顶部电离层总离子密度的经度变化

利用DMSP F13卫星1996—2005年共10年的观测数据,研究地磁中低纬地区黄昏时段(18:00LT)顶部电离层总离子密度经度变化的季节、地磁纬度和太阳活动变化特征.结果表明总的经度变化在低纬地区与中纬地区具有明显不同特征.不同经度结构的季节变化均以年变化为主,但纬度分布具有明显差异.一波结构主要集中在中纬地区,且南半球明显强于北半球;二波结构南北半球不对称性非常明显;三波结构和四波结构均为低纬地区明显强于中纬地区.通过分析不同波结构对总经度变化的贡献发现,一波结构在南半球中纬地区贡献最大,二波结构在12月前后的15°N附近贡献较大,三波结构和四波结构仅在低纬地区有较强贡献.在不同太阳活动条件下,不同波结构的贡献率有明显变化.     

F2层对地磁扰动的响应

利用37个电离层垂直探测站1974-1986年的数据,采用f0F2与地磁ap指数相关分析的方法,首次得到一个太阳活动周期各年东亚-澳大利亚扇区,欧洲-非洲扇区和美洲-东太平洋扇区F2层对地磁扰动响应随地磁纬度的分布.结果指出,地磁高纬和中纬地区为负响应,低纬和赤道地区为正响应,大约在±30°附近换向.最大正响应在磁赤道附近,最大负响应在地磁纬度±50°附近,最大负响应的幅度大于最大正响应的幅度.存在明显的经度差别和南北半球不对称性.     

基于CHAMP卫星观测数据对热层大气密度的经验正交分析

对2003年(太阳活动较高年)至2007年(太阳活动低年) CHAMP卫星的热层大气密度观测数据进行了经验正交函数(EOF)分析, 得到了400 km高度上白天平均大气密度ρ的太阳活动周变化与年度变化等不同变化分量. 研究结果表明, ρ受太阳活动影响较大, 其太阳周变化分量与F10.7指数变化之间的相关系数可高达94.5 %; ρ的太阳周变化分量随纬度增加而减小, 且在中高纬地区, 南半球的值明显大于北半球的值, 在低纬地区则出现基本对称的双峰分布, 即赤道质量密度异常(EMA)结构. 在ρ的年变化中, 呈现出明显的季节变化, 即夏季低冬季高; 同时ρ的年变化幅度随太阳活动增加而增强, 随纬度增加而增强. 将本文结果与经验模式NRLMSISE00在观测条件下的输出数据进行对比, 发现两者的太阳周变化与年变化分量基本一致, 但本文观测数据的太阳周成分随纬度变化略小, 年变化幅度略大, 且NRLMSISE00模式不能再现EMA结构. 研究结果对揭示热层气候学变化特征具有重要意义.      

基于IGS电离层TEC格网的扰动特征统计分析

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量,通过分析电离层TEC,可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据,按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域,计算不同区域的电离层扰动;利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值,分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系;计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示:电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年,电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%,在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上,无论是太阳活动高年还是低年,高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56,说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系;高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44;低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明,不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同,测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.      

利用IGS-TEC数据分析中国华南地区电离层赤道异常北驼峰的变化特征

利用2010年11月至2011年10月IGS提供的全球电子浓度总含量(TEC)数据, 分析太阳活动上升期华南地区(经度110°E, 纬度5°—35°N) 上空电离层赤道异常(EIA)北驼峰的变化特征. 结果显示, 电离层赤道异常北驼峰区TEC峰值I具有明显的季节和半年变化特征; 北驼峰峰值出现的时间T和纬度L的日变化有一个相对较大的变化区间, 其季节和半年变化特征并不明显; 太阳活动对北驼峰变化影响比较明显, 而地磁活动对北驼峰变化影响不明显.      

