基于光学测角数据的风云四号同步轨道卫星精密定轨

针对风云四号同步卫星的精密定轨和精度评估需求,首先利用地面光学测角数据对FY-4A卫星进行精密定轨,定轨后方位角和高度角的残差rms分别为0.25＂和0.45＂。与基于测距数据的轨道相比,位置精度在有测角数据的弧段内小于50m。进一步联合测角数据和测距数据对FY-4A卫星进行联合定轨,定轨后轨道重叠精度优于15m。利用联合定轨结果评估了基于测距数据的实时轨道产品精度,可以明显发现轨道精度随着测距数据的积累而逐步提高。     

基于测速定轨的轨道参数精度分析

利用误差传播关系,比较了测速体制下逐点定轨算法和多项式定轨算法的精度,为多项式和样条算法在测速定轨体制中的应用提供理论依据。利用逐点及多项式算法对两条典型轨道进行性能计算,结果表明:多项式算法能获得比逐点算法更高精度的轨道参数,且该算法数据结构简单、具有一定的实时性。     

星载GPS低轨卫星几何法精密定轨研究

本文讨论了星载ＧＰＳ接收机为单频情形的代轨卫星几何法定轨,包括载波一相对定轨法和动态网定轨法,并利用Ｔｏｐｅｘ／Ｐｏｓｅｉｄｏｎ卫星星载ＧＰＳ实测数据中Ｌ１载波相位观测值进行验证,结果表明,载波相位相对定轨精度与地面基准站的观测质量有关,其三轨道位置精度为分米级;载波相位动态风定轨精度介于各基准站皮相位相对定轨之间,它相当于在各基准站相对定轨之间加权均衡,而且提高了定轨的可靠性。     

基于固定模糊度PPP的低轨卫星实时精密定轨

传统动力学定轨法受制于动力学模型精度，传统几何定轨法精度受限，只能达到亚米级，而基于精密单点定位（PPP）模式的几何定轨法一般采用浮点解，定轨精度及可靠性较基于双差模式的相对定位较差。为提高PPP模式低轨定轨的定位性能，利用中国区域内外的IGS测站计算出当前所有卫星的宽巷和窄巷相位小数偏差产品，对经过中国大陆区域上空的国产低轨卫星海洋二号（HY-2）和资源三号 (ZY-3) 卫星进行固定模糊度PPP的定轨解算，与事后精密轨道结果进行比较，分析其外符合精度。结果表明：仅利用约10min弧段的HY-2和ZY-3卫星数据，切向与径向的定轨精度可达2cm左右，法向为5cm左右，较浮点解定轨精度大幅提升。基于固定模糊度PPP的定轨方法能够满足厘米级的实时精密定轨。     

卫星与测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星精密定轨

在基于伪距的GEO卫星精密定轨中, GEO卫星的静地特性导致定轨解算无法对星地组合钟差进行有效估计, 需要独立的时间同步支持. 本文讨论了卫星和测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星定轨原理, 利用仿真数据系统地分析了中国区域网跟踪条件下GEO卫星的定轨精度, 从定性和定量角度分析了钟差二次项、星地时间同步精度、站间时间同步精度及系统差等因素对定轨精度的影响.      

基于自适应滤波的编队卫星实时相对定轨

提出基于自适应滤波的编队卫星实时相对定轨算法,利用2005-12-09—10两颗GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）卫星的GPS（Global Positioning System）实测数据进行实时相对定轨试验计算,采用JPL（Jet Propulsion Laboratory）轨道对试验结果外部检核,结果表明:①自适应滤波相对定轨通过自适应因子,可以较好地平衡编队卫星的观测信息和相对动力学信息,其相对定轨结果精度优于Kalman滤波相对定轨结果;②自适应滤波相对定轨结果随着星间基线缩短而精度提高;③两颗GRACE卫星采用单频伪距和广播星历进行自适应滤波相对定轨,可以得到精度优于6cm的星间基线。     

空间引力波探测器轨道确定及仿真分析

针对空间引力波探测器的精密轨道确定问题,选取LISA(Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)作为研究对象,建立了探测器的目标仿真环境,模拟生成美国深空网(Deep Space Network,DSN)和中国深空网(China Deep Space Network,CDSN)在不同测站下的测距测速数据,采用非线性加权最小二乘(Weighted Least Squares,WLS)和蒙特卡洛方法(Monte Carlo,MC)分析跟踪弧长、测轨数据类型、测站数量及其分布等因素对LISA探测器定轨精度的影响。仿真结果表明:①增加测站的定轨弧长,可有效提高轨道确定精度,当跟踪弧段达到20 d时,探测器位置确定精度可达92 m;②在现有测量精度条件下,测距信息对定轨精度的贡献较大,测距/测速组合定轨方式与仅利用测距、测速定轨相比,估计的位置精度分别提高了32.23%、99.52%;③采用多测控网定轨模式可以提高多站共视比率,有利于提高定轨精度和收敛速度,DSN/CDSN联合定轨比仅采用DSN定轨的平均位置精度提高43.73%。     

