Interpretation of data on laser sensing of aerosol atmosphere from space

A single-frequency lidar, using aerosol scattering as an informative component, is the simplest and reliable facility for remote sensing of the atmosphere. The information on vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol which can be obtained using such a lidar is necessary for investigating the physics of atmospheric processes and forecast of optical state of the atmosphere. At the same time, the interpretation of data on single-frequency sounding is associated with some difficulties of fundamental character, mainly due to insufficient software of the experiment. Under such conditions the problems of optimal processing of lidar returns aiming at extracting the useful information on aerosol are of great importance, especially if one takes into account the hindering effects of atmospheric background and optical noises. This paper presents a statistical approach to this problem, and the possibilities of single-frequency sounding from space are analyzed.     

武汉上空钠层与钾层的同时激光雷达观测

简要介绍了(WIPM)双波长共振荧光激光雷达系统和数据处理方法, 并利用其对武汉上空钠层和钾层进行了多天的同时观测, 通过对钠层和钾层的绝对数密度、柱密度以及质心高度的计算, 同时与中纬度其他地区的相关参数进行比较,得出武汉上空钠层的绝对数密度、柱密度以及质心高度与其他中纬度地区十分相近的结论, 并且发现了一个钠层突发和钾层突发不同时出现的现象.      

Using consecutive point clouds for pose and motion estimation of tumbling non-cooperative target

This paper proposes a consecutive point clouds-based estimation scheme to resolve the state estimation problem for tumbling non-cooperative space target during the rendezvous phase without a prior knowledge about its structure. First, a consistent pose estimation algorithm is realized by maintaining a global structure of the target that is reconstructed upon the pose graph optimization. Then an extend Kalman filter on Lie group is adopted to estimate the motion and inertia parameters of the target using the pose measurements of the point clouds. Finally, a semi-physical experimental study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation scheme. The result shows that the structure, motion and the inertia parameters can be estimated, and the total computation time is approximately linear with the number of point clouds.     

电离层数字测高仪被动接收观测模式研究

利用CADI(Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde)电离层数字测高仪平台,实现了新的电离层数字测高仪被动接收观测模式.利用新开发的观测模式,在观测台站开展了一系列实验观测研究,经过信号处理和信息提取,获得了电离层特征参量f0F2回归方程,高频信道背景噪声分布,电离层D层对电波的吸收等电离层探测信息.实验观测结果表明,所获取的f0F2与主动探测结果相关性在0.84以上,高频信道背景噪声分布以及电离层D层吸收状况与电离层实际分析结果相吻合.     

带电云对大气电场随高度变化特征的影响

大气电场与雷暴活动、气候变化、大气污染、太阳活动密切相关,在特殊地形上探测大气电场的高度分布对于大气电学的相关研究具有重要意义。2020年9月12日,中国科学院鸿鹄专项团队将大气电场仪搭载在探空气球上,在青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州大柴旦地区进行了大气电场高度分布的探测实验。本文分析讨论了此次实验中用到的电场仪、实验过程及实验结果。大气电场曲线中间凸起的部分对应电场仪穿过带电云层,因此将其分为三段并分别进行拟合。探测实验及分析结果表明:在不同高度处大气电场的主要影响因素不同,其分布规律会存在差异。此外,带电云会使大气电场强度整体增大,但云层中大气电场的高度分布仍能较好地符合指数变化规律。      

Comparison of cloud top heights measured by airborne Lidar and TIROS-N image data

The determination of the cloud top height by means of satelliteborne IR-radiometers requires the conversion of the measured radiance to an equivalent blackbody temperature and the assignment of this temperature to a geometrical height. The latter is associated with errors which add up easily to several kilometers. DFVLR did a case study to compare satellite derived cloud top heights with those from airborne Lidar measurements. The difference of the radiosonde temperature from the standard temperature profile results in a 1.8 km difference in cloud top height. The achievable accuracy using actual radiosonde temperatures is ± 0.4 km for optical thick clouds and much less for optical thin clouds.     

