Al离子掺杂及石墨烯包覆对Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3正极材料的影响

采用一步水热法合成Na_3V_(2-x)Al_x(PO_4)_2F_3(x=0、0.1、0.5、0.7)钠离子电池正极材料,并采用XRD、SEM、电池测试仪和电化学工作站对合成的材料进行表征、分析和测试。结果表明,Al离子掺杂降低Na_3V_2(PO_4)_2F_3正极材料的能隙,提高了其电子电导率。当x=0.5时,正极材料循环至35周时的可逆比容量最高,容量保持率最低。根据所得结果选择性能最优的Na_3V_(1.5)Al_(0.5)(PO_4)_2F_3正极材料进行了石墨烯包覆处理,并与未包覆的材料进行性能对比。石墨烯包覆前后样品循环至25周的可逆比容量分别为17.4 mAh·g~(-1)和47.7 mAh·g~(-1),容量保持率分别为59.6%和82.9%。石墨烯包覆后的Na_3V_(1.5)Al_(0.5)(PO_4)_2F_3,电荷转移电阻减小,晶体结构中钠离子传输速率提高,石墨烯包覆能有效提高Na_3V_(1.5)Al_(0.5)(PO_4)_2F_3正极材料的电化学性能。     

Co9S8金属氢氧化物(LDHs)纳米笼的构筑及其锂硫电池应用研究

锂硫(Li-S)电池是一种新型二次电池,具有极高的理论比能量(2600 Wh/kg),被认为是最具前景的下一代储能电池。锂硫电池正极使用硫作为活性材料,比容量高达1675 mAh/g,是目前商业化锂离子电池正极材料磷酸铁锂(170 mAh/g)和钴酸锂(274 mAh/g)的3至5倍。此外,硫是地球上储量最丰富的元素之一,且成本低廉,环保无毒。然而,锂硫电池的商业化受制于硫及其放电产物多硫化锂的电子绝缘性、可溶性多硫化物在正负极的穿梭、充放电过程中硫的体积膨胀等问题。针对硫正极材料所存在的问题,本文从储硫、固硫、限硫的三重设计出发,通过在ZIF-67模板上原位生长制备了一种NiCo-LDH/Co₉S₈中空纳米笼结构的正极材料,实现活性硫的高容量负载。电化学测试表明,NiCo-LDH/Co₉S₈与硫复合实现了79 wt%的高硫负载量,LDH/Co₉S₈异质结纳米笼结构及双功能位点,能够使S@LDH/Co₉S₈电极实...     

锂氟化碳电池用新型高比容量复合正极材料

采用提高正极材料比容量以改善大电流放电性能的思路,设计新型高比容量复合正极材料,并通过研磨分散结合融化扩散热处理方法制备氟化碳-硫复合正极材料。电化学测试分析表明新型复合材料可以实现同步改善容量和大电流放电性能,同时具有二次可逆循环充放电能力。研究结果表明:氟化碳-硫复合正极材料的能量密度和功率密度性能具有突出优势,在不同电流密度下均可实现显著的提升,相比纯氟化碳材料的能量密度和功率密度最高可分别提升433%和10.7%。     

全固态薄膜锂电池研究进展和产业化展望

全固态薄膜锂电池利用固态电解质替代传统电解液,采用多层薄膜堆垛的平面结构,属于新一代的锂离子电池,在军民两用的可穿戴设备、便携式移动电源、汽车和航空动力电池等领域应用前景广阔。该类电池因高安全性、长循环寿命、高比容量和高能量密度等优势性能受到业界广泛关注。本文概述薄膜锂电池的分类和充放电原理,总结正负极、电解质薄膜材料的发展历程和薄膜制备手段的改进,对比各类电池材料的电化学性能,引入该方向最新的研究进展:三维薄膜锂电池,可变形的柔性电池,高电压、大容量电池组。汇总国外商用电池产品、关键优势技术、电池制备设备,提出薄膜锂电池亟待解决的科学问题和国内潜在的产业化方向。     