基于经验加速度的低轨卫星轨道预报新方法

研究将定轨过程中的经验加速度应用于地球低轨卫星轨道预报的新方法. 利用GPS伪距观测数据和简化动力学最小二乘批处理方法对地球低轨卫星定 轨, 其中卫星位置、速度及大气阻力系数和辐射光压系数可以直接用于轨道预报. 作为简化动力学最重要特征的经验加速度呈现准周期、余弦曲线特点, 可通过 傅里叶级数拟合建模. 确定性动力学模型与补偿大气阻力模型误差的切向经验 加速度级数拟合模型组成增强型动力学模型用于提高轨道预报精度. 应用 GRACE-A星载GPS伪距观测数据和IGS超快星历定轨并进行轨道预报, 结果表明 轨道预报初值位置精度达到0.2m, 速度精度达到1×10-4m·s-1, 预报3天位置精度优于60m, 比只利用确定性动力学模型进行预报精度平 均提高2.3倍. 先定轨后预报的模式可用在星上自主精确导航系统中.      

基于单频星载GPS数据的低轨卫星精密定轨

为满足搭载单频GPS接收机低轨卫星的精密定轨需求以及深化单频定轨研究,文中解决了单频星载GPS数据的周跳探测问题,并利用“海洋二号”（HY-2A）卫星及“资源三号”（ZY-3）卫星的单频星载GPS实测数据采用两种方法确定了二者的简化动力学轨道,并通过观测值残差分析、与双频精密轨道比较、激光测卫数据检核等方法对所得轨道精度进行评定。结果表明,在不考虑电离层延迟影响的情况下,HY-2A卫星定轨精度为2~3dm,ZY-3卫星为1m左右;而采用半和改正组合消除电离层延迟一阶项影响后,二者定轨精度均显著提高,HY-2A卫星三维精度提高至1dm左右,ZY-3卫星提高至1~2dm。文章的研究成果表明,搭载单频GPS接收机的低轨卫星也可获得厘米级的定轨精度。     

基于机动力模型的GEO卫星恢复期间定轨

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)中GEO卫星频繁的轨道机动对高精度、实时不间断的导 航服务需求提出了更高要求, 如何在短弧跟踪条件下提高GEO卫星轨道快速 恢复能力, 是提升导航系统服务精度的关键因素. 针对该问题, 本文提出了基 于机动力模型的动力学定轨方法, 尝试利用高精度的C波段转发式测距数据, 辅 以机动期间的遥测遥控信息建立机动力模型, 联合轨控前后的观测数据进行动 力学长弧定轨. 利用BDS中GEO卫星实测数据进行了定轨试验与分析, 结果表明, 恢复期间需要采用解算机动推力的定轨方法, 联合机动前、机动期间和机 动后4h数据定轨的轨道位置精度在20m量级, 径向精度优于2.5m. 该方 法克服了短弧跟踪条件下动力学法定轨和单点定位中的诸多问题, 提供了解决 GEO卫星机动后轨道快速恢复问题的技术方法.      

Onboard orbit determination using GPS observations based on the unscented Kalman filter

Spaceborne GPS receivers are used for real-time navigation by most low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. In general, the position and velocity accuracy of GPS navigation solutions without a dynamic filter are 25 m (1σ) and 0.5 m/s (1σ), respectively. However, GPS navigation solutions, which consist of position, velocity, and GPS receiver clock bias, have many abnormal excursions from the normal error range for space operation. These excursions lessen the accuracy of attitude control and onboard time synchronization. In this research, a new onboard orbit determination algorithm designed with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was developed to improve the performance. Because the UKF is able to obtain the posterior mean and covariance accurately by using the second-order Taylor series expansion through the sampled sigma points that are propagated by using the true nonlinear system, its performance can be better than that of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), which uses the linearized state transition matrix to predict the covariance. The dynamic models for orbit propagation applied perturbations due to the 40 × 40 geo-potential, the gravity of the Sun and Moon, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag. The 7(8)th-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration was applied for orbit propagation. Two types of observations, navigation solutions and C/A code pseudorange, can be used at the user’s discretion. The performances of the onboard orbit determination were verified using real GPS data of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites. The results of the orbit determination were compared with the precision orbit ephemeris (POE) of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites.     

“嫦娥二号”小行星探测试验定轨计算与分析

嫦娥二号于2012-04-15开展对图塔蒂斯小行星的探测试验,至2012-12-13与图塔蒂斯交会,共飞行243 d,这是我国对小行星的首次探测.因为未安装星载导航设备,CE-2 在小行星探测试验的全过程均基于地基USB（Unified S-Band）与甚长基线干涉测量技术（VLBI,Very Long Baseline Interferometry）测量实现导航.对小行星探测期间的定轨计算及精度分析进行了讨论,对我国新建深空站的测量数据进行了分析.针对交会前最后一次轨道机动后,仅有13 d控后数据的现状,提出了快速轨道重建策略.计算结果表明该策略不仅可以有效改进定轨计算精度,还可以实现轨控速度增量的标定.基于重叠弧段的轨道分析比较表明,单独使用USB长弧数据计算可以获得10 km的定轨精度,综合USB与VLBI数据联合定轨,定轨精度可以提高1倍.     

