飞机外挂物投放轨迹捕获的数值模拟研究

本文结合飞机外挂物投放时的运动规律,通过利用复杂外形网格生成技术、六自由度动网格技术和对三维N—S方程的求解实现对外挂物投放时的运动轨迹的数值模拟,分析了不同时间步长对外挂物运动轨迹的影响。     

基于动态嵌套网格的飞行器外挂物投放的数值模拟

运用Euler方程和六自由度动力学方程数值模拟了外挂物投放的气动特性与运行姿态和轨迹。为了模拟外挂物从飞行器分离后的绕流特性和相对运动，采用了动态嵌套网格技术，并发展了一种洞边界建立和外边点的插值单元搜寻蛇行法，提高了计算效率。通过算例，证明了本文方法的有效性和合理性。     

飞机外挂物投放风洞与飞行相关性研究思路探讨

从飞机外挂物投放风洞试验现状出发,综合分析动力相似法、捕获轨迹法和网格法3种方法的不同特点及其影响真实模拟的因素,探讨飞机外挂物投放与飞行相关性修正体系研究思路,为飞机外挂物投放设计研究提供参考。     

飞机外挂物投放安全性的参数影响分析

研究了飞机在不同飞行高度、速度和姿态下,不同外挂物质量对投放安全性的影响。采用CFD方法计算外挂物所受气动力,通过六自由度刚体动力学方程计算外挂物的投放轨迹和姿态变化。准定常方法在计算外挂物下落轨迹的每个步长内,认为外挂物和载机都处在定常流场中,载机在投放过程中保持原有运动状态。通过算例给出了典型外挂物在不同速度、高度、姿态下投放的运动轨迹,分析了对安全投放有重要影响的因素,提出了减少外挂物投放风险的建议。     

RBF整体网格变形技术与多体轨迹仿真

在多体分离的CFD动态轨迹仿真中,计算网格需要准确刻画固壁边界之间幅度很大的相对运动。理想的状况是采用整体网格,在不增删网格节点和不改变原网格拓扑结构的条件下,通过网格变形来刻画多体边界间的相对运动。为此,以先前发展的径向基函数(RBF)网格变形技术为基础,通过引入一种改进的拉普拉斯光顺算法,大幅改善了单独RBF网格变形技术在处理大幅度边界位移时的网格质量下降和网格拓扑破坏问题,成功实现了多体分离中的超大幅度网格变形。在改进的拉普拉斯算法中,针对四面体、三棱柱、六面体、金字塔四种网格单元类型提出了一套统一的网格质量评估标准,并将其用于非结构混合网格下的拉普拉斯光顺。通过耦合求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程和刚体六自由度运动方程,利用典型跨声速下机翼与外挂物分离问题对以上网格变形和光顺技术进行验证,将计算获得的外挂物投放过程的空间位置、姿态角和气动力与风洞实验结果进行了对比分析,结果显示:在不采用网格嵌套和局部重生的前提下,与改进的拉普拉斯光顺相结合的RBF网格变形技术可以有效地解决多体分离过程中的网格大幅度变形问题,且网格质量能够满足精确刻画外挂物投放飞行轨迹的要求。     

基于非结构重叠网格的二维外挂物投放模拟

本文发展了基于非结构重叠网格的动态网格技术,并提出了新的相邻单元搜索算法。非结构重叠网格集非结构网格和重叠网格的优点于一身,适合处理复杂外形和多体相对运动问题。新的相邻单元搜索算法在碰到物面时能继续搜索下去,搜索效率大大提高。非定常Euler方程的求解,采用有限体积法,时间上采用双时间步长推进。为验证算法的有效性,先对绕振荡NACA0012翼形的流动进行了模拟;然后通过耦合求解刚体三自由度运动方程,模拟了二维外挂物投放过程,结果表明非结构重叠网格在处理多体相对问题时具有优越性。     

外挂物投放技术的数值模拟

应用Icemcfd和Cart3d软件对飞机投放外挂物的流场进行了数值模拟：对欧拉方程用有限体积法进行离散，运用自动及人工干预网格细化、多重网格技术的加速收敛、自动位置和网格更新的六自由度投掷分析，得到外挂物的分离轨迹。计算结果与AEDC的试验结果作对比，两者吻合较好。     