中国上空平流层准零风层的特征分析

利用ECMWF提供的ERA-40再分析风场资料首次分析了中国上空平流层准零风层的特点及其随季节和地理位置的变化特征.结果表明,准零风层一般处于18～25 km高度范围内,零风线所在的高度随时间和地理位置的不同稍有变化.根据准零风层随纬度的变化特征,中国上空可以分成三个区域:低纬地区(5°N～20°N)、中低纬过渡区域(20°N～32.5°N)和中高纬地区(32.5°N～55°N).低纬地区一般在冬季和初春有准零风层结构存在;中高纬地区一般在春末和夏季存在准零风层结构;而中低纬过渡区域是否有准零风层结构存在还与准两年震荡(QBO)有关,在QBO东风相位时,过渡区域呈现的特性偏向于中纬特性,在QBO西风相位时,过渡区域呈现的特性偏向于低纬特性.准零风层随经度变化非常小,零风线所在高度随经度的变化幅度一般不超过2 km,过渡区域的变化幅度相对大些.      

2008—2009年电离层对重现型地磁活动的响应

利用2008—2009年的GPS TEC数据,分析了电离层对冕洞引起的重现型地磁活动的响应. 结果表明,在太阳活动低年,电离层TEC表现出与地磁 ap指数（采用全球3h等效幅度指数ap来表征）和太阳风速度相似的9天和13.5天短周期变化,表明TEC的这种短周期特性主要与重现型地磁活动相关. 地磁纬度和地方时分析表明,夜间高纬地区正负相扰动明显,中低纬地区则以正相扰动为主,较大的TEC变幅主要发生在南北半球高纬地区,夜间南半球高纬地区TEC变化相对ap指数变化有相位延迟. 白天中低纬地区正负相扰动明显,TEC短周期变化与ap指数变化相位基本一致. 2008年TEC的9天和13.5天周期变化幅度大于2009年.      

基于COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据的等离子体层电子含量研究

等离子体层是日地环境重要的组成部分.本文利用COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据经处理后得到的podTec文件获取等离子体层电子含量（PEC）对等离子体层进行研究.将podTec数据进行处理后获得的PEC（pod-PEC）和IRI-Plas经验模型提供的PEC （IRI-PEC）进行对比,发现pod-PEC与IRI-PEC符合得较好.在低（0°—20°）、中（20°—50°）、高（50°—90°）修正地磁纬度带下,分析了COSMIC在太阳活动极大年（2014年）3,6,9和12月的pod-PEC,得到如下结论:PEC随着纬度升高而逐渐减少,且3,9月PEC在中低纬关于磁赤道的南北对称性较好,6月北半球各纬度带的PEC明显高于南半球同一纬度带的值,而12月情况则完全相反,南半球中纬的PEC甚至会等于北半球低纬的PEC值;PEC在白天高而晚上低,高纬地区的PEC昼夜变化不明显;PEC具有明显的季节性.对于北半球,一年中PEC最大值出现在春季,冬秋季次之,夏季最低,具有明显的年度异常现象.      

Millstone地区垂直等效风场的气候学变化

基于1976---2006年美国Millstone非相干散射雷达的电离层观测数据, 分析了美国Millstone地区不同太阳活动条件下, 包括中性风场和电场漂移共同贡献的垂直等效风场的变化特征. 结果表明, Millstone地区的垂直等效风场表现出比较明显的周日、太阳活动和季节变化特征. 晚间垂直向上的等效风较强, 白天等效风较弱, 甚至接近于零. 在不同太阳活动和季节变化条件下, Millstone地区的等效风场都表现出类似的周日变化特征, 低太阳活动条件下, 晚间表现出较大的向上漂移. 这种周日变化和太阳活动变化特征与Millstone地区受到极区热源驱动大气循环的调制以及离子曳力的增减有关. 春季和秋季有相似的幅度和相位变化趋势, 表现出分点对称性; 冬季晚间向上漂移比夏季弱, 且随着太阳活动增强, 差异更加明显, 这再次体现了极区热源驱动大气循环的影响.      

中高层大气风场对地磁活动的响应特征

统计研究漠河、北京、武汉流星雷达观测到的2012-2018年80～100 km高度的风场数据，比较在地磁平静期(Kp≤2)和地磁扰动期(Kp≥4)的日平均风场数据，得到在地磁活动期风场的变化特征。研究结果表明，在地磁扰动时风场变化具有季节差异和纬度差异。地磁扰动期间，纬向风在较高纬度地区倾向于中间层西风增强，低热层东风增强，纬度较低地区倾向于东风增强。春季，地磁活动对纬向风的影响没有纬度差异，在夏冬季随着纬度的降低中间层东风增强明显。地磁活动对经向风的影响具有季节差异，对春冬季节的影响强于夏秋季节。研究表明，地磁活动对纬向风的影响可达9 m·s^–1左右，对经向风的影响可达5 m·s^–1左右。地磁活动对中性大气风场的影响可达80 km。     

