直反信号协同的GNSS-R BSAR距离多普勒成像算法

针对目前基于全球导航卫星系统反射信号的双基地合成孔径雷达（GNSS-R BSAR)在一站固定模式下的大斜视,斜距历程复杂,回波信号方位空变导致回波信号难以处理的问题,提出改进的距离多普勒成像新算法。所提算法采用GNSS信号作为辐射源,根据一站固定模式下GNSS-R BSAR合成孔径时间长的特点,引入高阶等效斜视距离模型,得到导航卫星与目标斜距相对时间变化的精确描述。先通过直射信号与回波信号时域对消进行距离徙动校正,实现全场景目标距离徙动的精确校正;再通过方位向分块混合相关处理来克服回波信号方位向的移变性质,实现全场景高效精确成像。所提算法的成像效率优于传统后向投影时域（BP）算法,成像精度与BP算法相当,且可根据需要通过调整方位分块的宽度来提升聚焦效果。最后,用GPS-L5信号进行仿真和实验,仿真和实验结果验证了所提算法的可行性和高效性。     

高度辅助的INS／SAR组合导航系统研究

对基于SAR图像匹配定位的地形辅助惯性导航系统的原理进行了充分阐述；同时针对SAR图像匹配定位高度通道不可观的特点，增加了高度输出为系统的观测量，从而构成了高度辅助的INS／SAR组合导航系统，并给出了系统实现原理图。依据对SAR图像匹配定位和气压高度表输出的分析，建立了组合导航系统的量测方程，在此基础上设计了线性卡尔曼滤波器，并完成了组合导航系统仿真。仿真结果表明，组合导航系统的定位精度可大大提高，该组合导航系统设计方案是成功可行的。     

SAR成像对瞄准线方向运动补偿的要求

载体偏离匀速直线运动的运动误差是合成孔径雷达成像的基本困难之一。文章就载体沿瞄准线方向（即雷达天线相位中心至目标视线）同时存在恒定的速度误差和恒定的加速度、同时存在恒定的速度误差和正弦摆动速度误差两种情况进行了详细推导;根据回波信号压缩波形的主瓣偏移、二次相位误差、三次相位误差以及积分旁瓣比等图像指标的最大允许值,给出了带状正侧视合成孔径雷达瞄准线方向运动补偿定量要求的解析式,并结合一例子进行了计算分析。     

带状SAR成像对瞄准线加速度及正弦速度误差的要求

对合成孔径雷达载体偏离匀速直线运动的误差进行了详细推导,根据回波信号压缩波形主瓣偏移、二次相位误差、三次相位误差以及积分旁瓣比等图像质量指标最大允许值,给出了沿瞄准线(即雷达天线相位中心至目标视线)同时存在恒定加速度和正弦摆动速度误差时,带状正侧视SAR运动补偿要求的解析式.      

高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR的MCCS成像算法

在分析经典条带成像算法在处理高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)回波信号方面局限性的基础上,提出适用于高分辨率多通道天线星载合成孔径雷达的多通道Chirp Scaling成像算法(MCCS, Multi-channel Chirp Scaling Algorithm).该算法利用补偿滤波器组来实现从高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR回波数据到传统条带SAR回波数据的等效转换,利用Chirp Scaling原理实现精确聚焦,进而从根本上摆脱了分布相位中心(DPC,Displaced Phase Center)等效条件对高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR的约束.最后通过计算机仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性.      

Validation of an active transponder for KOMPSAT-5 SAR image calibration

This paper describes the development and validation of a transportable active transponder designed for the image calibration of Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-5 (KOMPSAT-5) with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Ground targets are essential in SAR image calibration. The environment for the deployment of ground targets for SAR image calibration should provide uniformity and minimum interference. The Amazon or deserts are regarded as desirable environments. However, such environments for SAR image calibration are difficult to find in Korea. Thus, it will be advantageous to have an active transponder whose performance will not be severely limited by the absence of such uniform environment. We have therefore developed an active transponder which has an adjustable internal delay and into which the orbit data of an arbitrary satellite can be loaded. The stored obit data with the aid of an internal global positioning system (GPS) receiver and gyroscope enables the active transponder to point to a selected satellite. In addition, a virtual deployment of the active transponder is possible due to its adjustable internal delay. Thus, the developed active transponder can be deployed at any place without environmental constraint. The performance of the developed active transponder is validated using the satellite TerraSAR-X, which is already in operation. The test results show that the active transponder is successfully compliant with the requirements for KOMPSAT-5 image calibration.     