气泡雾化喷嘴的试验研究

进行了组不同结构形式的气泡雾化喷嘴的试验研究，初步试验结果表明：这种新型喷嘴对液体介质粘度不敏感，在小气液比条件下获得了很好的雾化效果，雾化性能明显优于从国外引进的某些空气雾化喷嘴，该成果已于１９９３年２月７日被授予中华人民共和国实用型专利。     

返回式探空火箭裙锥减速器方案设计及分析

针对传统的探空火箭减速板质量大、展开角度不可调节等缺陷,提出一种新型探空火箭裙锥减速器减速方案。它具有质量小、可改变展开角、展开阻力面积大等优点。针对超声速探空火箭减速器再入时的气动特性,对其外围流场进行了仿真分析,得出了减速器不同锥角对气动特性及过载的影响,并给出了减速器外围流场、压力场以及减速器的应力应变分析,结果表明,减速器所受的气动阻力与其锥角有明显关系,具有非线性特点,且减速器的最大应力小于许用应力。该方案可为探空火箭的回收及新型减速器的设计提供一定的参考依据。     

基于HITRAN数据库的大气激光雷达信号仿真

信号仿真研究是大气激光雷达研究的重要环节，结果可为激光雷达系统的设计和研制提供基础.本文仿真系统可用于激光雷达回波信号模拟.该仿真系统利用HITRAN数据库中的吸收谱线计算大气分子对激光的吸收光谱，并采用大气辐射传输模型中的气溶胶模式模拟气溶胶对激光的衰减.利用激光雷达方程，数值模拟了355nm，532nm以及1064nm的回波信号，并将532nm的数值模拟结果与实测结果进行对比，评估了激光雷达系统的光学效率.      

Evaluation of a Geiger-mode imaging flash lidar in the approach phase for autonomous safe landing on the Moon

The imaging flash lidar has been considered as a promising sensor for the future space missions such as autonomous safe landing, spacecraft rendezvous and docking due to its ability to provide a full 3D scene with a single or multiple laser pulses. The linear-mode flash lidar has been developed and demonstrated for an autonomous safe landing on the Moon in order to provide an accurate distance measurement to the landing site and its 3D image. Yet, the Geiger-mode flash lidar has also been recognized as an emerging technology for the space missions because it is highly sensitive even to a single photon and provides the very accurate timing of photon arrival. In this study, the performance of the Geiger-mode flash lidar is simulated in the approach phase and evaluated for the autonomous landing on the Moon. Furthermore, a new statistical signal processing algorithm is proposed to remove the noise counts in order to obtain the 3D image from a sequence of laser pulses in the situation of the fast moving spacecraft. The algorithm is shown to be effective for the autonomous landing due to its ability to remove noise events under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio and improve ranging accuracy.     

Spaceborne lidar measurement accuracy: Simulation of aerosol,cloud, molecular density,and temperature retrievals

Spaceborne lidar measurements and retrievals are simulated using realistic errors in signal, conventional density information, atmospheric transmission, and lidar calibration. We find that by day, independent analysis of returns at wavelengths of 0.53 and 1.06 μm yields vertical profiles (0.1- to 1-km resolution) of tenuous clouds and boundary-layer, Saharan, and strong volcanic stratospheric aerosols to accuracies of 30% or better, provided particulate optical depth does not exceed ?0.3. By night all these constituents are retrieved, plus noctilucent clouds, mesospheric aerosols, and upper tropospheric/nonvolcanic stratospheric (UT/NVS) areosols. Molecular-density uncertainties are a dominant source of error for UT/NVS retrievals.To reduce these errors and also to provide density and temperature profiles, we developed a procedure that combines returns at 0.35 and 1.06 μm. This technique significantly improves UT/NVS aerosol retrieval accuracy and also yields useful density and temperature profiles there. Strong particulate contamination limits the technique to the cloud-free upper troposphere and above.     

