美国天基靶场的开发

目前美国正在积极研究天基靶场并计划从地基靶场向天基靶场升级,这是美国靶场发展规划的一个重要目标。本文对美国天基靶场概念进行了分析,并与今天基于雷达的地基靶场进行了比较,最后介绍了美国实施天基靶场的一些演示实验方案。     

柔性转子-挤压油膜阻尼器系统在加速通过双稳态区时的动力特性

从理论及试验上研究了非线性挤压油膜阻尼器(SFD)柔性转子系统在加速通过共振及双稳态区时的瞬态动力特性。结果说明了设计合理的SFD不仅可以使系统具有良好的稳态特性, 而且还可以使系统具有良好的加速特性;设计不当的SFD不仅会产生具有较大振动的双稳态, 而且不可能单纯以加速转子的方式使转子通过双稳态区而不发生双稳态跳跃, 必须采用合理设计的SFD才可以避免以稳态的出现。SFD的非线性越强, 转子通过双稳态区也越困难。      

构建靶场安全控制辅助决策系统探讨

日益繁重和复杂的靶场试验对靶场安全控制能力要求不断提高,保护航区周围重要目标的安全成为靶场地面安全控制系统的重要使命.针对这一现实需求提出了安全控制决策自动化问题.在分析影响安全控制决策依据的安全控制信息的基础上,构建基于一体化体系结构的靶场安全控制辅助决策系统,建立专家系统模型;探讨了基于模糊推理的导弹工作状态判定问题的推理规则,设计了安全控制辅助决策系统各模块功能;总结了系统须解决的关键技术问题及实现的技术途径.为靶场安全控制辅助决策系统建设提供了科学依据.     

Minimizing Effects of Reflected Shocks in Ballistic Ranges

Shock waves originating from hypersonic projectiles flown in ballistic ranges and subsequently reflected from the range walls have been found to produce undesirable effects on the measurements of projectile wakes. This paper reports on the mechanisms through which reflected shock waves perturb the wake, the design, and installation of full-scale fiberglas wedge shock attenuation treatments, the design of equipment for minimum shock reflection, and the results of measurements of the performance of the treatment.     

The STEREO/IMPACT Magnetic Field Experiment

The magnetometer on the STEREO mission is one of the sensors in the IMPACT instrument suite. A single, triaxial, wide-range, low-power and noise fluxgate magnetometer of traditional design—and reduced volume configuration—has been implemented in each spacecraft. The sensors are mounted on the IMPACT telescoping booms at a distance of ～3 m from the spacecraft body to reduce magnetic contamination. The electronics have been designed as an integral part of the IMPACT Data Processing Unit, sharing a common power converter and data/command interfaces. The instruments cover the range ±65,536 nT in two intervals controlled by the IDPU (±512 nT; ±65,536 nT). This very wide range allows operation of the instruments during all phases of the mission, including Earth flybys as well as during spacecraft test and integration in the geomagnetic field. The primary STEREO/IMPACT science objectives addressed by the magnetometer are the study of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), its response to solar activity, and its relationship to solar wind structure. The instruments were powered on and the booms deployed on November 1, 2006, seven days after the spacecraft were launched, and are operating nominally. A magnetic cleanliness program was implemented to minimize variable spacecraft fields and to ensure that the static spacecraft-generated magnetic field does not interfere with the measurements.     

Aircrew embedded training

A discussion is presented of the applications of the concept of embedded training for advanced military aircrew training. Three prototype embedded training programs in various phases of development are reviewed. Also reviewed is the current state-of-the-art in advanced simulation and range system technologies. Simulators, ranges, and embedded training are discussed with respect to their ability to satisfy a nominal tactical engagement. Each is found to have its own particular shortfalls. Current embedded training applications are found to have one thing in common with simulation: in general, both are presently limited to single-ship training capabilities. Embedded training is discussed not as a low-cost alternative to simulators and ranges but rather as an adjunct whose cost and effectiveness remain to be demonstrated     

Experimental investigation of characteristics of instability evolution in a centrifugal compressor

The stable range of operation for the centrifugal compressor significantly influences the dynamic, economic, and environment-friendly characteristics of power systems. A deep understanding of the characteristics of instability evolution is necessary to improve the compressor stability. A centrifugal compressor equipped with a vaneless diffuser is experimentally investigated using highresponse static-pressure measurements. The results obtained indicate that three typical rotationalspeed ranges ex...     

