北斗导航系统的快速选星算法研究

为解决卫星导航系统定位精度与实时性的矛盾,文章以北斗卫星导航定位系统为研究对象,针对基于高度角和方位角的快速选星算法进行研究,通过仿真对比最佳几何误差因子法得到的几何精度因子(GDOP)值与基于高度角和方位角的快速选星算法得到的GDOP值以及它们的计算复杂度,从而验证该方法的可行性及更好的实时性。同时,通过对比3个星历时刻中不同的顶座星和底座星数目的各种组合及其对应的GDOP值,得到该算法中顶座星和底座星数目的最佳选取方案。     

北斗与Globalstar融合系统的性能分析

近年来随着全球导航卫星系统的发展,多种导航卫星系统的组合使用成为卫星导航领域的一个研究热点。文章提出由导航系统与通信系统相融合的设计思想,以北斗(简称BD)导航定位系统与全球星系统融合为例,分析融合系统的定位性能。着重从可见星数目和GDOP的角度对定位精度进行仿真分析,与单纯的BD导航定位系统的定位精度对比,得出融合系统定位精度更高、性能更好的结论。     

多星座组合导航自适应信息融合滤波算法

针对多星座卫星组合导航,提出了一种双重自适应联合卡尔曼滤波算法,采用描述机动载体运动的"当前"统计模型,首先建立一种基于载体加速度方差自适应的动态定位卡尔曼滤波模型,并分别对GPS,GLONASS和GALILEO系统设计相应的自适应子滤波器,然后采用有重置的联合自适应滤波器对各个子滤波器进行数据融合处理,各子滤波器的信息分配系数根据各卫星导航系统输出的几何精度因子(GDOP)进行自适应调节.通过对GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO多星座组合导航系统的仿真,分析对比了加权平均滤波、常规联合滤波和本文提出的双重自适应滤波.结果表明:该双重自适应算法有效提高了组合导航系统的精度和可靠性,能更好地适应于量测噪声不断变化的卫星组合导航系统.     

卫星导航系统功率增强对区域定位服务性能的影响分析

在导航战中,卫星功率增强技术是提高战区军用接收设备抗干扰性能的重要措施。文中以walker 27/3/1 星座为例,以满足战区中心4颗可见卫星的最小定位要求为目标,提出基于最优GDOP值准则和基于最少切换次数准则的两种卫星功率增强策略,从卫星功率增强区域的覆盖性、可用性以及控制的复杂性三个方面,仿真分析并比较了两种卫星功率增强策略下的定位服务性能。仿真结果表明,实施卫星功率增强在保证目标区域具备全时段服务能力的同时,还将对全球10～20%的区域形成部分时段覆盖,基于最优GDOP值准则的卫星功率增强策略和基于最少切换次数准则的卫星功率增强策略分别在GDOP值分布和控制复杂性方面具有优势,鉴于上述两种功率增强策略的特点及存在的不足,本文最后提出了一种折中考虑控制复杂度和服务性能的改进方案。     

统一S波段卫星测控系统的仿真实现

通过分析统一S波段(USB)卫星测控系统工作原理,设计了USB测控系统的仿真结构,对USB测控系统的接收与发射进行了仿真实现,并对仿真信号、采样率、组合干扰、锁相环、滤波器等几个关键问题进行了分析.该仿真设计为卫星测控系统的研制提供了仿真论证基础.     

基于GNSS的高轨飞行器定轨研究

针对高轨道飞行器的定轨问题开展研究,对导航星的空间可见性和信号可用性进行了分析,针对单一系统无法满足定轨需求,提出了多系统互操作的组合定位方法:一方面可以有效增加可见卫星数量,改善卫星几何结构图形,提高卫星定位精度;另一方面,填补单一系统存在覆盖盲区问题,扩大了系统的应用领域。同时,给出了多系统数据融合算法解决GNSS进行高轨飞行器定位的相关问题,最后,通过仿真证明分析模型、方法的可行性。     

GPS／惯性组合导航系统导航性能的仿真与分析

本文从卡尔曼滤波的基本原理和几何精度因子GDOP的物理意义出发,并结合实例的仿真计算结果,讨论GPS/惯性组合导航系统的定位和测速精度。结果表明:由于位置和速度的双重组合,且由于卡尔曼滤波具有利用以前所有测量值的能力,以及综合利用GPS和惯导信息的能力,所以组合系统的精度虽仍与GDOP有关,但却高于单独利用GPS接收机点解法得到的定位和测速精度,其中定位精度的提高更为显著。     

基于WGS-84地球模型的单星测向定位方法

在考虑卫星姿态和WGS-84椭球地球模型条件下,提出了一种基于目标卯酉圈半径迭代的测向定位新方法,并推导了存在测向误差条件下定位误差的克拉美-罗下限(CRLB).仿真表明,该方法的定位性能在测向误差不是特别大时可以达到CRLB,而且卫星的姿态对定位误差的几何精度因子(GDOP)有一定影响.     