锂离子电池新型三维纳米结构负极研究进展

高性能锂离子电池在微/小型侦察机和空间飞行器等应用中有重要意义。构建三维纳米结构负极,是提高锂离子电池性能的有效方法。综述了国内外锂离子电池新型三维纳米结构负极材料的发展,将其分为3种类型,分别是三维纳米多孔结构、三维纳米阵列结构和三维纳米网络结构。涉及的材料包括碳类材料、合金类材料与过渡金属氧化物材料。相对于传统二维平面负极,三维纳米结构电极可以减小离子迁移距离、增加电极/电解液界面面积、缓冲活性材料充放电体积变化,从而可以提高材料的储能容量,提高电极的循环稳定性,改善电极的倍率性能。     

航天飞行器热防护涂层研究进展

近年来,新研航天飞行器气动热环境往往具有高焓、高热流密度和长时间加热等特点,这促使防热材料的研制朝着低密度、高抗烧蚀、优良隔热等性能的方向发展。受自身材料类型的限制,无论烧蚀型(树脂基)或非烧蚀型(陶瓷基)防热材料都可以通过对烧蚀表面进行涂层处理的手段达到弥补材料性能短板,提高使用性能的目的。本文试图梳理、总结国内外近年来热防护系统用涂层材料的发展状况,探讨各自的优势和缺点,并提出了针对树脂基复合材料热防护涂层可能趋势的推测。     

石墨纤维/改性氰酸酯复合材料的应用研究

采用环氧树脂对4,4-二氰酸酯基二苯基丙烷(BADCy)进行共聚改性,通过DSC分析,确定了固化工艺参数,并与石墨纤维(UHMCF)复合制成单向板,测试了不同后处理温度制得的单向板力学性能,并与现用UHMCF/树脂基复合材料单向板的力学性能进行了比较,测试了UHMCF/改性氰酸酯的空间环境性能;制备了UHMCF/改性氰酸酯结构件,测试其性能,并与现用UHMCF/树脂基复合材料同类结构件的性能进行了比较。结果表明:UHMCF/改性氰酸酯不论是单向板还是结构件的性能均优于现用UHMCF/树脂基复合材料的性能,且满足空间环境对航天器结构材料性能的要求。     

碳化硅纤维增韧碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的发展现状及其在航空发动机上的应用

碳化硅纤维增韧碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料(SiC/SiC CMC)具有低密度、高强高模、耐高温抗氧化、抗蠕变、抗热冲击、耐腐蚀、材料热膨胀系数小等性能优点,在航空发动机上具有巨大的应用潜力。从碳化硅纤维、制备工艺、界面相和涂层等方面综述了国内外SiC/SiC CMC的发展现状,并基于SiC/SiC CMC的性能特点对其在航空发动机燃烧室火焰筒、混合器、涡轮罩环/静子叶片/转子叶片、喷管调节片等热端部件上的应用情况进行了介绍。     

SnSe_2纳米晶的微观结构调控与电化学性能研究

采用溶剂热合成技术,以SnCl_2·2H_2O作为锡源,硒粉作为硒源,水合肼为还原剂,分别研究溶剂类型(乙二醇、乙醇、水)与水热釜填充比(35%、55%、85%)对产物微观形貌的影响,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对产物的物相及微观形貌进行表征。研究发现当溶剂为乙二醇时,产物形貌为混杂的SnSe_2纳米颗粒;随着水热釜填充比由35%、55%增大至85%时,产物结构由纳米颗粒生长为纳米片,且填充比为85%时SnSe_2的结晶性最好;通过电化学性能测试发现溶剂为乙二醇、填充比为35%时制备的SnSe_2纳米颗粒组装成的电池具有最优异的循环稳定性,在200 mA·g~(-1)的电流密度下,首次充放电容量分别为884 mAh·g~(-1)、1275 mAh·g~(-1),循环50圈后容量仍维持在472 mAh·g~(-1)。同时,电化学阻抗谱测试表明该电极的电荷转移阻抗最小,是较为理想的储锂负极材料。研究结果可为SnSe_2纳米晶的结构调控及其电化学性能研究提供参考依据。     

