Binary Signal Detection with Decision and Information Feedbacks

This paper analyzes a sequential feedback detection scheme derived by Kramer's nonsequential intermittent one; in addition to the noiseless information feedback channel, it makes use of a noiseless decision feedback channel. Expressions for the normalized average evergy per symbol, average decision time, probability of error, and average power are derived. The comparison with the nonsequential intermittent scheme shows that the proposed one allows an appreciable gain in transmission rate and requires a smaller peak-to-average power ratio.     

Phase-Locked-Loop Detection of Binary PSK Signals Utilizing Decision Feedback

A modified quadrature channel phase-locked-loop demodulator for binary phase-shift-keyed signals is presented. The modification, called decision feedback, is a practical implementation of decisiondirected channel measurement. Noise analyses are carried out for both additive and phase noise. An optimum loop filter is derived and the analyses include determination of probability of error for the system. The results of an analog simulation of the decision feedback technique are also included.     

Energy Minimization of M-Ary Orthogonal Signals in Communication Systems with Feedback

A communication system with a feedback channel which makes use of orthogonal M-ary signals is considered. The problem of its optimization, by setting a maximum time Tm to decide, is analyzed particularly so that the average energy per bit required to obtain a pre-fixed probability of error results as a minimum. The results, shown on graphs, allow one to evaluate the maximum decision time Tm and, afterwards, the maximum transmission rate.     

Execute Command in Space Communications

Two types of feedback systems for a command channel are described. a) Complex Feedback?where, for each command, an identification is relayed back over the feedback channel. b) Decision Feedback?where the feedback channel is used only to state whether the satellite recognized the transmission as a command word. For a), the decision as to whether a command was properly received at the satellite is made on the ground, while for b), the decision is made at the satellite, the only purpose of the feedback channel being to cause the ground station to retransmit the command word if the satellite did not recognize the initial transmission. The decision feedback system then amounts to a one-way channel, since the satellite makes a decision after the initial transmission as to whether or not a command word was sent. If the transmitted command word is interpreted as a command, whether correct or not, the ground station has no further control. The following theorem is proved rigorously: ``It is always possible to specify a decision feedback system which gives the same error performance as a given complex feedback system.'     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

Bounds on Probability of Error in Decision Feedback Equalizers

Evaluation of the probability of error in decision feedback equalizers is difficult due to the presence of a hard limiter in the feedback path. This paper derives the upper and lower bounds on the probability of a single error and multiple error patterns. The bounds are fairly tight. The bounds can also be used to select proper tap gains of the equalizer.     

频率选择性衰落信道DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统航迹规划

无人机中继通信是实现远距离无线通信的一种重要技术手段，无人机的飞行航迹对无人机中继通信系统的链路传输可靠性存在显著的影响，在频率选择性衰落信道环境下研究了基于直序列码分多址（DS-CDMA）的无人机中继通信系统的航迹优化的问题。首先，给出了基于DS-CDMA的译码转发无人机中继通信系统的模型，并理论分析给出无人机中继通信系统的链路中断概率及平均误码率计算公式，以此为基础，基于链路中断概率最小化准则提出了中继无人机的航迹规划方法，最后通过仿真验证了所提出方法的正确性与有效性。研究表明：最大比值合并DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统可充分获取频率选择性衰落信道提供的分集增益，显著改善链路传输的可靠性。     

On the Acquisition Time for an Apollo Ranging Code

An Apollo ranging system is considered whose phase reference is obtained by a phase-locked loop for bit synchronization. The bit phase reference is noisy, and the error probability for the ranging code is shown to depend on the input signal energy per bit to noise density ratio. The procedure of computing the acquisition time for the ranging code is then presented and the acquisition time for a lunar ranging code is plotted versus the input signal-to-noise density ratio.     

Comments on "Bounds on Probability of Error in Decision Feedback Equalizers"

In the above paper1 a technique was proposed to derive an upper bound on the error probability of a decision feedback equalizer. It involves decomposition of the probability density function of residual intersymbol interference and derivation of Chebyshev-type bounds on the error functionals over the decomposed functions. In this correspondence, we demonstrate that the technique is not applicable in general. The result is not a bound in many cases.     

非对称衰落信道下无人机中继传输方案及性能分析

 无人机(UAV)作为中继传输平台受到了国内外研究人员的广泛关注。本文研究了非对称衰落信道下的无人机中继传输系统,提出了输出信噪比最大化准则下的波束形成(BF)优化方案,并推导出系统中断概率、遍历容量和平均误符号率等无线通信系统主要性能指标的理论表达式。通过计算机仿真验证了本文提出的中继传输方案及性能分析的正确性,并定量分析了天线数量、信道参数以及功率分配对系统性能的影响,为无人机中继传输系统的设计及性能评估提供了参考和依据。     

一种局部自适应内窥镜图像降噪模型

在内窥镜图像处理中,如何消除图像中的噪声一直是个热点问题。由于图像二进小波变换在每次分解时不进行下抽样,所以其表示同小波级数相比是冗余的,且图像二进小波变换的部分系数扰动不会带来重构图像的严重失真。因此,在相同的误判概率下,二进小波变换的图像去噪效果会好于小波级数变换的图像去噪效果。基于这个思想,文章从二进小波理论入手,提出一种自适应二进小波去噪模型,简称ADWD。该方法利用图像信息、噪声信息与小波系数之间的关系,采用局部自适应的方法识别噪声像素,避免了直接确定噪声门限的困难。实验结果及分析表明该方法对Gaussian噪声和Pepper噪声均有较高的信噪比,且对图像的细节有较好的保持能力。     

一种全速率协作通信系统传输方案

针对协作通信带来链路传输效率降低的问题,在译码转发中继方案的基础上,提出一种新的全速率协作通信传输方案。首先给出全速率协作通信系统的接收信号模型,并利用矩函数方法理论推导给出全速率协作通信系统最大似然接收机的链路成对差错概率及链路分集增益,理论分析表明：全速率协作通信传输方案可获得1符号/时隙的传输效率,且最大似然接收机可获取4重分集增益。计算机仿真结果证明理论分析的正确性。     

Probability of Error in a Bandlimited Quadriphase Communication System

The probability of error is computed in a quadriphase communication system, with a causal bandlimiting bandpass filter. Intersymbol interference in each channel and intersymbol interference from the neighboring channel is evaluated. The effect of nonoptimal sampling time on the probability of error is presented.     