舵机液压油污染的分析及控制

分析了伺服机构油液污染产生的原因以及油液污染对舵机的危害性,提出了污染控制的措施及办法,总结了在舵机工作液问题上所做的工作并提出了几点建议。     

基于质量矩技术的机动弹头再入仿真研究

对基于质量矩技术的机动弹头再入性能进行了探讨。首先建立了弹头的空间运动数学模型;然后在此基础上根据再入段特性对运动方程作了适当简化并计算了弹头内部质量块分别处于静止、瞬时置位、线性平动这三种运动状态下的落点参数;最后分析比较了质量块运动的变化对机动范围的影响。仿真结果表明了质量矩技术作为弹头再入机动控制方式的可行性。     

A Rader Clutter Model: Average Scattering Coefficients of Land, Snow, and Ice

A model has been developed for average radar backscatter from terrain based on recent carefully controlled wide-bandwidth measurements of vegetation, snow-covered ground, and sea ice and on a comparison with measurements over North America by the Skylab S-193 scatterometer. The models for the thiree cases take the form ?° dB = A + B? + Cf+ Df?, 20° ? angle of incidence ? 70°, where the constants vary depending on polarization and terrain class. They also differ above and below a critical frequency (6 GHz for general terrain, 8 GHz for sea ice, and between 8 and 12 GHz for snow). For angles of incidence of 0° (vertical) and 10°, the model is of the form ?° dB = M(?) + N(?)f over the range 1 to 18 GHz. Hundreds of thousands of measurements contributed to the general (vegetated terrain) model, and smaller numbers contributed to the snow and sea ice models. Since 1974 all measurements have been made with University of Kansas microwave spectrometers. A brief discussion of fading shows that insufficient data are available to describe the ranges adequately.     

Range Instrumentation Radars

The history of range instrumentation radars begins at the end of World War 11, with the SCR-584 radar. Since then, the use of instrumentation radars on ranges all over the globe has expanded greatly to gather metric performance data on aircraft, projectiles, missiles, and satellites. In this paper, key subsystem-level and system-level developments during the past decade are reviewed, including pulse-Doppler, digital range systems, calibration techniques, computer usage, and dualfrequency systems. Recently developed instrumentation radars from domestic and foreign sources are described as are three unique high-power large-aperture systems used for satellite and ballisticmissile measurements. The paper concludes by examining the likely requirements for instrumentation radars of the future.     

真空羽流场的 N-S 和 DSMC 耦合数值模拟

根据调姿发动机真空羽流场的特点,采用差分求解Ｎ－Ｓ方程数值模拟喷管内流场,用ＤＳＭＣ方法数值模拟喷管外羽流场,得到了符合流动规律的数值模拟结果。为姿控发动机喷管设计提供了参考,并为真空羽流污染研究打下了良好的基础。     

Battery charge controller characteristics in photovoltaic systems

Typical strategies for battery charge regulation and load control in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems are presented. Several charge algorithms (methods of controlling current to the battery) are presented, along with terminology used by the PV industry for battery charge controllers. Information gained from an extensive evaluation of commercially available charge controllers and data collected from tests on PV systems in the field are discussed. An overview of battery performance characteristics needed for the successful design and long-term operation of PV systems is presented with the intent of soliciting feedback on the information presented from the battery industry     

A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

叠加法测量光纤功率计非线性

介绍了全光纤化光纤功率计非线性的宽动态范围测量系统,利用该系统可以测量光纤功率计相邻量程的不连续性.文中给出了具体测量数据,并对测量结果进行了不确定度分析.     

