基于改进补零/差分的北斗弱信号捕获算法

北斗信号二次编码调制了速率为1kbps的NH码,频繁的比特跳变导致传统捕获算法的效果受到抑制,并且限制了积分时间的增长。为了实现北斗弱信号的捕获,提出了一种适合北斗弱信号的捕获算法,将补零算法和差分相干积分算法相结合并进行了优化设计。对补零算法和差分相干积分算法进行了改进,将差分延迟时间调整为20ms,有效消除了NH码的影响,并增加了积分时间,提高了信噪比。采用Monte Carlo仿真测试了在载噪比为20dBHz~38dBHz的条件下,此算法与传统算法的检测性能。结果表明,相比传统算法,此算法的捕获灵敏度提高了约10dB。此算法能够有效消除北斗NH码相位变化对信号捕获的影响,并提高信噪比,适用于弱信号条件下的北斗信号捕获。     

Performance analysis of GPS carrier phase observable

The accuracy analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier phase observable measured by a digital GPS receiver is presented. A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) is modeled to extract the carrier phase of the received signal after a pseudorandom noise (PRN) code synchronization system despreads the received PRN coded signal. Based on phase noise characteristics of the input signal, the following performance of the first, second, and third-order DPLLs is analyzed mathematically: (1) loop stability and transient process; (2) steady-state probability density function (pdf), mean and variance of phase tracking error; (3) carrier phase acquisition performance; and (4) mean time to the first cycle-slipping. The theoretical analysis is verified by Monte Carlo computer simulations. The analysis of the dependency of the phase input noise and receiver design parameters provides with an important reference in designing the carrier phase synchronization system for high accuracy GPS positioning     

Modeling and analysis for the GPS pseudo-range observable

In this paper, a digital system for the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudo-range observable is modeled and analyzed theoretically. The observable is measured in a GPS receiver by accurately tracking the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code phase of the input GPS signal using a digital energy detector and a digital delay lock loop (DDLL). The following issues are presented: (1) mathematical modeling of the digital PRN code acquisition and tracking system, (2) the closed-form expression derivation for the detection and false-alarm probabilities of the acquisition process and for the variance of code phase tracking error, and (3) the linear and nonlinear performance analysis of the DDLL for optimizing the receiver structures and parameters with tradeoff between the tracking errors due to receiver dynamics and due to input noise     

Synthesis and Analysis of Tracking Systems with Optimal Acquisition

The behavior of a tracking system during its acquisition phase is studied in the case where the input signal is a frequency step. The tracking system considered is a generalization of a type-II phase-lock loop where the phase detector characteristic is a general function. In order to improve the acquisition characteristics, the natural evolution of the local oscillator is modified by a command signal chosen in order to minimize the acquisition time, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to maximize the lock-in range and the capture range of the tracking system. The influence of the different parameters (input, damping, natural frequency, pha e characteristic,command signal) on the acquisition of the resulting systems has been précised by means of a theoretical study of the trajectories in the phase plane and by an analog simulation. A simple criterion adopted in order to characterize the acquisition of a system disturbed by noise permits the study of the influence of S/N ratio on acquisition time.     

Acquisition in phase demodulation: application to ranging inradar/sonar systems

Ranging in radar/sonar systems is cast as a phase/frequency detection problem. In phase/frequency demodulation, there are two stages: acquisition, which resolves the global prior uncertainty before phase/frequency locking; and tracking, which follows the phase/frequency variations. In this work, ranging corresponds to absolute phase acquisition formulated as a global nonlinear filtering problem. The proposed solution propagates the associated multimodal density and generates a process relating global covariance with the single modes common covariance. Acquisition is then defined as the first passage of this process across a given threshold. Statistics such as acquisition time histograms and acquisition performance, characterizing the behavior of the developed estimator/detector, are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations     

Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for a Random-Access Repeater Link with an Ideal Hard Limiter

The acquisition detectability parameter, output signal-to-noise ratio, has been computed for unrestricted random access through an ideal hard limiter. The method involves multidimensional Fourier series and numerical integration. The results depend on the number of active users, total number of users, input signal-to-noise ratio, address code length, cross-correlation properties of code, and other parameters. The method provides a tool for synthesis of randomaccess networks, i.e., satellite repeaters for land, sea, or air-borne transmitters, or mobile radio relays concerned with accidental or intentional interference.     