直升机外挂物投放安全性研究

以直升机投放外挂副油箱为例,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法开展了直升机外挂物投放安全性计算研究。采用动态网格技术模拟外挂物副油箱与直升机的相对运动,计算研究了外挂副油箱空气舵、直升机旋翼下洗流和飞行状态对外挂副油箱投放安全性的影响规律。计算结果表明,增加空气舵有利于外挂副油箱的安全投放,但空气舵并不是越大越好;直升机旋翼下洗流对外挂副油箱投放的影响并不总是正面的,这取决于直升机飞行状态,故其影响不容忽视;而直升机的飞行速度越低、迎角越小、侧滑角绝对值越小,越有利于外挂副油箱的安全投放。     

基于Tcl/tk语言的外挂投放并行数值模拟流程集成方案

用Tcl/Tk脚本语言将非结构网格自动生成,欧拉方程并行求解和六自由度运动方程求解等环节集成为一个完整的外挂投放模拟系统,并针对AEDC弹翼分离算例,模拟并预测了外挂投放的流场和导弹投放后的弹道轨迹。数值试验结果证明了此集成方案的可行性。     

飞行器外挂投放数值模拟

采用非结构重叠网格Euler方程的CFD方法数值模拟了外挂投放。该方法在重叠网格"挖洞"时,以"离壁面距离"为挖洞判据;在建立重叠区域插值关系时,对Neighbor to Neighbor(N2N)和Alternating Digital Tree(ADT)两种方法的效率进行了比较。采用机翼/挂架/带舵外挂物模型开展了验证计算。在此基础上,完成了某飞行器外挂投放的初步计算。     

超声速条件下内埋式武器分离特性的数值分析

采用非结构动网格技术,耦合求解欧拉方程和六自由度(6-DOF)运动方程,对内埋式导弹在亚声速和超声速条件下的分离轨迹和姿态变化进行了比较,分析了不同马赫数下气动力对导弹分离特性的影响,重点讨论了超声速条件下导弹分离过程中相对于载机的位置和导弹的姿态变化情况,分析了超声速飞行环境下导弹安全分离的条件.     

初始投放条件对内埋式导弹分离轨迹的影响

采用有限体积法对欧拉方程进行离散,耦合求解六自由度运动方程,运用非结构动网格技术计算了导弹在三种不同初始条件下从三维开式弹穴中投放后的分离轨迹和姿态变化情况,分析了各种现象产生的原因,给出了较为理想的内埋式导弹发射方式。     

Trajectory and attitude deviations for internal store separation due to unsteady and quasi-steady test method

The deviations of trajectory and attitude angle for internal store separation are evaluated by two wind tunnel test methods. One is the Freedrop Test(FDT), which is known as unsteady and time-dependent method of scaled model. The other is the Captive Trajectory System(CTS) test,which is usually regarded as a quasi-steady and time-averaged test technology. The result shows that there is a streamwise adverse pressure gradient on the cavity resulting in a nose-up pitching moment coefficient(>0) ...     

用非结构动网格方法模拟有相对运动的多体绕流

发展了用于模拟有相对运动的多体非定常绕流，并计算由流场决定的外弹道的数值方法。该方法采用非结构动网格，显式NND有限体 格式，求解非定常Euler方程，并耦合了刚体动力学方程，作为例证，计算了俯仰振动的NACA0012翼型绕流，计算结果与实验及文献结果吻合，最后，整个策略用于计算二维机翼－外挂物分离流场，并确定了外挂物下落轨迹。     

Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.     