基于UKF的微小卫星姿态确定方法研究

围绕某日-地空间环境组网探测系统中三轴稳定微小卫星定姿分系统的设计需求,基于陀螺、太阳敏感器、磁强计和星敏感器4种敏感器,研究了微小卫星在速率阻尼模式、太阳捕获模式、对日对地定向及维持模式、试验模式下的系统建模方法,以及基于Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的组合定姿方法。数值仿真结果表明,本文定姿方法的姿态确定精度满足该系统中三轴稳定微小卫星在轨运行的定姿精度要求,为该微小卫星半物理仿真系统的研究及其在轨运行时的姿态确定提供了依据。     

天基红外低轨星座的传感器管理方法

针对天基红外低轨卫星与目标高速相对运动以及导弹防御系统的特点,分析了天基红外低轨星座传感器管理的模型。根据只测角观测模型,使用GDOP作为控制跟踪精度的因子,综合考虑多目标观测成功率、卫星交接次数、传感器调度延迟以及实时运算等条件,使用单步前向预测的动态闭环控制结构进行传感器管理。仿真结果表明,提出的算法能够对天基红外低轨星座的传感器进行有效管理。     

Orbital evolution of the first upper stages used for the new European and Chinese navigation satellite systems

The solutions adopted for the disposal of the upper stages used to put in orbit the first satellites of the new European (Galileo) and Chinese (Beidou) navigation constellations were analyzed. The orbit evolution of the rocket bodies was modeled for 200 years, taking into account all relevant perturbations, and the chosen disposal options were evaluated in terms of their long-term consequences for the debris environment. The results obtained, when applicable, were also discussed in the context of the eccentricity instability problem, pointed out in previous studies. In addition, the long-term evolution of the fragments resulting from a Beidou rocket body breakup, and of simulated high area-to-mass ratio objects released in the disposal orbits of the first two Galileo upper stages, was investigated.Eight out of ten Beidou upper stages were found to have an orbital lifetime <25 years and the other two resulted in a dwell time of approximately 6 years below 2000 km. It was also found that the perigee heights of the two upper stages used to deploy the first Galileo test spacecraft will remain more than 169 km above the constellation nominal altitude, never crossing the existing or planned navigation systems. In spite of an inclination resonance possibly leading to the exponential growth of the eccentricity over several decades, the optimal choice of the disposal orbital elements was able to prevent such an outcome, by maintaining the orbit nearly circular. Therefore, the upper stage disposal strategies used so far for Beidou and Galileo have generally been quite successful in averting the long-term interference of such rocket bodies with the navigation constellations, provided that accidental breakups are prevented.     

高低轨双星时频差无源定位精度

高低轨卫星联合定位是提高地面辐射源无源定位精度的有效方法。从时差基线、速度差增加方面分析了高低轨双星定位精度相对同轨卫星定位精度高的原因,推导出高低轨双星时频差定位误差分布表达式,分析了高低轨联合定位适用的时频差测量方法及其测量精度。仿真分析结果表明:在低轨卫星星下点附近较大范围内,定位精度达到百米量级。验证了双星相对位置变化、时频差测量误差、高低轨卫星自身位置速度测量误差等因素对高低轨双星定位精度的影响。     

Post-disposal orbital evolution of satellites and upper stages used by the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations: The long-term impact on the Medium Earth Orbit environment