Analysis of laser ranges and angular measurements data fusion for space debris orbit determination

In the framework of space debris, the orbit determination process is a fundamental step, both, for researchers and for satellite operators. The accurate knowledge of the orbit of space debris objects is needed to allow space debris characterization studies and to avoid unnecessary collision avoidance maneuvers.The accuracy of the results of an orbit determination process depends on several factors as the number, the accuracy, the kind of processed measurements, their distribution along the orbit, and the object-observer relative geometry. When the observation coverage of the target orbit is not homogeneous, the accuracy of the orbit determination can be improved processing different kind of observables. Recent studies showed that the satellite laser ranging technique can be successfully applied to space debris.In this paper, we will investigate the benefits of using laser ranges and angular measurements for the orbit determination process. We will analyze the influence of the number of used observations, of the covered arc of orbit, of each observable, and of the observation geometry on the estimated parameters. Finally, using data acquired on short observation arcs, we analyze the achievable accuracies for the orbital regimes with the highest space debris density, and to the consequences of the data fusion on catalog maintenance operations. The results shown are obtained using only real data (both angular and laser measurements) provided by sensors of the Swiss Optical Ground Station and Geodynamics Observatory Zimmerwald owned by the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) and for some studies also using ranges provided from other stations of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

对一种月球与火星探测多程微波测量链路定轨定位的数值模拟初步分析

轨道器精密定轨与着陆器的精确定位在深空探测任务中具有非常重要的科学意义。对一种月球与火星探测多程微波测量链路的定轨定位能力进行了初步仿真分析,推导了这种多程微波测量链路的测量模型,分析了该模型的优势。模拟仿真分析结果表明,此测量跟踪模式的数据具有提升轨道精度的潜在能力,并且同时求得着陆器的位置。定量分析表明,在考虑坐标系转换误差,重力场误差,行星历表误差以及星上转发误差的情况下,模拟1 mm/s的噪声,对于月球探测器来说,轨道器的定轨精度可达几米,着陆器的定位精度有望达到分米量级;对于火星探测器来说,轨道器的定轨精度可达到数10 m,着陆器的定位精度可达到几米。     

“嫦娥4号”中继星任务轨道确定问题初探

"嫦娥4号"任务将采用着陆器、巡视器和绕飞地月拉格朗日L2点中继星进行月球背面的探测,中继星已先期发射,进入环绕地月L2点的晕(Halo)轨道。在中继星使命轨道动力学模型的基础上,通过相关仿真工作,开展了中继星在Halo轨道上的摄动源量级及影响定轨预报的主要因素分析,结果表明:太阳光压摄动是其主要影响因素。为降低其相关影响,提高定轨精度,在太阳光压球模型的基础上,结合中继星在轨运行特点及其星体结构特点,提出了一种求解光压等效面积的方法。经仿真分析,使用修正后的太阳光压球模型进行定轨求解,速度精度可提升约一个量级。     

低轨飞行器利用GPS定轨的算法研究

详细讨论了低轨飞行器利用ＧＰＳ系统定轨的原理和方法。分析了低轨飞行器选星时应考虑的问题,并根据导航星及用户模型进行了选星试验;探讨了利用最小二乘法进行解算定轨;详细分析了卡尔曼滤波算法,针对低轨飞行器提出了一个九状态卡尔曼滤波模型,并在此基础上进行了仿真模拟计算。另外,根据用户对电源能量和可靠性的特殊要求,提出了一种比较实用的定轨方法。仿真结果表明,提出的方法在精度上满足用户的要求,适合于工程实际应用。     

附加先验轨道约束的LEO几何法实时精密定轨验证分析

低轨卫星的实时精密定轨能够极大拓展其完成复杂科学任务的能力,例如实时环境监测、机动控制和卫星自主导航等.本文根据几何法实时精密定轨模型,提出了附加LEO先验轨道约束从而改善实时定轨的精度、收敛速度和稳定性的构想.分别采用广播星历、超快速星历预报部分和实时精密星历,设计了6种实时定轨方案,并利用Swarm-A,B,C星7天的观测数据进行方案验证与分析.结果表明,使用广播星历、IGU和IGC星历的方案精度递增,附加先验轨道约束能够进一步提升精度.使用IGC星历并附加标准差为1m的先验轨道约束后,在径向、切向和法向的定轨精度分别达到6.12cm,5.55cm和4.98cm.此外,附加先验轨道约束能够显著提升收敛速度,使用IGC星历平均收敛时间约为31min,附加标准差为1m的先验轨道约束后收敛仅需约4min.