等离子喷涂(RE–Al)TaO4钽酸盐环境障涂层性能研究

陶瓷基复合材料作为广泛应用于航空航天领域的先进结构材料,在实际服役环境中依赖于环境障涂层的保护作用,钽酸盐以其优异的高温热–力学性能和与陶瓷基复合材料适配的热膨胀系数((3.5～5.5)×10^–6 K^–1)成为极具潜力的环境障涂层材料。通过大气等离子喷涂(Atmospheric plasma spraying,APS)工艺在碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅基复合材料(SiC_f/SiC)表面成功制备了(AlTa_x)B_2–2xO₄/(RE–Al)TaO₄复合涂层,探索了涂层的最佳热处理工艺条件,同时对不同涂层结构方案的复合材料涂层试样进行1300℃热疲劳考核和弯曲强度测试,筛选出具有最优抗热疲劳性能的涂层结构,并通过XRD、SEM以及金相显微镜对涂层的表面形貌、裂纹扩展及元素分布进行了分析表征,相对于传统材料涂层,钽酸盐复合涂层以其在高温下优越的综合性能成为极具潜力的环境障涂层。     

Hybrid power sources for Land Warrior scenario

Hybrid systems utilizing a zinc-air battery or a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) as the high energy density component coupled with a rechargeable battery (lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride) or electrochemical capacitor (EC) bank as the high power density component were tested under a high-pulse application load, Land Warrior (LW). The hybrid power sources successfully operated the LW cyclic load beyond the capabilities of the specific single chemistry systems studied. The zinc-air battery hybrids allowed approximately triple the operation time of PEMFC hybrids. The best performing hybrid system was the zinc-air battery/lead-acid battery. It provided the greatest operating voltage and longest operating time     

Advanced developments in NiH2 Dependent Pressure Vessel(DPV) cell and battery technology

The Dependent Pressure Vessel (DPV) Nickel-Hydrogen (NiH₂ ) design is being developed by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. (EPI) as an advanced battery for military and commercial, aerospace and terrestrial applications. The DPV cell design offers high specific energy and energy density as well as reduced cost, while retaining the established Individual Pressure Vessel (IPV) technology flight heritage and database. This advanced DPV design also offers a more efficient mechanical, electrical and thermal cell and battery configuration and a reduced parts count. The DPV battery design promotes compact, minimum volume packaging and weight efficiency, and delivers cost and weight savings with minimal design risks     

Performance characteristics of lithium-ion cells for NASA's Mars2001 Lander application

NASA requires lightweight rechargeable batteries for future missions to Mars and the outer planets that are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures, with high specific energy and energy densities. Due to the attractive performance characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have been identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future applications, including Mars rovers and landers. The Mars 2001 Lander (Mars Surveyor Program MSP 01) will be one of the first missions which will utilize lithium-ion technology. This application will require two lithium-ion batteries, each being 28 V (eight cells), 25 Ah and 8 kg. In addition to the requirement of being able to supply at least 200 cycles and 90 days of operation on the surface of Mars, the battery must be capable of operation (both charge and discharge) at temperatures as low as -20°C. To assess the viability of lithium-ion cells for these applications, a number of performance characterization tests have been performed, including: assessing the room temperature cycle life, low temperature cycle life (-20°C), rate capability as a function of temperature, pulse capability, self-discharge and storage characteristics, as well as mission profile capability. This paper describes the Mars 2001 Lander mission battery requirements and contains results of the cell testing conducted to-date in support of the mission,     