High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions

This paper describes an innovative method for processing nadir altimeter data acquired in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode, enhancing the system performances over open ocean. Similarly to the current SAR data processing scheme, the so-called LR-RMC (Low Resolution with Range Migration Correction) method, originally designed by Phalippou and Demeester (2011), includes Doppler beam forming, Doppler shift correction and range correction. In LR-RMC, however, an alternative and less complex averaging (stacking) operation is used so that all the Doppler beams produced in a radar cycle (4 bursts of 64 beams for the open-burst Sentinel-3-mode altimeter) are incoherently combined to form a multi-beam echo. In that manner, contrarily to the narrow-band SAR technique, the LR-RMC processing enlarges the effective footprint to average out the effects of surface waves and particularly those from small sub-mesoscale structures (<1 km) that are known to impact SAR-mode performances. On the other hand, the number of averaged beams is as high as in current SAR-mode processing, thus providing a noise reduction at least equally good. The LR-RMC method has the added benefit of reducing the incoherent integration time with respect to the SAR-mode processing (50 ms compared to 2.5 s) limiting possible surface movement effects. By processing one year of Sentinel-3A SRAL SAR-mode data using the LR-RMC method, it is shown that the swell impact on the SAR altimeter performances is totally removed and that an improvement of 10–50% is obtained in the measurement noise of the sea surface height and significant wave height with respect to SAR mode. Additionally, observational capabilities over the middle scales are enhanced potentially allowing the ocean mesoscale features to be retrieved and observations assimilated more usefully in ocean models.     

Sea state parameters retrieval from cross-polarization Gaofen-3 SAR data

Chinese Gaofen-3 (GF-3) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquired in wave mode (WV) and quad-polarization stripmap (QPS) mode default operates in quad-polarization (vertical–vertical (VV), vertical-horizontal (VH), horizontal-horizontal (HH) and horizontal-vertical (HV)) modes. To date, more than GF-3 SAR vignettes following about 110 orbits acquired in WV and QPS mode have been recorded during the mission from April 2016 to December 2017. In the vignettes, ocean surface waves signatures, that are wave-look patterns, are visible in cross-polarization (basically VH). These vignettes are collocated with surface sea state parameters simulated from numerical WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) wave model using a 0.1° grid. There are 11,269 matchups available for studying the relation between sea state parameters and SAR-derived parameters in VH-polarization. A well-known empirical CWAVE model, herein renamed as CPCWAVE_GF3, is adopted for sea state parameter retrieval from GF-3 SAR vignettes with the SAR parameters in the cross-polarization channel. The method yielded a significant correlation coefficient (COR) of 0.79 for wave height (SWH) and 0.72 for second-order cross-zero mean wave period (MWP). Validation against 76 moored buoys resulted in a 0.49 m RMSE of SWH with a 0.21 m scatter index (SI) and validation against 71 moored buoys resulted in a 1.01 s RMSE of MWP with a 0.13 s SI. The comparison of SWH with 116 footprints from the altimeter of Jason-2 also shows a 0.46 m RMSE of SWH with a 0.19 m SI. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of wave retrieval from GF-3 SAR using cross-polarization channels parameters.     

Advanced fractal approach for unsupervised classification of SAR images

Unsupervised classification of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images is the alternative approach when no or minimum apriori information about the image is available. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop an unsupervised classification scheme for SAR images based on textural information in present paper. For extraction of textural features two properties are used viz. fractal dimension D and Moran’s I. Using these indices an algorithm is proposed for contextual classification of SAR images. The novelty of the algorithm is that it implements the textural information available in SAR image with the help of two texture measures viz. D and I. For estimation of D, the Two Dimensional Variation Method (2DVM) has been revised and implemented whose performance is compared with another method, i.e., Triangular Prism Surface Area Method (TPSAM). It is also necessary to check the classification accuracy for various window sizes and optimize the window size for best classification. This exercise has been carried out to know the effect of window size on classification accuracy. The algorithm is applied on four SAR images of Hardwar region, India and classification accuracy has been computed. A comparison of the proposed algorithm using both fractal dimension estimation methods with the K-Means algorithm is discussed. The maximum overall classification accuracy with K-Means comes to be 53.26% whereas overall classification accuracy with proposed algorithm is 66.16% for TPSAM and 61.26% for 2DVM.     

