Modeling and simulating aircraft stability and control—The SimSAC project

This paper overviews the SimSAC Project, Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design. It reports on the three major tasks: development of design software, validating the software on benchmark tests and applying the software to design exercises. CEASIOM, the Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods, is a framework tool that integrates discipline-specific tools for conceptual design. At this early stage of the design it is very useful to be able to predict the flying and handling qualities of this design. In order to do this, the aerodynamic database needs to be computed for the configuration being studied, which then has to be coupled to the stability and control tools to carry out the analysis. The benchmarks for validation are the F12 windtunnel model of a generic long-range airliner and the TCR windtunnel model of a sonic-cruise passenger transport concept. The design, simulate and evaluate (DSE) exercise demonstrates how the software works as a design tool. The exercise begins with a design specification and uses conventional design methods to prescribe a baseline configuration. Then CEASIOM improves upon this baseline by analyzing its flying and handling qualities. Six such exercises are presented.     

Analysis of conventional and asymmetric aircraft configurations using CEASIOM

One of the main drivers behind the SimSAC project and the CEASIOM software is to bring stability analysis and control system design earlier into the aircraft conceptual design process. Within this paper two very different aircraft are considered, a conventional T-tail based on the existing EA500 Very Light Jet and the second, a novel Z-wing configuration known as the GAV or general aviation vehicle. The first aircraft serves as a baseline comparison for the second, and the cruise case is considered as a benchmark for identifying potential drag reductions and aircraft stability characteristics. CEASIOM, the Computerised Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimisation Methods, is used to generate aerodynamic data sets for both aircraft, create trim conditions and the associated linear models for classical stability analysis. The open-loop Z-wing configuration is shown to display both highly unstable and coupled modes before a multivariable Stability Augmentation System (SAS) is applied both to decouple and stabilise the aircraft. Within this paper, these two aircraft provide a test case with which to demonstrate the capabilities of the CEASIOM environment and the tools which have been developed during the SimSAC project. This new software suite is shown to allow conceptual development of unconventional novel configurations from mass properties through adaptive-fidelity aerodynamics to linear analysis and control system design.     

Analysis of the Boeing 747-100 using CEASIOM

One of the requirements for the SimSAC project was to use existing aircraft to act as benchmarks for comparison with CEASIOM generated models. Within this paper, results are given for one of these examples, the Boeing 747-100. This aircraft was selected because a complete dataset exists in the open domain, which can be used to validate SimSAC generated data. The purpose of this paper is to both give confidence in, and to demonstrate the capabilities of, the CEASIOM environment when used for preliminary aircraft and control system design. CEASIOM is the result of the integration of a set of sophisticated tools by the European Union funded, Framework 6 SimSAC program. The first part of this paper presents a comparison of the aerodynamic results for each of the solvers available within CEASIOM together with data from the 747-100 model published by NASA. The resulting nonlinear model is then trimmed and analysed using the Flight Control System Designer Toolkit (FCSDT) module. In the final section of the paper a state-feedback controller is designed within CEASIOM in order to modify the longitudinal dynamics of the aircraft. The open and closed loop models are subsequently evaluated with selected failed aerodynamic surfaces and for the case of a single failed engine. Through these results, the CEASIOM software suite is shown to be able to generate excellent quality adaptive-fidelity aerodynamic data. This data is contained within a full nonlinear aircraft model to which linear analysis and control system design can be easily applied.     

Stability analysis using SDSA tool

The SDSA (Simulation and Dynamic Stability Analysis) application is presented as a tool for analysing the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft just in the conceptual design stage. SDSA is part of the CEASIOM (Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods) software environment which was developed within the SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Program. SDSA can also be used as stand alone software, and integrated with other design and optimisation systems using software wrappers. This paper focuses on the main functionalities of SDSA and presents both computational and free flight experimental results to compare and validate the presented software. Two aircraft are considered, the EADS Ranger 2000 and the Warsaw University designed PW-6 glider. For the two cases considered here the SDSA software is shown to be an excellent tool for predicting dynamic characteristics of an aircraft.     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

SCADE 在航空发动机FADEC 软件开发中的应用

为了探索SCADE开发环境在基于模型设计（MBD）的软件开发中的优势,理解其建模和自动代码生成机制,研究其在基于模型的测试和覆盖率分析中的实现方法,基于某型航空发动机FADEC系统的健康管理软件开发,应用了SCADE开发环境的建模、仿真、测试及覆盖率分析、代码生成与集成的全流程的MBD开发方法,并进行了完整的系统测试,测试用例全部通过。系统测试的结果验证了基于SCADE开发环境进行FADEC软件开发的正确性和可靠性,为SCADE开发环境在航空发动机FADEC软件开发中的应用提供了技术指导和工程借鉴。     