基于SLM的模拟月壤原位成形技术

激光选区熔化（SLM）技术与原位资源利用（ISRU）概念结合,有望解决地外大规模基地建设的工程难题。利用模拟月壤考察了SLM成形技术用于月球原位资源增材制造的可行性。采用高能束激光为热源,对粉床内模拟月壤颗粒进行逐层照射,使颗粒熔融固结。以激光体积能量密度为综合评价指标,开展SLM工艺参数研究,实现模拟月壤的低能耗、高效率、高几何精度成形。研究结果表明:模拟月壤在激光工作波长吸收率高,热稳定性好,利用较低激光能量可实现模拟月壤SLM成形,成形件几何精度高;激光体积能量密度决定了成形件质量,增加激光体积能量密度可以提高成形件力学性能,但过高的激光体积能量密度使成形件发生严重变形;模拟月壤颗粒形态复杂、粒度分布广、流动性差,通过优化颗粒粒径分布范围,可以有效提高粉体的流动性,从而形成致密且均匀的粉床,避免成形件缺陷的产生。      

The effect of aerosols on climate and aerosol climatology on the basis of observations from space

Principal aspects of the effect of aerosols on climate are discussed and the possibilities of obtaining a climatic data set of global aerosols are analyzed. Based on the analysis of space images, new data have been obtained on gigantic dust outbreaks in various regions of the Earth. It has been shown that dust outbreaks can propagate over hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometers. The western Sahara - Atlantic Ocean is the major region of propagation of these outbreaks. The continent-to-continent trajectories of dust clouds have been discovered (from Africa to the coast of America, from Central Asia to the Pacific Ocean). Maps of the sources of strong dust transformations have been studied and drawn. In particular, an anthropogenic dust source has been found out on the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea. A striped mesostructure of dust formations has been analyzed, determined by both the inhomogeneous surface and peculiarities of the eddy dust transport. The techniques have been discussed in detail for retrieving the parameters of aerosol size distribution and the vertical profiles of the coefficients of aerosol extinction in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere from the data on the brightness of the twilight and daytime horizon as well as occultation measurements of solar radiation attenuation by the atmosphere.The difficulty of reliably predicting possible environmental changes arises both from the problems of estimating complex interactions of numerous processes and from a lack of information concerning various environmental parameters. For example, an important factor in present day climatic changes is the increased dust content of the atmosphere due to man's activities. However, a reliable estimate of this influence is found to be impossible due to the absence of definitive data on the global distribution of atmospheric dust and the properties of dust in various parts of the world [4,5,13–15]. The impact of aerosols on climate has been discussed in detail in a number of monographs [12–15].Observations from space have opened up new possibilities for studying atmospheric dust. For this purpose, both the imagery and spectrometry of the Earth's atmosphere from space are used. Rather attractive are the prospects for laser sounding [1].     

Adaptation of the bottomside electron density profile of the IRI model to data of topside radiosounding

A method is proposed for reconstructing the electron density profiles N(h) of the IRI model from ionograms of topside satellite sounding of the ionosphere. An ionograms feature is the presence of traces of signal reflection from the Earth's surface. The profile reconstruction is carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the N(h) –profile is calculated from the lower boundary of the ionosphere to the satellite height (total profile) by the method presented in this paper using the ionogram. In this case, the monotonic profile of the topside ionosphere is calculated by the classical method. The profile of the inner ionosphere is represented by analytical functions, the parameters of which are calculated by optimization methods using traces of signal reflection, both from the topside ionosphere and from the Earth. At the second stage, the profile calculated from the ionogram is used to obtain the key parameters: the height of the maximum hmF2 of the F2 layer, the critical frequency foF2, the values of B0 and B1, which determine the profile shape in the F region in the IRI model. The input of key parameters, time of observation, and coordinates of sounding into the IRI model allows obtaining the IRI-profile corrected to real experimental conditions. The results of using the data of the ISIS-2 satellite show that the profiles calculated from the ionograms and the IRI profiles corrected from them are close to each other in the inner ionosphere and can differ significantly in the topside ionosphere. This indicates the possibility of obtaining a profile in the inner ionosphere close to the real distribution, which can significantly expand the information database useful for the IRTAM (IRI Realmax Assimilative Modeling) model. The calculated profiles can be used independently for local ionospheric research.     