星载SAR亚马逊雨林辐射定标仿真研究

辐射定标是准确、定量描述星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统性能的重要手段.星载SAR在轨运行期间,天线方向图较之发射前可能存在较大的失真,从而严重影响所获取的SAR图像数据质量,因此准确测量在轨飞行时天线俯仰向方向图特性并予以补偿是星载SAR辐射定标的主要内容之一.利用具有均匀后向散射系数特性的分布目标进行外定标是测量双程俯仰向天线方向图的最佳方案,而亚马逊雨林是全球最稳定、最均匀、最平坦的分布目标,后向散射系数几乎不随入射角变化,是公认的理想测试场地.鉴于目前我国尚无自行采集的星载SAR图像数据,我们对星载SAR回波功率仿真、天线方向图模型参数估算进行了深入、系统的研究,利用仿真的亚马逊雨林SAR功率图像成功地实现了星载SAR俯仰向天线方向图在轨测试关键环节的模拟,对我国的星载SAR辐射定标研究具有一定的理论意义和重要的工程实用价值.      

Ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR

Two models of ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) are proposed. For HF-SAR the signal with sweeping frequency lower than the characteristic frequency of ionosphere will be scatted during the ionosphere propagation and completely reflected at a corresponding height. The ionospheric electron density isolines looked as series of random surfaces can be reconstructed from the HF-SAR echoes by using the inverse scattering technique for layered rough surfaces and the method of moment (MoM). The numerical simulation show that due to the MoM can provide a full wave solution, the ionosphere tomography with high resolution can be obtained as long as enough sampling data of HF-SAR echoes are used. For VHF/UHF/P/L-band SAR the TEC (Total Electron Content) can be obtained from the SAR echoes scattered by some strong point targets (such as the calibrators, etc.) appeared in the SAR imaged ground region, and the ionosphere tomography can be performed by CT technique.     

Inter-agency comparison of TanDEM-X baseline solutions

TanDEM-X (TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) is the first Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mission using close formation flying for bistatic SAR interferometry. The primary goal of the mission is to generate a global digital elevation model (DEM) with 2 m height precision and 10 m ground resolution from the configurable SAR interferometer with space baselines of a few hundred meters. As a key mission requirement for the interferometric SAR processing, the relative position, or baseline vector, of the two satellites must be determined with an accuracy of 1 mm (1D RMS) from GPS measurements collected by the onboard receivers. The operational baseline products for the TanDEM-X mission are routinely generated by the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ) and the German Space Operations Center (DLR/GSOC) using different software packages (EPOS/BSW, GHOST) and analysis strategies. For a further independent performance assessment, TanDEM-X baseline solutions are generated at the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) on a best effort basis using the Bernese Software (BSW).     

基于混合稀疏表示的二维压缩感知SAR成像

压缩感知(CS)理论在合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像中应用广泛。针对包含城市、河流等区域的非稀疏场景压缩感知SAR成像, 提出基于近似观测模型的混合稀疏表示(MSR)压缩感知SAR成像方法。该方法将复杂的SAR图像分解成点、线、面, 并将线、面分别通过离散余弦变换和曲波变换转换到稀疏域, 使压缩感知的稀疏性条件得以满足, 通过求解基于近似观测模型的二维压缩感知优化问题重建非稀疏场景的SAR图像。所提方法能够实现降采样率条件下对包含城市、河流等非稀疏场景区域的成像, 仿真场景和实测场景成像结果表明了所提方法的有效性。      

SAR图像超分辨与点扩展函数扰动校正算法

推出基于贝叶斯概率公式的SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像超分辨的最大估计(EM)算法,实现SAR图像雷达截面积的重建.本算法成功地将图像场景的先验知识纳入到图像的重建过程之内,有效提高了图像的分辨力,并采用点扩展函数参数化模型,通过估计该模型的参数,抑制点扩展函数扰动的影响.二者结合,有效地实现了SAR图像的超分辨.本算法的关键是构造合理的点扩展函数模型,能够同时拟合SAR图像数据和成像系统参数的相关信息.     