基于提前停止判决的编码软信息辅助载波同步

 针对目前编码辅助载波同步算法中复杂度较高、延时大的问题,提出了引入辅助停止判决机制的编码辅助载波同步算法。在现有的编码辅助载波同步结构基础上,该算法能对环路信噪比(SNR)进行实时判定,在环路SNR满足限定条件后提前停止编码辅助载波同步迭代,而不影响译码性能。采用新的相位估计方式估计含相位噪声的载波相位,提升了该条件下的环路信噪比。仿真采用码率为1/2的低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码作为编码方式,结果表明:在误码率为10^-5时,该算法减少了约50%的编码辅助载波同步迭代次数;在含相位噪声的信号条件下,与理想解调译码相比,性能损失不超过0.15 dB。     

量化对GPS接收机捕获性能影响的研究

由于接收机输入端的信噪比对接收机的捕获性能具有很重要的意义,所以要尽量减少接收机输入端信噪比的损失。本文首先给出了含高斯白噪声的GPS信号经过不同量化位数和量化电平的量化器后的输出信噪比计算公式;然后,在此基础上分析其对接收机捕获性能的影响;最后,仿真实验表明,接收机可以在不影响捕获性能的情况下,尽量选择合适的量化位数和量化门限。实验结果也为量化器的设计提供了重要的技术参考。     

Coherent Square Wave Demodulation of Ideal Limiter Output

An ideal limiter may be used to single-bit quantize a noisy sinusoidal signal. This digitization is particularly economical if the signal is to be recorded. lt might then be desired to obtain phase coherence with the limited input signal. A single-bit digital phase-locked loop. utilizing a square wave reference, could be used for this purpose. The effects of coherent square wave demodulation on the signal-to-noise ratio and the (signal-to-noise spectral density) ratio are discussed. The latter result is directly applicable to the performance of the digital phase-locked loop.     

弹道辅助的弹载接收机伪卫星信号快速捕获方案

 为实现导航式弹道修正弹在高动态环境下对导航信号的快速捕获且摆脱全球定位系统(GPS)的限制,提出了一个完整的基于伪卫星区域定位系统的弹载接收机信号快速捕获方案。首先利用期望弹道辅助获得多普勒频移初始值以缩小多普勒频移搜索范围,然后采用改进的搜索策略进一步减小多普勒频移搜索时间,最后利用三次样条插值法处理相关谱谱峰及邻近采样点的数据以提高低频采样下粗捕获(C/A)码相位的测量精度。算法分析及仿真结果表明,所提方案能有效缩短多普勒频移搜索时间,提高PN码相位测量精度。     

Analysis of an all-digital data-transition tracking loop

An all-digital implementation of the data-transition tracking loop (DTTL) is proposed and analyzed. The input waveform is assumed to be nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)-coded binary signals. The mathematical analysis of the loop is reduced to the study of a Markov chain which allows the derivation of expressions for the mean square phase error, steady-state probabilities, transient behavior (time to acquire and time to bit slippage), and bit error rate (BER). Theoretical results have been validated using a computer simulation of the loop. The all-digital implementation can take full advantage of advanced technology in memory and processing speeds     

GPS接收机数字码跟踪环性能研究

建立了伪码捕获和跟踪过程的数学模型;推导出了伪码捕获的检测概率和虚警概率,提出了改进的双Dwell搜索方法;对一阶、二阶、三阶DDLL的动态跟踪性能及输入随机噪声影响进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,双Dwell搜索方法能显著缩短平均捕获时间,应根据不同的系统动态特点,选择不同的环路参数,以优化码跟踪环的特性。     