Optimization and verification of free flight separation similarity law in high-speed wind tunnel

Based on the similarity of separation time, a similarity law optimization method for high-speed weapon delivery test is derived. The typical separation state under wind load is simulated by the numerical method. The real separation data of aircraft, separation data of previous test methods, separation data of ideal wind tunnel test of previous methods, and simulation data of the proposed optimization method are obtained. A comparison of the data shows that the method proposed can improve the performance of tracking. Similarity law optimization starts with the development of motion equations and dynamic equations in the windless state to address the problems of mismatching between vertical and horizontal displacement, and to address the problems of separation trajectory distortion caused by insufficient gravity acceleration of the scaling model of existing light model. The ejection velocity of the model is taken as a factor/vector, and is adjusted reasonably to compensate the linear displacement insufficiency caused by the insufficient vertical acceleration of the light model method, so as to ensure the matching of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the projectile, and to improve the consistency between the test results of high-speed projection and the actual separation trajectory. The optimized similarity law is applicable to many existing free-throwing modes of high-speed wind tunnels. The optimized similarity law is not affected by the ejection velocity and hanging mode of the projectile. The optimized similarity law is suitable not only for the launching of the buried ammunition compartment and external stores, but also for the test design of projectile launching and gravity separation.     

临近空间高速飞行器抛罩过程的动网格方法对比

飞行器抛罩是一个复杂的动力学、流体力学耦合问题,涉及六自由度运动方程与N-S方程的耦合求解,其中动网格非定常计算是关键技术。针对二维临近空间高速飞行器,将耦合过程简化为匀速旋转抛罩,对比分析了光顺重构法、重叠网格法、域动分层法三种工程易行的动网格方法的仿真结果,并得到如下结论:三种方法在整流罩关闭状态下的定常流场结果一致,均能捕捉到非定常开罩过程的典型特征,得到正确的起动结果;在非定常过程中光顺重构法的分离区吞入速度慢于重叠网格法和域动分层法;重叠网格法的计算通用性最好,域动分层法的计算速度最快,光顺重构法的理论精度最高;由于光顺重构法的网格更新对于复杂模型容易失败,域动分层法只能处理运动轨迹已知的问题,三维动力学耦合计算建议采用重叠网格法;在进行整流罩的三维设计时,应考虑溢流效应以缩小整流罩前方的大分离区,降低飞行器的控制及热防护上的困难。     

旋转弹体马格努斯效应数值模拟方法研究

旋转的弹体通常会存在马格努斯效应,严重影响飞行稳定性和弹道轨迹。提出基于旋转壁面法的多对称面弹体旋转效应数值模拟方法,无需借助动网格和多参考系模型,仅需要将旋转速度附加壁面,即可使用定常方法模拟马格努斯效应;同时,使用SOCBT标准弹体模型对该方法进行验证分析。结果表明:计算值与试验值吻合较好;由于旋转引起的附面层堆积以及大攻角分离效应、激波的干扰,计算时附面层的网格节点要足够密,并且应该针对不同的攻角选择精度与效率兼顾的计算模型。     

人员离机轨迹数值模拟及快速预测研究

离机轨迹研究在分析外挂物分离、导弹投放以及人员空中脱离过程等方面有着重要的参考意义。运用动态嵌套网格技术,通过CFD方法来模拟人员空中离机后的运动轨迹。提出一套基于本征正交分解(POD)方法的人员离机轨迹快速预测算法。将CFD数值模拟得出的离机轨迹作为样本,以飞行马赫数和攻角双参数变化为例,详细介绍POD方法预测离机轨迹的实现步骤。结果表明:POD方法相对于CFD方法可以大大减少计算时间,并且POD预测结果与CFD方法得到的结果吻合较好,为离机轨迹预测在工程应用上提供了一种快速简便的方法。     

High-fidelity trajectory optimization for aeroassisted vehicles using variable order pseudospectral method

In this study, the problem of time-optimal reconnaissance trajectory design for the aeroassisted vehicle is considered. Different from most works reported previously, we explore the feasibility of applying a high-order aeroassisted vehicle dynamic model to plan the optimal flight trajectory such that the gap between the simulated model and the real system can be narrowed. A highly-constrained optimal control model containing six-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics is established. To solve the formulated high-order trajectory planning model, a pipelined optimization strategy is illustrated. This approach is based on the variable order Radau pseudospectral method, indicating that the mesh grid used for discretizing the continuous system experiences several adaption iterations. Utilization of such a strategy can potentially smooth the flight trajectory and improve the algorithm convergence ability. Numerical simulations are reported to demonstrate some key features of the optimized flight trajectory. A number of comparative studies are also provided to verify the effectiveness of the applied method as well as the high-order trajectory planning model.