Effect of wall suction on leading edge contamination

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of swept wing leading edge contamination by the turbulence emanating from the wing-wall junction. The main objective is to delay the contamination onset by applying surface suction along the attachment line. Two series of experiments are described; the first one was performed in a small wind tunnel at CERT ONERA, the second one was carried out in the F2 wind tunnel at Le Fauga Mauzac centre. Hot film measurements showed that leading edge contamination could be delayed up to very large Reynolds numbers. We also studied the behaviour of the relaminarized boundary layer downstream of the sucked region, along the span as well as in the chordwise direction.     

带褶皱的等张力体航天服软关节设计与实验

面向未来行星表面探测任务,航天服的活动性能需要进一步提高。为此,应改进航天服软关节的结构形式。根据等张力体形状内部承压时不存在周向应力的理论,在该曲面周向上加入褶片结构,设计出了带褶皱的等张力体关节,使之能够沿周向弯曲或伸展。为验证关节性能,利用柔性单自由度关节测量设备,进行了多次加卸载和不同运动范围的力矩特性研究,分析了关节的几何形态、等容性以及主应力状态,并将该关节与无褶皱的等张力体关节和平褶式关节进行了比较,最后讨论了关节的优化方向。结果表明,在测试的0°~80°范围内,关节力矩较小,最大容积变化为1.6%。关节弯曲时,等张力体曲面上周向应力仍可忽略不计。首次加载与之后的加载有一定的差异,而不同的运动范围对关节活动性能无影响。与其他两种关节形式比较,带褶皱等张力体关节在几何尺寸、运动形态和活动性能上都具有一定的优势。此外,该关节可在结构和材料方面进一步优化。     

A long-range laser velocimeter

A long-range laser velocimeter (LV) developed for remote operation from within the flow fields of large wind tunnels is described. Emphasis is placed on improvements in optical hardware as well as additions to data acquisition and processing techniques. The method used for data reduction of photon resolved signals is outlined in detail, and measurement accuracy is discussed. To study the performance of the LV and verify the measurement accuracy, laboratory measurements were made in the flow field of a 10-cm-diameter, 30-m/s axisymmetric jet. The measured velocity and turbulence intensity surveys are compared with measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Additionally, the LV was used during the flow calibration of the 80-ft×120-ft wind tunnel to measure the test-section boundary layer thickness at the maximum wind tunnel speed of 51.5 m/s. The requirements and techniques used to seed the flow are discussed, and boundary-layer surveys of mean velocity and turbulence intensity of the streamwise component and the component normal to the surface are presented. The streamwise component of mean velocity is compared with data obtained with a total pressure rake     

Coordinate Conversion and Tracking for Very Long Range Radars

The problem of tracking with very long range radars is studied in this paper. First, the measurement conversion from a radar's r-u-v coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system is discussed. Although the nonlinearity of this coordinate transformation appears insignificant based on the evaluation of the bias of the converted measurements, it is shown that this nonlinearity can cause significant covariance inconsistency in the conventionally converted measurements (CM1). Since data association depends critically on filter consistency, this issue is very important. Following this, it is shown that a suitably corrected conversion (CM2) eliminates the inconsistency. Then, initialized with the converted measurements (using CM2), four Cartesian filters are evaluated. It is shown that, among these filters, the converted measurement Kalman filter with second order Taylor expansion (CM2KF) is the only one that is consistent for very long range tracking scenarios. Another two approaches, the range-direction-cosine extended Kalman filter (ruvEKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are also evaluated and shown to suffer from consistency problems. However, the CM2KF has the disadvantage of reduced accuracy in the range direction. To fix this problem, a consistency-based modification for the standard extended Kalman filter (E1KF) is proposed. This leads to a new filtering approach, designated as measurement covariance adaptive extended Kalman filter (MCAEKF). For very long range tracking scenarios, the MCAEKF is shown to produce consistent filtering results and be able to avoid the loss of accuracy in the range direction. It is also shown that the MCAEKF meets the posterior Carmer-Rao lower bound for the scenarios considered.