成，届时它将与美国的GPS系统相互补充。在对Galileo系统导航星座轨道和信号结构分析的基础上，结合各种不同轨道高度的空间飞行器用户的动态特点，推导了用户卫星接收天线的可见可用性模型，建立了基于Galileo坐标系统(ITRF-96)的高动态定位算法模型，针对实际航天工程任务的LEO和GEO卫星进行了定位仿真，为Galileo系统在空间领域的实际应用打下了基础。     

Galileo/北斗组合系统GDOP改善方法研究

从理论上来说,导航卫星数量越多,可提供的几何精度下降因子(GDOP)就越小。但是在进行Galileo/北斗组合系统仿真时,却发现其GDOP反而变差。文中对此进行了理论分析,指出出现该现象的原因在于两个卫星导航系统存在时间差,并且其中一个系统的可见星数过少。为解决该问题,文中提出播发系统间时差的方法,可使组合系统的GDOP相对单系统得到一定的改善。仿真结果表明,该方法可以改善GDOP。     

The European contribution to a global civil navigation satellite system

Space technology revolutionizes navigation. It will become the method for any task of position, velocity, range determination and time distribution. The existing navigation satellite systems of the USA (GPS) and of Russia (GLONASS) are military systems. They only partly meet the requirements of civil safety critical applications. A global civil navigation satellite system (GNSS) is required. The European Union (EU) has recognized the importance of satellite based navigation and its role for transportation in general and for the development of the Trans-European Network (TEN) in particular. It has therefore decided to become a major partner in the development of the GNSS. In this article a concept is proposed which starts with a European regional segment (ENSS) as an element for the integrated global system. This concept requires the establishment of international standards to enable seamless global service. It has the advantage of meeting both the particular demands of regions and civil user groups.     

Optimization of geosynchronous satellite constellation for independent regional navigation and positioning in Middle East region

Regional Navigation and positioning systems using geosynchronous satellites are emerging for different parts of the world. Optimal constellation geometry achievement for a set of geosynchronous satellites is a key sector in designing of such systems. Genetic algorithm is applied for optimization of constellations with 6 and 7 satellites which is to be used in Middle East region where these systems have been deprived of. Based on the fact that the coverage criterion is not sufficient enough to guarantee a good navigation service, positioning process by the satellite systems is discussed and the performance of the system on the basis of position dilution of precision is collected as the fitness criterion. Placing the satellites in groups to pass over the same ground track is applied as a constraint to the genetic algorithm. By simulation, performance of the best obtained results and GPS are compared in terms of position dilution of precision, visibility and the required epochs (time span) to resolve the ambiguities with a 99% success rate, in this region. Also, capability of the GA for such problems is demonstrated.     

基于INS辅助的GPS接收机完善性监测算法研究

以惯性导航系统输出的数据作为辅助信息 ,对 GPS完善性监测算法进行了研究。该法以卡尔曼滤波新息序列为依据 ,对 GPS卫星的伪距测量值是否出现故障进行的检测 ,并给出了计算机仿真算例。仿真结果表明 :该方法能够及时准确地检测出 GPS故障星     

基于气浮台的编队飞行地面试验建模与鲁棒控制器设计

为分析验证卫星编队飞行涉及的相对导航、制导与控制以及星间通信等问题,搭建了编队飞行的地面试验系统,采用了一块3m×4.5m的气浮平台和具有两个平动自由度和一个转动自由度的卫星仿真器分别来模拟低阻力的空间环境和编队飞行的卫星,相对导航采用了视觉相机和室内GPS两种方案,星间通信则通过蓝牙进行模拟。推导了描述仿真器间相对运动的包含参数不确定性的动力学模型,并基于此模型设计了带极点配置的鲁棒H∞控制算法,通过姿态同步和构型保持等仿真实验重点对编队飞行的相对导航、星间通信和相对状态控制进行分析验证,对实际的编队任务具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

我国卫星导航系统相关技术发展分析

卫星导航系统应用广泛,有利于促进国民经济的快速发展。本文在介绍国内卫星导航系统及其国内市场状况基础上,结合北斗卫星导航相关产业发展趋势,从组合导航、增强系统、时钟同步和定向解算等方面分析了北斗卫星导航系统的技术成果,并讨论了有助于提高北斗卫星导航系统精度的相关辅助技术的发展情况。最后结合我国国情和国内卫星导航系统相关技术特点,给出我国第二代卫星导航定位系统发展的若干建议。     