综合模块化航空电子系统构型管理功能设计

构型管理功能是飞机提高安全性的重要功能之一,由于综合模块化航空电子系统的架构特点,其构 型管理功能除了要保证软硬件构型一致外,还需要考虑配置数据。本文分析了DO-297 定义的构型管理功能设 计要求后,针对不同配置数据的功能特点,把构型管理功能划分成配置数据生成、数据加载和兼容性校验三个 步骤,并详细描述了各自的具体设计方案。该整体方案已在项目中成功应用。     

NeoCASS: An integrated tool for structural sizing, aeroelastic analysis and MDO at conceptual design level

This paper presents a design framework called NeoCASS (Next generation Conceptual Aero-Structural Sizing Suite), developed at the Department of Aerospace Engineering of Politecnico di Milano in the frame of SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by EU in the context of 6th Framework Program. It enables the creation of efficient low-order, medium fidelity models particularly suitable for structural sizing, aeroelastic analysis and optimization at the conceptual design level.The whole methodology is based on the integration of geometry construction, aerodynamic and structural analysis codes that combine depictive, computational, analytical, and semi-empirical methods, validated in an aircraft design environment.The work here presented aims at including the airframe and its effect from the very beginning of the conceptual design. This aspect is usually not considered in this early phase. In most cases, very simplified formulas and datasheets are adopted, which implies a low level of detail and a poor accuracy. Through NeoCASS, a preliminar distribution of stiffness and inertias can be determined, given the initial layout. The adoption of empirical formulas is reduced to the minimum in favor of simple numerical methods. This allows to consider the aeroelastic behavior and performances, as well, improving the accuracy of the design tools during the iterative steps and lowering the development costs and reducing the time to market.The result achieved is a design tool based on computational methods for the aero-structural analysis and Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) of aircraft layouts at the conceptual design stage. A complete case study regarding the TransoniCRuiser aircraft, including validation of the results obtained using industrial standard tools like MSC/NASTRAN and a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code, is reported. As it will be shown, it is possible to improve the degree of fidelity of the conceptual design process by including tailored numerical tools, overcoming the lacks of statistical methods. The result is a method minimally dependent on datasheets, featuring a good compromise between accuracy and costs.     

战术弹飞行力学软件系统设计

从战术弹飞行力学软件系统的设计开发角度，提出了软件系统的设计指导思想，对软件系统基本运行流程进行了分析研究，完成导弹设计不同阶段有关飞行力学问题研究的应用软件设计开发。编制了系统的符号词典和软件文档。在软件系统设计时考虑多种语言程序之间的接口设计及运行环境，并就软件系统进一步开发研究进行了探讨。完成了战术弹飞行力学软件系统的设计。     

飞机飞行载荷的简化计算方法研究

飞行载荷分析是一项复杂而繁重的工作,研究一种适用于方案设计阶段飞行载荷的快速分析方法,对于提高飞行载荷的计算效率具有重要意义。基于小扰动线性分析理论,归纳翼身气动载荷、平尾气动载荷、垂尾气动载荷、舵面铰链力矩的理论计算方法,以及升力面的气动载荷分布、惯性载荷分布、剪力和弯矩的工程计算方法。针对某型单座竞技飞机的飞行载荷,以外形尺寸、质量特性和气动导数作为输入,通过Matlab 仿真分析,得到各个部件的气动载荷、惯性载荷、舵面铰链力矩、剪力和弯矩等参数响应。结果表明：该简化方法能够根据较少的输入数据快速求解出各个动力学参数,计算结果可以作为方案设计阶段结构设计的载荷输入。     

基于过程的惯性平台系统软件开发风险管理模型及应用

本文利用基于过程的软件开发风险管理模型深入剖析了惯性平台系统软件的风险因素、风险事件,最后,结合工程实际对该软件的各项风险度进行了评价,得出了该项目仍需改进的地方。本文用具体、实用的科学工具对软件项目风险管理进行了一个完整的应用,总结出适合航天项目软件风险管理的模型,为日后类似项目的开发提供了依据和经验。     