Climatology of global,hemispheric and regional electron content variations during the solar cycles 23 and 24

We present the results of study on the variations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by using global, hemispheric, and regional electron contents computed from the global ionospheric maps (GIMs) for the period from 1999 to 2020. For a low and moderate solar activity, the global and regional electron contents vary linearly with solar 10.7 cm radio flux and EUV flux. While a saturation effect in the electron content verses EUV and F10.7 is found during the high solar activity periods at all regions, the maximum effect is observed at low-latitudes followed by high and mid-latitudes region. The extent of saturation effect is more pronounced for F10.7 as compared to EUV. A wavelet transform is applied to global and hemispheric electron contents to examine the relative strength of different variations. The semi-annual variations dominate in the northern hemisphere, whereas annual variations dominate in the southern counterpart. The amplitude of annual variations in southern hemisphere is found to be higher than northern counterpart at all latitudes. This asymmetry in the amplitude of annual variation is maximum at low-latitudes, followed by mid and high-latitudes, respectively. The semi-annual variations are in-phase in both hemisphere and follow the solar cycle. The northern hemisphere depicts relatively large amplitude of semi-annual variations and exhibit the maximum effect at high-latitudes.     

Spatial asymmetry in topside ion density and vertical E × B plasma drift velocity within 75°E–95°E

The ion density measured by the Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument (IPEI) on board the ROCSAT -1 over the 75°E and 95°E meridian at 600km altitude has been utilized to examine the latitudinal and longitudinal distribution within the Indian sector, in particular, the north-south and east-west asymmetries of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). A longitudinal gradient in ion density at 600?km higher towards 95°E develops during the noontime and afternoon hours when the EIA is at its peak. The density gradient persists till evening hours when pre-reversal enhancements occur. The vertical E?×?B plasma drift velocity measured simultaneously by ROCSAT -1 for the same space-time configuration has also been studied. In addition to diurnal, seasonal and solar activity variations in E?×?B drift velocity, the longitudinal gradient is also observed. The EIA at the altitude of 600?km peaks at different latitudes and are mostly asymmetric about the magnetic equator. From midnight till 0800 LT, the ion density across the equator is nearly uniform in the equinoxes. But in the solstices, the density exhibits a north-south gradient. In the June solstice, density is higher in the northern hemisphere and decreases gradually towards south. The gradient in density reverses in December solstice. Normally, the EIA peaks within 1200 LT and 1600 LT while around 2000 LT, pre-reversal enhancement of ionization occurs affecting the EIA evening structure. The strength of the EIA also exhibits seasonal, year-to-year and hemispheric variations. The longitudinal asymmetry of drift velocity along 75°E and 95°E longitude sectors is the contributing factor behind the observed longitudinal asymmetry in ion density. Significant positive correlation between the strength of the EIA and E?×?B drift is observed in both longitudes.     

Hemispheric,seasonal and latitudinal dependence of storm-time ionosphere during low solar activity period

Analysis of the seasonal, hemispheric and latitudinal variation of the ionospheric F2 peak during periods of disturbed geomagnetic conditions in 2011, a year of low solar activity, had been studied using hourly data obtained from low- and mid-latitude ionosonde stations. Our results showed an enhancement in F2-layer maximum electron density (NmF2) at daytime over low latitudes. For the mid-latitude stations, NmF2 depletion pre-dominates the daytime and overturned at nighttime. In general, the variation in terms of magnitude is higher in the low-latitude than at mid-latitude. The nighttime decrease in NmF2 is accompanied by a corresponding F2 peak height (hmF2) increase and overturned at daytime. The hmF2 response during the equinoctial months is lower than the solstices. NmF2 shows distinct seasonal, hemispheric and latitudinal dependence in its response. Appearance of a significant ionospheric effect in southern hemisphere is higher than in the northern hemisphere, and is more pronounced in the equinoxes at low latitudes. At mid-latitudes, the ionospheric effect is insignificant at both hemispheres. A negative ionospheric response dominates the whole seasons at the mid-latitude except for March equinox. The reverse is the case for the hmF2 observation. The amplitudes of both the NmF2 and hmF2 increase with increasing latitude and maximize in the southern hemisphere in terms of longitude.     