一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法

利用卫星导航系统对高轨航天器进行自主导航与高精度定轨,对接收机的捕获灵敏度要求极高,双块补零(DBZP)算法是无辅助下卫星导航弱信号捕获的理想方案,然而受限于数据处理量大,DBZP实际应用难度大。在深入分析双块补零机理的基础上,结合矩阵重构的思想,提出了一种改进双块补零北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获方法。该方法对参与块内相关运算的基带信号和本地测距码分别进行重构,解决了块内点数与快速傅里叶变换输入点数之间的矛盾,提高了北斗导航接收机弱信号捕获性能。仿真实验结果分析表明,改进双块补零算法对信噪比没有损失,可以保证对低至15dB·Hz的弱信号进行有效捕获,能够满足高轨航天器定轨、室内外无缝导航等对接收机高灵敏度的需求。本方法是在块内运算层面对DBZP进行优化,具备良好的通用性和可移植性,与优化相干积分策略的各种改进DBZP算法可以无缝对接,进一步提高北斗导航接收机信号处理的效能。同时,重构的思想也适用于其他采用码分多址信号的卫星导航系统的弱信号检测和捕获,对提升多星座卫星导航系统的基带信号处理性能具有参考意义。     

全球卫星导航系统兼容性分析方法研究

根据全球卫星导航系统信号捕获、载波跟踪和数据解调的原理,优化了等效载波功率与噪声密度比模型。针对有多普勒频率时的情况,提出了C/A码自干扰时的捕获-频谱隔离系数。结果显示,随着多普勒频率的变化,频谱隔离系数有着明显的变化。通过对仿真结果的分析,验证了模型的有效性,也为后续卫星导航信号的优化设计提供了支持。     

多径效应对GPS载波相位观测量的影响

推导了ＧＰＳ接收机中多径效应引入的最大载波相位跟踪误差的闭合形式。得到以下结论：当直达信号跟踪误差不超过１码片时,最大载波测相多径误差为１／４周,该值出现在测码伪距多径误差最小的情况下;当直达信号跟踪误差超过或等于１码片时,接收机跟踪多径信号,信号误检发生。     

Uniform Sampling Analysis of a Hybrid Phase-Locked Loop with a Sample-and-Hold Phase Detector

Phase-locked-loop (PLL) bit synchronizers often employ integrate-and-dump type phase detectors that provide phase error information only at discrete points in time. Usually these phase detectors are followed by sample-and-hold circuits to produce a stairstep error voltage as the input to a standard analog circuit loop filter. When the loop is configured in this manner, it is referred to as a hybrid PLL. Sampled-data analysis methods (Z transforms) are used to determine the stability and transient response of this loop.     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

卫星光通信APT控制系统H∞设计

 捕获瞄准跟踪(APT)控制系统的设计是影响整个星间光通信系统性能的重要因素。利用指向偏差的概率分布阐述了卫星光通信过程中捕获概率、跟踪误差及误码率受卫星平台振动和终端装置参数摄动的影响,通过功率谱分析了卫星平台振动在低频段、对象不确定性在高频段对指向偏差的影响,并对其进行了模型化分析。采用H_∞控制混合灵敏度设计方法同时抑制干扰和处理受控对象不确定性问题进行控制器设计。仿真验证表明该方法得到的控制器对平台干扰具有抑制力,对对象摄动具有鲁棒性。     

伽利略系统的当前频率和信号设计方案

本文简要介绍伽利略系统最新提出的频率和信号设计方案,涉及方案设计基本要求、频率和信号基本方案、各种导航信号的调制体制、所用扩频测距伪码、性能参数、时间与坐标参考系等。     

Extrapolation Technique for Long Term Bit Error Rate Determination

An extrapolation method is presented for determination of characteristic curves of long term bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for digital communication equipment. The method is to obtain a single reliable data point at a BER of 10-4 or 10-5 and then to draw a theoretically shaped curve through this reference. The technique is validated by both theoretically and experimentally demonstrating that variations of the internal anomalies that contribute to bit errors in digital communications receivers cause the BER curves to shift laterally, but that the curves retain their characteristic shape. Use of this extrapolation method can reduce test time by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.