一种VxWorks BSP 软件自动生成技术的设计与实现

VxWorks BSP 软件的可视化开发和代码自动生成技术是基于BSP 中最小系统配置单元组件化封装 以及常用外设驱动的标准化、通用化、组件化设计与封装实现的。该技术的实现可以使开发人员能够通过在可 视化工具中填写对应硬件信息，完成BSP 软件代码及对应文档的自动生成，实现了软件需求的直观化输入到 需求与设计的黑盒转化。能有效提高软件开发效率，增加软件成熟度，提高软件产品质量。     

开放式飞机总体设计环境的原型研究

 为综合集成飞机总体设计过程中所使用的各种设计分析工具以更大程度地发掘软件资源的技术价值、提高设计质量和设计效率,提出了采用开放式系统进行资源整合的方法。分析了飞机总体设计中软件应用所存在的问题及典型集成系统发展现状,定义了飞机总体设计中的模块、组件、子系统等功能实体单元及开放式系统架构的概念,并以此为基础设计了包含资源层、中间层、应用层和协同层4个层次的系统软件架构以及构建于网络之上的系统硬件架构体系。规划了系统集成与数据传输逻辑,提出了采用智能体进行飞机总体设计分析工具集成的途径,完成了包括组件自定义开发、方案设计和任务管理在内的各子系统构建逻辑并实现其正常运转。最后给出了基于系统开放式架构所形成的战斗飞机总体设计环境以说明系统集成的可行性及应用前景。     

GDPP——一个实用的CAD软件包

 GDPP建立了飞机外形的快速设计、优化设计以及全机超音速面积律零升波阻分析计算、全机座舱360°视野检查及总视野包络图自动生成程序。设计计算采用交互方式进行,图形显示及绘图贯串于设计始终,使外形设计以工程分析为基础,优化设计为手段,大大提高     

IFSTAG软件系统的设计与调试

叙述了空中飞行模拟试验机地面工程模拟器软件系统的总体设计。该软件系统采用自顶向下的结构化设计技术，能够根据用户的要求，灵活地对模块进行裁剪并装配成新的应用程序，以满足用户在软件系统的开发及模拟器运行维护中各个阶段的不同需要。简要介绍了该软件系统在调试过程中出现的主要问题，以及时这些问题的分析和处理。对于从事飞行模拟器软件系统研制的技术人员，具有一定的参考价值。     

基于HLA的航天飞行任务联合仿真系统设计

简要说明了HLA的基本特点,描述了一个已经实现的航天测控仿真系统,并将其结构思想与HLA进行了对照。在此基础上,提出了一个依据HLA标准,对航天员座舱仿真、火箭和飞船仿真、测控网仿真等进行集成的航天飞行任务联合仿真系统框架,分析了各个仿真联邦成员的功能需求和信息接口,并着重介绍了针对任务要求的时间管理、数据通信等关键RTI机制的设计和实现方法,以及参照FEDEP模型和借助商业成品软件工具的系统开发策略。     

VSTS工作项模板二次开发在软件研制项目流程管理中的应用研究

项目流程管理在软件开发过程中至关重要，而有效的流程管理工具则又是项目管理工作开展的平台，是项目管理的基本前提和直接手段。微软研发的团队开发产品VSTS（Visual Studio Team System)则正是这样一款涵盖产品开发的全生命周期，为建模、开发、测试、自动构建以及缺陷管理、项目决策分析、源代码管理等提供强有力支持的配置和流程管理工具。为本文所关注的是其所提供的将配置管理与项目流程管理整合于一体的工作项管理功能。针对这一区别于其它配置管理工具的特点，在实际使用并试图发挥出该项附加功能最大作用的过程中，本文提出了 VSTS 工作项模板二次开发的方法。经过在多个具有特性化流程管理需求的组织中的推广和使用，证实这是一种便捷有效定制实现适用于不同业务特点的软件项目管理流程的方法。     

From geometry to CFD grids—An automated approach for conceptual design

The CEASIOM software developed in the EU-funded collaborative research project SimSAC generates stability and control data for preliminary aircraft design using different methods of varying fidelity. In order to obtain the aerodynamic derivatives by CFD, the aircraft geometry must be defined, computational meshes generated, and numerical parameters set for the flow solvers. An approach to automation of the process is discussed, involving geometry generation and mesh generation for inviscid as well as RANS flow models.     

Transition prediction and sensitivity analysis for a natural laminar flow wing glove flight experiment

Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency. Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings. In this research, we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective, which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%. We then implement a simplified e^N transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory. We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified e^N method with an adjoint-based method, using the automatic differentiation technique (ADjoint). The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information. Through the sensitivity analysis, we find that: favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers; there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution, and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases. The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.