The long-term evolution and environmental impact in MEO of all the abandoned spacecraft and upper stages associated with the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations were analyzed. The orbits of the disposed objects, as of 1 May 2011, were propagated for 200 years and snapshots of their evolving distribution were obtained, together with an estimation of the changing collision probability with the spacecraft of the operational navigation systems existing or planned in MEO, i.e., GLONASS, GPS, Beidou and Galileo. The probability that the abandoned objects considered will collide with the operational spacecraft of the navigation constellations is very low, even taking into account the intrinsic eccentricity instability of the disposal orbits. Assuming the present or envisaged configuration of the constellations in MEO, the probability of collision, integrated over 200 years, would be <1/300 with a GLONASS spacecraft, <1/15,000 with a GPS or Beidou spacecraft, and <1/250,000 with a Galileo spacecraft. The worst disposal strategy consists in abandoning satellites and upper stages close to the altitude of the operational constellation (GLONASS), while a re-orbiting a few hundred km away (GPS) is able to guarantee an effective long-term dilution of the collision risk, irrespective of the eccentricity instability due to geopotential and luni-solar perturbations. The disposal strategies applied so far to the GPS satellites should be able to guarantee for at least a few centuries a sustainable MEO environment free of collisions among intact objects. Consequently, there would be no need to adopt disposal schemes targeting also the optimal value of the eccentricity vector. However, it should be pointed out that the GPS disposal strategy was devised well in advance of the Beidou constellation announcement, so most of the abandoned satellites were re-orbited fairly close to the altitude of the new Chinese system. A new re-orbiting approach will be therefore needed in the future.     

一种无源北斗/惯导闭环组合算法

提出了一种北斗卫星定位系统和惯性导航系统的组合导航无源定位算法。以伪距率为观测量,基于高稳定度用户时钟,结合北斗系统的热备份星,在三星共视下用两级卡尔曼滤波器对惯导进行闭环校正。给出了组合导航系统的构成,以及第一、二级滤波的数学模型。该法能根据收星情况在闭环与开环方式间稳定转换。仿真结果表明,此算法可提高丢星时组合导航系统的滤波定位精度,有效校正惯导的姿态误差角,并以较高的精度估计用户的三维速度。     

The challenges facing Galileo

Study of the nascent European satellite navigation system, Galileo, is well underway and a decision by the EU Council of Ministers on whether to proceed with the test satellites is expected by late 2000. Although some believe that current systems, most notably the US GPS, make it unnecessary, the history of satellite navigation so far provides some justification for a European system. Nevertheless, Galileo faces a number of challenges if it is to succeed. These include not only the technical specifications for a new generation of navigation satellites and the ground structure, but also a coherent business plan for funding the launch, operation and maintenance of the system. Lastly, one has to consider the compatibility and interoperability of Galileo with the existing GPS and Glonass satellite systems, as well as the likely competition from GSM and (third generation) UMTS mobile services.     

适用于CEI的GEO卫星相时延解算方法及试验

为解决在实际航天任务中利用连线干涉测量(CEI)技术进行高精度GEO卫星定轨以及共位GEO卫星相对定位时面临的载波相位整周模糊度难题，提出了一种基于卫星下行信号的多弧段融合相位模糊度解算方法，它通过相邻多弧段载波相位值和窄带信号群时延值的融合处理可精确获得无模糊载波相时延观测量。对提出的方法进行了性能仿真和实际外场试验验证，结果表明：在20 km基线上，利用北斗GEO卫星的伪码测距信号和天链卫星的测控信号均成功实现了S频段解载波整周相位模糊，相时延测量精度优于0.1ns，对应GEO卫星定轨精度优于54 m。该方法在国内首次实现了在几十km基线量级上利用几百kHz窄带测控信号获得无模糊载波相时延，具有较好的工程应用前景。     

双星定位法与北斗1号卫星导航系统

简要介绍了基于双星定位法的北斗 1号卫星导航系统的原理。     

MBOC调制及Simulink仿真

MBOC（6,1,1／11）是Galileo和GPS系统的互操作导航信号调制方式。文章在介绍MBOC调制实现方式的基础上,对MBOC调制进行Simulink建模并进行实时动态仿真,仿真得到的功率谱和相关函数表明MBOC调制信号有着比BOC（1,1）调制更好的性能,并且能够实现GPS和Galileo系统的兼容与互操作。     

一种高精度定量方式在上面级加注系统中的应用

简述了发射北斗导航卫星时上面级加注系统的精度要求以及常规航天推进剂加注系统精度实际情况。为了满足上面级加注系统的高精度要求，引入了一种全新的地面定量方式，即电子秤和气体质量流量控制器联合系统定量方式，并对这种全新的定量方式进行了详细分析和理论计算。分析和试验结果表明，该定量方式正确可行，定量精度高，满足上面级对加注系统高精度的要求。