Impact of rain on wave retrieval from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar images in tropical cyclones

The main objective of our work was to investigate the impact of rain on wave observations from C-band (~5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in tropical cyclones. In this study, 10 Sentinel-1 SAR images were available from the Satellite Hurricane Observation Campaign, which were taken under cyclonic conditions during the 2016 hurricane season. The third-generation wave model, known as Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) (version 41.31), was used to simulate the wave fields corresponding to these Sentinel-1 SAR images. In addition, rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite passing over the spatial coverage of the Sentinel-1 SAR images were collected. The simulated results were validated against significant wave heights (SWHs) from the Jason-2 altimeter and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts data, revealing a root mean square error (RMSE) of ~0.5 m with a 0.25 scatter index. Winds retrieved from the VH-polarized Sentinel-1 SAR images using the Sentinel-1 Extra Wide-swath Mode Wind Speed Retrieval Model after Noise Removal were taken as prior information for wave retrieval. It was discovered that rain did indeed affect the SAR wave retrieval, as evidenced by the 3.21-m RMSE of SWHs between the SAR images and the SWAN model, which was obtained for the ~1000 match-ups with raindrops. The raindrops dampened the wave retrieval when the rain rate was < ~5 mm/hr; however, they enhanced wave retrieval for higher rain rates. It was also found that the portion of the rain-induced ring wave with a wave number > 0.05 rad/m (~125 m wavelength) was clearly observed in the SAR-derived wave spectra.     

星载合成孔径雷达的分辨特性

较全面和详细地论述了星载合成孔径雷达（ＳＡＲ）的分辨特性;导出了距离分辨率、方位分辨率和辐射分辨率的定量关系式;阐述了多种辐射分辨率定义的内涵,并对其错误概率进行了比较;介绍了ＳＡＲ图像的分辨体积和可懂度的概念,并且完成了ＳＡＲ图像分辨特性的方形等效。这些论述对于ＳＡＲ图像质量的评估和比较,以及系统参数的折衷设计具有重要意义。     

ASAR imaging for coastal upwelling in the Baltic Sea

Analysis of Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and Aqua/Terra Moderate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) infrared (IR) imagery of coastal upwelling in the southeastern Baltic Sea is presented. It is found that upwelling features are well distinct in the SAR images, and the leading imaging mechanism appears to be the change of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) stratification over the sea surface temperature (SST) front. This finding is supported by model calculations of the MABL transformation supplemented with the SAR backscatter calculations based on the CMOD4 model. In addition an empirical dependence of the SAR contrasts over the upwelling region on the wind speed and the SST drop is suggested. Finally, surface slicks accumulated in the sea surface current convergence zones generate additional distinct features in SAR imagery. This effect is interpreted within the framework of the coastal current circulation model based on analysis of the SST snapshot.     

基于快速退火MRF的改进SAR图像分割方法

基于Markov随机场(MRF,Markov Random Field)的SAR图像分割方法利用了SAR图像的灰度和结构信息,能在分割过程中有效抑制斑点噪声,获得较高的分割精度.但这类方法的缺点是模拟退火的计算量很大.针对该问题,提出了一种基于快速退火MRF的SAR图像分割处理方法.该方法根据SAR图像Gibbs分布的特性,在求取全局最优解时,首先寻找邻域系统中占有支配地位的某种标记,若存在占支配地位的标记,用此标记更新状态;反之,则沿用传统模拟退火的方法随机更新状态.由于该方法引入基于Gibbs分布的先验判决进行系统状态更新,因此能够快速求得全局最优解.最后对真实SAR图像进行处理,处理结果验证了算法的有效性.     

Boost电路开关瞬间电压尖峰产生机理及抑制方法

Boost变换器常用作两级式逆变器的前级升压电路，由于电路中寄生参数的存在，开关瞬间输出电压叠加有瞬态尖峰，降低了波形质量，甚至影响逆变器的正常工作。为了抑制直流环节电压尖峰，研究了Boost电路开关瞬态过程，针对瞬态电路开关特性和开关器件工作状态，建立了基于金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管（MOSFET）和肖特基二极管（SBD）的换流单元的解析模型，进一步分析了不同寄生参数对开关瞬态电流特性的影响，以及导致电压尖峰的机理等。仿真分析了寄生参数与输出电压尖峰大小的关系，提出了“减缓开关速度”和“降低输出端寄生电感”2种从源头抑制输出电压尖峰的方法。仿真和实验表明，这2种抑制方法能够有效减小电压尖峰，提高Boost电路的输出电压性能。