Generic procedure for designing and implementing plan management systems for space science missions operations

This paper is one of the components of a larger framework of activities whose purpose is to improve the performance and productivity of space mission systems, i.e. to increase both what can be achieved and the cost effectiveness of this achievement. Some of these activities introduced the concept of Functional Architecture Module (FAM); FAMs are basic blocks used to build the functional architecture of Plan Management Systems (PMS). They also highlighted the need to involve Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) in order to design and implement efficiently operation planning systems. We define SOPE as the expertise held by people who have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Using ESA’s methodology for studying and selecting science missions we also define the MDP as the combination of the Mission Assessment and Mission Definition Phases. However, there is no generic procedure on how to use FAMs efficiently and systematically, for each new mission, in order to analyse the cost and feasibility of new missions as well as to optimise the functional design of new PMS; the purpose of such a procedure is to build more rapidly and cheaply such PMS as well as to make the latter more reliable and cheaper to run. This is why the purpose of this paper is to provide an embryo of such a generic procedure and to show that the latter needs to be applied by people with SOPE during the MDP. The procedure described here proposes some initial guidelines to identify both the various possible high level functional scenarii, for a given set of possible requirements, and the information that needs to be associated with each scenario. It also introduces the concept of catalogue of generic functional scenarii of PMS for space science missions. The information associated with each catalogued scenarii will have been identified by the above procedure and will be relevant only for some specific mission requirements. In other words, each mission that shares the same type of requirements that lead to a list of specific catalogued scenarii can use this latter list of scenarii (regardless of whether the mission is a plasma, planetary, astronomy, etc. mission). The main advantages of such a catalogue are that it speeds-up the execution of the procedure and makes the latter more reliable. Ultimately, the information associated to each relevant scenario (from the catalogue or freshly generated by the procedure) will then be used by mission designers to make informed decisions, including the modification of the mission requirements, for any missions. In addition, to illustrate the use of such a procedure, the latter is applied to a case study, i.e. the Cross-Scale mission. One of the outcomes of this study is an initial set of generic functional scenarii. Finally, although border line with the above purpose of this paper, we also discuss multi-spacecraft specific issues and issues related to the on-board execution of the plan update system (PUS). In particular, we show that the operation planning cost of N spacecraft is not equal to N times the cost of 1 spacecraft and that on-board non-synchronised operation will not require inter-spacecraft communication. We also believe that on-board PUS should be made possible for all missions as a standard.     

卫星星座的系统仿真研究

研究了对人造卫星星座进行系统仿真的方法.从轨道动力学的观点出发,提出了卫星星座系统仿真的概念和要求;建立了星座系统仿真的数学模型;讨论了星座系统仿真的软件实现方法;最后介绍了开发的一个星座系统仿真软件.      

有效载荷数据管理系统新技术实验

为满足在未来航天器上进行科学实验和空间探测的有效载荷数据采集、处理、存储、综合传输和数据管理需求 ,研制了中国第一个有效载荷数据管理系统 ;该系统在设计上采用了具有 90年代国际水平的多项先进技术 ,如采用先进的国际空间数据系统咨询委员会标准进行数据传输、以 15 5 3 B总线构成系统通信网络、大容量固态存储技术、高速多路复接器和数据管理系统软件。介绍了有效载荷数据管理系统及其技术特点 ,系统主要关键技术的设计与实现 ,以及由主要关键技术构成的缩微系统的在轨试验情况和结果。     

基于ROS的空间即插即用架构软件解决方案

为了支持航天器软硬件系统的即插即用,必须配备一套中间层软件系统来自动处理组件的自发现、自配置和通信,针对这一需求提出一种基于机器人操作系统（ROS）实现空间即插即用软件架构的方案。在分析和对比ROS框架与SPA架构的基础上,根据SPA异质网络架构的特征,提出了基于ROS的SPA软件架构（RSPA）;对SPA协议在ROS框架下的实现问题进行了研究;设计了一种基于ROS的SPA演示系统。相比于以往的空间即插即用架构软件实施方案,RSPA具有清晰的网络模型,更容易扩展,并且可以有效利用ROS稳定的基础框架和丰富的工具加速软件构建过程。     

工程数据库管理系统的探讨

工程数据库管理系统是一个面向CAD/CAM的数据(包括知识)管理系统,它是CAD/CAM软件系统的核心。本文对工程数据库系统在CAD/CAM系统中的地位和作用、工程数据库管理系统的特殊要求以及多级数据管理、多重数据模型、复杂实体的定义和操作、变长域类型及版本化作了一些探讨和建议。     

关于CCSDS体制数据安全保护实施位置的探讨

主要阐述CCSDS（空间数据系统咨询委员会）标准的信息安全问题，重点是航天器安全，从分析空间数据面临的安全威胁出发，讨论了CCSDS不同安全实施位置的特点；并在此基础上，通过对CCSDS业务及数据结构的影响对比，总结出不同安全实施方法的优缺点，该结合对于采用CCSDS标准的空间数据系统如何解决信息安全问题，具有一定的参考价值。     

分布式虚拟战场演练管理态势子系统的实现

分布式虚拟战场环境中的演练管理系统模块众多,其中态势子系统作为一个重要组成部分,担负着实时、客观地显示参加演练的红、蓝双方实体态势的任务.为使白方客观掌握演练过程中的实体信息,分析了虚拟战场环境中白方态势显示的功能需求,建立了态势显示的结构模型,在高层体系结构(HLA)的基础之上,提出了一套可行的设计方案,并给出了具体实现.结果表明,态势子系统的输出完全满足态势分析的需求.      