The solar cycle variation of plasma parameters in equatorial and mid latitudinal areas during 2005–2010

Based on the ISL data detected by DEMETER satellite, the solar cycle variation in electron density (Ne) and electron temperature (Te) were studied separately in local daytime 10:30 and nighttime 22:30 during 2005–2010 in the 23rd/24th solar cycles. The semi-annual, annual periods and decreasing trend with the descending solar activity were clearly revealed in Ne. At middle and high latitudes, there exhibited phase shift and even reversed annual variation over Southern and Northern hemisphere, and the annual variation amplitudes were asymmetrical at both hemispheres in local daytime. In local nighttime, the annual variations of Ne at south and north hemispheres were symmetrical at same latitudes, but the annual variation amplitudes at different latitudes differed largely, showing obviously zonal features. As for Te, the phase shift in annual variations was not as apparent as Ne with the increase of latitudes at Southern and Northern hemisphere in local daytime. While in local nighttime the reversed annual variations of Te were shown at low latitudinal areas, not at high latitudes as those in Ne. The correlation study on Ne and Te illustrated that, in local daytime, Ne and Te showed strong negative correlation at equator and low latitudes, but during the solar minimum years the correlation between Ne and Te changed to be positive at 25–30° latitudes in March 2009. The correlation coefficient R between Ne and Te also showed semi-annual periodical variations during 2005–2010. While in local nighttime, Ne and Te exhibited relatively weak positive correlation with R being about 0.6 at low latitudes, however no correlation beyond latitudes of 25° was obtained.     

临近空间大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器气动热环境的影响

基于TIMED/SABER 2002—2018年大气密度观测数据，统计分析了20~80 km大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器飞行热环境的影响。根据驻点热流估算方法给出的大气密度变化量与热流变化量之间的关系，定性和定量分析了不同月份大气密度相对变化量引起的热流变化量在垂直和水平方向的分布特征。研究表明:SABER大气密度月年均值计算的热流相对USSA76在夏季半球中高纬度地区偏高，在冬季半球偏低。在夏季半球高纬度地区约80 km附近存在热流增量的极大值，南半球夏季的极大值高于北半球夏季，尤其在南半球1月份，热流偏高可达32.2%。在经度方向，热流分布在夏季半球差异较小，冬季半球差异较大；考虑真实大气中存在的扰动时，在南半球和北半球夏季80 km附近，SABER大气密度预测的热流分别比USSA76偏高可达40.7%和36.6%。在经度方向，大气扰动引起的热流经向分布差异显著。在飞行器设计时，大气扰动的影响不能忽略；高超声速飞行器飞行应避免在夏季穿越南半球和北半球，规避热流增加带来的风险。      

Asymmetrical structure in the thermosphere during magnetic stroms as deduced from the CACTUS accelerometer data

During the last solar activity minimum, a great deal of very precise total density data was obtained in the equatorial regions from the CACTUS accelerometer experiment. Due to the eccentricity of the orbit, it is also possible to determine a density scale height by considering that the density profiles between the perigee (270 km) and 400 km are quasi-vertical. Densities and density scale heights are analysed during magnetic storms and their variations are compared with their behaviour during quiet periods. For densities as well as for scale heights, an asymmetrical structure in latitude and longitude is exhibited with respect to the magnetic equator. Their values are relatively higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern one. The hypothesis (previously suggested) of a greater energy input in the southern hemisphere inducing asymmetrical winds, explains the results well.     

A statistical study of the mid-latitude NmF2 winter anomaly

Hourly values of the F2-layer peak density, NmF2, measured by 62 ionosonde stations from 1957 to 2008 at middle geomagnetic latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres are used in a statistical study of the F2-region winter anomaly. We analyze a maximum value, R, of the winter/summer geomagnetically quiet daytime NmF2 ratio over each ionosonde for approximately the same winter and summer solar activity conditions. The conditional probability of an occurrence of R in an interval of R, the most frequent value of R, the mean expected value of R, and the conditional probability to observe the F2-region winter anomaly are calculated and studied for low, moderate, and high solar activity conditions. It is found that northern hemisphere stations show significant cross-correlations of winter anomaly statistics with geomagnetic latitude for moderate and high solar activities.