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

宽带卫星通信信号的多维星座图解调方法

高速卫星数据传输需要利用较高调制维度和较多星座点数来实现,一方面导致接收端具有较大实现复杂度,另一方面系统可靠性极易受信道非线性影响。针对以上问题,通过对多维星座图信号的解调性能进行理论分析,得到极大后验概率（MAP）解调误符号率（SER）的理论公式,在保证系统SER性能的基础上,提出了基于星座图相关的检测方法。该方法利用脉冲正交性得到接收星座点,对其进行向量相关运算得到解调数据,有效降低了解调判决过程的复杂度。针对信号经过高功率放大器（HPA）后的非线性失真问题,建立了HPA信道估计模型,利用最小二乘（LS）信道估计方法对原解调星座图进行修正,提出了基于修正星座图的解调方法。仿真结果表明,该方法在降低实现复杂度的同时,有效提高了系统抗HPA信道非线性失真的能力,可实现对宽带高速卫星通信信号的高效准确解调。     

A feedback-retransmission based asynchronous frequency hopping MAC protocol for military aeronautical ad hoc networks

Attacking time-sensitive targets has rigid demands for the timeliness and reliability of information transmission, while typical Media Access Control (MAC) designed for this application works well only in very light-load scenarios; as a consequence, the performances of system throughput and channel utilization are degraded. For this problem, a feedback-retransmission based asynchronous FRequency hopping Media Access (FRMA) control protocol is proposed. Burst communication, asynchronous Frequency Hopping (FH), channel coding, and feedback retransmission are utilized in FRMA. With the mechanism of asynchronous FH, immediate packet transmission and multi-packet reception can be realized, and thus the timeliness is improved. Furthermore, reliability can be achieved via channel coding and feedback retransmission. With theories of queuing theory, Markov model, packets collision model, and discrete Laplace transformation, the formulas of packet success probability, system throughput, average packet end-to-end delay, and delay distribution are obtained. The approximation accuracy of theoretical derivation is verified by experimental results. Within a light-load network, the proposed FRMA has the ability of millisecond delay and 99% reliability as well as outperforms the non-feedback-retransmission based asynchronous frequency hopping media access control protocol.     

Adjacent Channel Interference in a Binary Bandpass Communication System

The effect of adjacent channel interference on the probability of error in a binary bandpass communication system with an integrating and dumping detector is investigated. Narrowband filters are assumed in the receiver of the main signal and transmitters of both main and interfering signals. Plots of the probability of error as a function of signal to noise ratio in the main channel or as a function of carrier frequency difference between the main and interfering signals are presented, assuming that the filters are of the Butterworth type. These figures are helpful in the selection of minimal frequency spacing of adjacent channels.     

共信道干扰环境下星基ADS-B系统监视性能

星基广播式自动相关监视系统（星基ADS-B）是实现广域范围内航空器监视的主要技术手段。为揭示星基ADS-B系统共信道干扰对系统监视性能的影响，提出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算方法。首先给出了星基ADS-B系统模型，随后理论分析给出消息正确接收概率、位置消息更新间隔及位置报告更新间隔的计算公式，以此为基础给出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算公式，最后基于SNS软件构建了星基ADS-B仿真系统，仿真验证了理论结果的正确性。研究表明：星基ADS-B系统的监视容量由ADS-B应用子系统所要求的航空器位置报告更新间隔、航空器-卫星链路的误码率、星-地面站链路的误码率及卫星数目联合确定。     

Performance Measures for Compressed and Coded Space Telemetry Systems

The considerations involved in the combination of data compression and error-control coding in space telemetry are analyzed through the use of two performance measures, D and R, which are similar to those used by Shannon for his rate distortion function. The average distortion D is a function of the source probability distribution, the overall system transitional probability matrix, and a cost matrix that signifies the relative importance of different types of data errors. The rate ratio R is the reciprocal of the overall system compression ratio and includes the data expansion effect of additional timing and identification data as well as coding redundancy. The effects of the following system parameters and properties on the overall distortion and rate ratio are analyzed: the error-control usefulness of natural data redundancy; the effect of errors in time information; the use of the strict monotonicity of the time information for error control; the probability distribution of the source; the biterror probability of a binary-symmetric channel; and the word-compression ratio. A rationale for comparing and choosing among three systems? uncompressed-uncoded, compressed-uncoded, and compressed-coded ?is given in terms of the performance measures D and R.     

M-ary CPSK Detection with Noisy Reference and Interferences

A general expression of the error probability on an M-ary coherent phase-shift-keyed (MCPSK) signal purturbed by a noisy reference carrier, multiple interferences, and additive Gaussian noise is presented taking into account the frequencey divider in the carrier recovery circuit. First, a new expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the phase of a composite wave of signal, multiple interferences, and additive Gaussian noise is derived. Then this result and a pdf of the phase error modified from the Tikhonov distribution are used to obtain the erro probability of an MCPSK detector. In addition, the comparison between the error probabilities with and without the frequency divider is given, and it is found that the estimation is more pessimistic when the frequency divider is included.