基于MBSE的民用飞机功能架构设计方法

基于模型的系统工程（MBSE）理论越来越广泛地应用于民用飞机设计与功能需求分析领域。研究起始于基于用户需求的自顶向下的民机系统产品顶层用例,辨识相关关键子用例,进一步基于对象用例展开“需求—功能分析”,构建黑盒活动图、顺序图表达实现相关飞机级需求的黑盒功能流,从而明确系统接口和辨识子系统,构建经验证可靠的可进行逻辑仿真的黑盒状态机。在黑盒功能架构的基础上驱动基于人机交互系统模型仿真的民机功能架构“正向设计”过程,对黑盒进行解白,基于建模分析和数值仿真结果,构建实现相关飞机级需求的系统功能白盒架构的“正向设计”。为充分演示上述方法,选择了对民用飞机产品安全性具有关键影响的最后进近着陆场景用例作为案例模型。研究表明,基于MBSE的民用飞机功能架构设计方法充分保证了需求分析和功能架构设计的紧密结合,正向构建了以满足民机产品需求为导向的结构化系统设计方法。      

基于改进CO-RS的平流层飞艇总体设计与优化

为改进响应面协同优化(CO-RS,Collaborative Optimization based on Response Surface)方法的工程实用性,提出改进的CO-RS方法.在响应面建立中应用广义乘子法和信赖域法,取消响应面更新对梯度的依赖性.针对平流层飞艇的总体设计与优化问题,基于改进的CO-RS框架,进行了系统任务分析和学科耦合分析.对气动与推进子系统、结构子系统和能源子系统进行了学科分析,以最小化平流层飞艇的质量为目标,建立基于改进CO-RS框架的多学科设计优化(MDO,Multidisciplinary Design Optimization)模型和相应的学科分析模型.利用iSIGHT软件搭建求解平台,采用改进的CO-RS算法进行仿真计算,并得到合理结果,验证了所建立的MDO模型的合理性和改进的CO-RS算法在平流层飞艇总体设计优化中的有效性.     

面向领域的仿真设计建模工具SIMDEMO

讨论了面向领域的仿真设计建模工具SIMDEMO的设计和实现.基于透明性、正交性、层次性的视图分解原理,对处于不同阶段、面向不同用户、涉及不同方面的系统模型采用多视图进行分解,建立了以多视图为核心理念的系统协同建模方法,给出了该建模方法下建模所需遵循的过程指导.针对领域模型描述、表示以及操作等多个方面对工具重构的需求,研究得到了基于元对象反射模型的工具架构;架构具有良好适应性,使得工具重构更灵活、简捷.对SIMDEMO的功能结构进行了简介,给出了系统实现方案.最后,将SIMDEMO与典型同类工具作了比较.     

基于SM4算法的白盒密码视频数据共享系统

基于SM4算法的白盒密码视频数据共享系统是一种保障监控视频数据跨级跨域共享安全的系统，提出了一种基于国密SM4算法的白盒密码实现方式，并分析了算法的安全性，解决了SM4算法在非信任硬件环境中的安全运行问题。研制了基于后台权限控制机制的视频数据安全共享软件系统，包括共享数据上传/下载、共享审核、数据白盒加密处理、访问控制、基于白盒密码算法的共享视频解密播放器，实现了视频数据共享全过程的安全管控。搭建了实验环境，对所提系统进行了功能性能实验。实验结果表明，所提系统功能性能满足设计要求。      

中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷地面综合测试系统设计

介绍了中国首次火星探测任务有效载荷分系统的试验矩阵,以及地面综合测试系统的技术要求。面向2个探测器、5种场景的测试任务需求,设计由接口适配、业务处理、数据管理组成的3层统一架构,实现了不同场景下测试系统的功能和外部接口适配;根据星上科学数据处理与传输机制,设计地面科学数据处理流程,满足了13类载荷科学数据判读需求;针对单星1 900维工程遥测、400条数据注入指令的高维特性,设计基于规则的数据判读软件,实现了载荷遥测数据及数据注入指令的自动化判读。任务执行结果表明该系统满足不同试验模式下有效载荷测试任务的需求,有效保障了载荷测试任务的顺利实施。     

低温锂离子电池研究进展

随着能源需求的日益高涨，锂离子电池（LIB）在各个领域内的应用愈发广泛。为满足极端气候等特殊应用环境对储能器件的需求，LIB需拓宽其工作温度范围。从材料和电池结构角度详细总结了应用于低温条件LIB的最新研究进展。首先，分析了限制LIB低温性能的根本原因；然后，分别从电解液的研发与优化、电极材料的改性和开发、新型电池体系的开发、电池热管理系统（BTMS）设计4个方面归纳并讨论了在低温情况下改善LIB性能的途径和方法；最后，总结了低温LIB研究亟待解决的问题，并为新一代低温LIB的发展提出了可行的研究方向。      

网络分布式并行计算的负载平衡

利用分布式系统动态负载平衡的原理,设计了一种适应网络分布式并行计算环境的负载平衡实现机制,采用集中式负载信息收集策略,集中和分布式相结合的传输控制策略.定义了一种新的复合型负载指标来衡量各处理机的负载程度.讨论了相应的理论和实现中的关键问题,给出了主要的实现策略和算法.仿真比较研究表明这种体系结构和相应策略能对网络环境下分布式并行计算提供有力支持.      