Geometry-free linear combinations for Galileo

Global navigation satellites of the European Galileo system transmit code signals on four carriers in the L1, E5a, E5b and E6 band.New geometry-free linear combinations are presented that eliminate the geometry terms (user to satellite ranges and orbital errors), the clock errors of the user and satellites and the tropospheric delay. The remaining parameters of these carrier phase combinations include integer ambiguities, ionospheric delays, carrier phase multipath and phase noise. The weighting coefficients are designed such that the integer nature of ambiguities is maintained. The use of four frequency combinations is highly recommended due to a noise reduction of up to 14.4 dB and an ionospheric reduction of up to 25.6 dB compared to two frequency geometry-free combinations.Moreover, a modified Least-squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) algorithm is suggested, which differs in two points from the traditional approach: the baseline is replaced by the ionospheric delay and the correlation is caused by linear combinations instead of double differences. For correct ambiguity resolution, the ionospheric delay can be determined with millimeter accuracy. This is quite beneficial as the ionosphere represents the largest source of error for absolute positioning.     

基于伪距、伪距率的GPS/SINS容错组合导航系统

为了提高组合导航系统的容错性和可靠性 ,本文采用基于伪距、伪距率的GPS/SINS组合导航系统 ,详细推导了该组合导航系统的模型 ,并通过仿真验证了当有效定位卫星数目小于四颗时 ,该组合方法仍可以利用GPS信息修正SINS的导航误差 ,满足一定的导航精度需求。并通过可观性分析 ,说明了不同有效卫星数目对导航精度的影响     

GPS/INS超紧耦合方法及其应用分析

超紧耦合是GPS/INS组合导航系统的最新研究方向,它采用INS测得的载体动态信息辅助GPS接收机跟踪环路,消除卫星信号中由于载体与卫星之间相对运动所产生的频率偏移,提高接收机在高动态环境下载波跟踪性能,同时还可以压缩带宽,有效增强接收机抗干扰性能。介绍GPS/INS超紧耦合技术,给出INS辅助GPS载波跟踪环路结构图和相应的数学模型,分析INS辅助GPS跟踪环路在动态环境下的动态残留及其对环路相位误差的影响,并进行了模型仿真,最后对仿真结果进行了验证分析。仿真结果显示,辅助动态残留及其导致的环路相位误差的大小与加加速度、环路辅助时间间隔成正比。     

多星座组合导航系统自主完好性监测方法研究

提出一种“VGC BIT”的方法分析多故障情况下多星座组合导航系统的自主完好性监测性能。该方法基于现有GPS观测数据构建“准现实”的GPS/Galileo组合导航环境,可有效实现对多故障情况下GPS/Galileo组合系统完好性监测性能的分析。应用该方法计算GPS/Galileo组合导航系统中同时存在1~4个故障时的故障检测(FD)和排除(FDE)可用率。计算结果表明,在北京和上海两地,即使出现分布情况最坏的4个故障星,航路阶段FD和FDE的可用性仍大于99%。     

北斗地基增强系统国产民机试飞性能评估

由于GPS在国际上的技术和标准优势,目前在民用航空领域使用的星基导航大多为GPS。随着我国民航领域的蓬勃发展和北斗卫星导航系统宣告全球组网成功,亟需开展北斗地基增强系统在民航领域的应用性能评估,以验证其是否可满足民航飞机对卫星导航系统的要求。针对民航飞机的I类精密进近过程,梳理了该航段中国际民航组织对卫星导航系统的性能需求,推导了北斗地基增强系统垂直保护级计算数学模型,制定了搭载试飞试验的加改装方案和飞行科目,在国产某型号民机上开展了北斗地基增强系统搭载试飞试验,并对定位精度和垂直保护级进行了分析评估。结果表明：在搭载试飞试验中,北斗地基增强系统可满足I类精密进近对卫星导航系统垂直精度的需求,同时系统不存在告警和误警。