基于直流微电网的混合储能协调控制策略仿真研究

针对直流微电网中光伏发电单元出力的波动性和间歇性造成系统内部功率不平衡的问题,混合储能系统可以同时发挥蓄电池高能量密度和超级电容高功率密度的优势,根据直流母线电压进行混合储能单元间的协调控制策略。该策略将直流母线电压进行分层控制,采用四个电压阈值共分成五个控制区域,以直流母线电压为信息载体,决定储能系统的运行状态,实现对混合储能单元的充电、放电模式间自主切换。电压分层控制有效地避免了蓄电池由于电压波动而频繁进行充放电切换,从而延长了电池的使用寿命。最后,MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性。     

Development of a long cycle life sealed nickel-zinc battery forhigh energy-density applications

Nickel-zinc battery technology is being developed for commercial applications requiring high energy density and high power capability. Development cells have demonstrated the ability to deliver over 60 Watt-hours per kilogram at the one hour rate. Cycle life has been improved to more than 600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge by using a patented, reduced solubility zinc electrode and an improved sealed cell design. More than 8000 charge/discharge cycles at 10% depth-of-discharge have been completed. Large quantities of sealed prismatic cells have been manufactured, including a 140 cell, 220 V battery for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)     

Electrochemical machining of complex components of aero-engines: Developments,trends, and technological advances

Because of several advantages, such as no tool wear, independence on the mechanical properties of the material, and high machining efficiency, electrochemical machining (ECM) has become a viable method for machining components in numerous industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of typical aero-engine components with complex structures fabricated from materials that are difficult to cut. This paper highlights the current developments, new trends, and technological advances of key factors of ECM, such as electrochemical dissolution characteristics of novel difficult to cut materials which are often used in aero-engine, numerical simulation of electrochemical process, design for the complex profile and structure of cathode tool, flow field simulation and design for uniform electrolyte flow, and innovation of electrochemical machining or hybrid methods which reflect the state of the art in academic and industrial research on electrochemical machining in aero-engine manufacturing.     

Advanced materials for next generation NiMH portable, HEV and EVbatteries

While Ovonic NiMH batteries are already in high volume commercial production for portable applications, advances in materials technology have enabled performance improvements in specific energy (100 Wh/kg), specific power (600-1000 W/kg), high temperature operation, charge retention, and voltage stability. Concurrent with technology advances, Ovonic NiMH batteries have established performance and commercial milestones in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, as well as scooter, motorcycle and bicycle applications. As important as these advances, significant manufacturing cost reductions have also occurred which allow continued growth of NiMH technology. In this paper, advances in performance, applications and cost reduction are discussed with particular emphasis on the improved proprietary metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials that make such advances possible     

Advanced lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte battery development

Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space (LMMS), Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (UBI), Eagle Picher Technologies, LLC (EPT), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Rentech, Inc. (RTI) are developing lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte (Li-ion SPE) batteries. Under a new Advanced Technology Program (ATP), this team will develop new high-energy density cells and batteries for space and portable electronics applications. These new batteries will utilize new high-energy density anode and cathode active materials developed by SNL and RTI. UBI will incorporate these new materials into an optimized Li-ion SPE electrode laminate. EPT will develop batteries for aerospace applications based on this electrode laminate technology while LMMS will design the battery charge management controller and provide system expertise     

High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrialapplications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS     

新能源电动飞机发展与挑战

发展绿色航空是人类社会形成的基本共识,新能源电动飞机为实现彻底的绿色航空提供了一条光明的技术途径。简述了航空对环境的影响、电在飞机上的应用及电动飞机的发展历程,对新能源电动飞机的能源分类、电推进系统及其总体效率进行了研究,重点针对载人轻型运动飞机,分析了电动飞机的发展现状、特征以及能源需求,通过对电池作为能源的载人电动飞机的航程和极限航程研究,提出了电池能量密度提升和性能改进、高升阻比空气动力设计、低成本轻质高效复合材料结构设计与制造、高效率电推进系统设计与集成等电动飞机发展面临的挑战,给出了应大力发展电动飞机的建议和本领域未来的研究方向。