Theoretical and practical considerations for staggered production of crops in a BLSS.

A functional Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) will generate oxygen, remove excess carbon dioxide, purify water, and produce food on a continuous basis for long periods of operation. In order to minimize fluctuations in gas exchange, water purification, and yield that are inherent in batch systems, staggered planting and harvesting of the crop is desirable. A 418-d test of staggered production of potato cv. Norland (26-d harvest cycles) using nutrients recovered from inedible biomass was recently completed at Kennedy Space Center. The results indicate that staggered production can be sustained without detrimental effects on life support functions in a CELSS. System yields of H2O, O2 and food were higher in staggered than batch plantings. Plants growing in staggered production or batch production on "aged" solution initiated tubers earlier, and were shorter than plants grown on "fresh" solution. This morphological response required an increase in planting density to maintain full canopy coverage. Plants grown in staggered production used available light more efficiently than the batch planting due to increased sidelighting.     

Introduction to global short message communication service of BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system

Short Message Communication (SMC) is a featured service of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). After its successful deployment in 2003, Regional Short Message Communication (RSMC) service has been continuously serving China and its neighboring countries and regions, especially in life safety scenarios. In this paper, the architecture of the Global Short Message Communication (GSMC) system is proposed based on the medium earth orbit (MEO) constellation and the crosslinks of the global BeiDou navigation system (BDS-3). Three subtypes of GSMC service, i.e. positioning report, emergency search and rescue (SAR) and regular SMC are designed in accordance with the technical characteristic of integration of navigation and communication in BDS-3, which supports future wide applications of GSMC. The performance of the designed GSMC system is analyzed by numerical calculations. As BDS-3 was officially announced completion on July 31, 2020, GSMC has been providing initial service. First test results of the in orbit GSMC payloads are also presented in the paper to verify the designed capabilities. Preliminary results also show that the requirements of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) can also be fulfilled.     

航天器控制的现状与未来

航天器控制技术是决定航天器发展水平的关键技术之一.针对不同航天活动对航天器控制的特殊要求,分析了高性能卫星、载人航天器、月球探测器和深空探测器等航天器控制的现状.杨嘉墀院士指出航天器控制必将走向智能自主控制之路.进一步提出,航天器智能自主控制应秉承"理论方法、系统结构、器部件要同步研究"的思想和方法.从目前应用情况看,北京控制工程研究所提出的基于特征模型的智能自适应控制方法是大有前途的方法.     

基于DSM的并行程序性能分析与性能可视化

针对具有共享存贮的分布式可扩展机群系统的结构及实现特点,通过实验的方法,对共享存贮器访问, 进程调度, 和同步开销等性能参数进行了特征化.对并行应用程序中影响性能的几个主要因素进行了分析,并给出了运用性能数据及系统性能参数对程序和系统的性能进行分析的方法. 将此方法运用于系统行为与性能的可视化,实现了一个基于分布式共乡存贮环境的并行应用程序的性能可视化工具,实时显示和后处理分析并行程序的行为和性能.     

Performance and reliability of the NASA Biomass Production Chamber.

The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at the Kennedy Space Center is part of the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Breadboard Project. Plants are grown in a closed environment in an effort to quantify their contributions to the requirements for life support. Performance of this system is described. Also, in building this system, data from component and subsystem failures are being recorded. These data are used to identify problem areas in the design and implementation. The techniques used to measure the reliability will be useful in the design and construction of future CELSS. Possible methods for determining the reliability of a green plant, the primary component of a CELSS, are discussed.     

基于SDN架构的NFV技术在低轨卫星网络中的应用

针对当前卫星网络通信业务需求复杂、星上设备对多业务兼容性差的问题，提出了一种面向低轨卫星网络的软件定义网络(SDN)架构。该架构设计了以星间链路为基础的虚拟化数据平面和多控制器的分布式控制平面，具有高度灵活和可编程的特性。通过网络功能虚拟化(NFV)技术实现了数据平面虚拟化和集群化控制器的功能分割，给出了架构实现的关键技术方案，使其能够实现数据传递的高效动态分配。最后仿真验证了在快速路由重构方面，该SDN卫星网络架构相较于传统卫星网络，在反向缝场景下全网平均网络查询时延更为稳定，且平均时延缩短了82.4%，进一步验证了其控制器数量选择的科学性，体现了该SDN卫星网络架构的先进性。