三频信标高精度TEC测量新方法

电子总含量(TEC)是电离层探测的主要参量之一, 作为层析(CT)的输入参量, TEC测量精度直接影响电离层CT成像的结果. 过去主要采用双频信标测量TEC, 由于相位积分常数的求解、系统硬件延迟等误差, 使得TEC测量结果不能满足电离层CT高精度重建成像的要求. 三频相干信标技术的出现, 使得电离层天基测量技术有了新的发展. 提出了基于三频信标的传播时延-相位联合测量反演TEC的方法, 融合三频信标在电子密度随机起伏探测和相位积分常数计算两方面的优势, 进一步提高了TEC的测量精度. 模拟结果显示利用此方法的三频信标TEC测量结果提高了电离层CT的精度.      

A review on the upper atmospheric sodium observations from India: Insights

This review article briefly brings out the historical development of atmospheric sodium (Na) measurements over India and the importance of coordinated measurements with multiple techniques to address physical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These measurements were initiated in the early 1970s by observing Na airglow emission intensities with broad band airglow photometer from Mt. Abu, a low-latitude hill station in India. Considerable amount of night-to-night variations in nocturnal emission intensities of the Na airglow were observed. Later, investigations regarding the dependence with the magnetic activities from the equatorial and low latitudes were carried out and double-humped structures in the nocturnal variation of intensities were reported. With the advent of Na lidar at Gadanki around 2005, the measurements of atmospheric neutral Na atom concentration became possible and more frequent occurrences of sporadic Na layers over the magnetic low latitude station compared to other latitudes were detected indicating the role played by electrodynamics. Later, a possible relationship between E-region field aligned plasma irregularities and the concentration of neutral Na atoms was investigated using coordinated measurements of VHF radar and Na lidar. Further, simultaneous measurements with Na lidar and a narrow band airglow photometer with narrow field of view brought out the importance of coordinated observation wherein the characterization of gravity waves could be carried out and also revealed the importance of collisional quenching due to ambient molecules in the Na airglow emission processes. In addition, combining the ground based measurements of Na lidar and meteor wind radar along with satellite measurements made possible to hypothesize the over-turning Kelvin–Helmholtz billow in the Na layer manifests “C-type” or inverted lambda shape structures in the height-time-concentration map of neutral Na atoms. This review paper presents a synoptic view mostly based on the previously reported observations of Na airglow emission, Na lidar and coordinated Na airglow and Na lidar observations from the Indian sector and highlights the importance of simultaneous measurements of mesospheric Na and its emissions along with satellite-borne measurements to address interesting geophysical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere.     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System，GNSS）掩星大气探测技术的兴起，GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位，但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求，未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源，开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以世界气象组织发布的大气海洋数据需求为参考，提出新一代GNSS遥感探测星座任务需求与设计约束.在理想大气模型假设下，利用几何解析方法研究了探测卫星星座构型参数对探测性能的影响，并建立了新一代GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计基本准则.以风云卫星为子星座，给出了星座规模同为40颗的三种GNSS遥感探测微纳卫星星座设计方案.研究结果表明，具备该规模的探测星座可满足数值天气预报等气象应用的最低数据需求，三种构型方案中，由高、中、低倾角三组Walker子星座与风云卫星子星座组建的GNSS遥感探测星座探测性能最优.      

Numerical study of traveling ionosphere disturbances with vertical incidence data

High frequency ionosphere vertical sounding, as an important and representative application for detecting the ionosphere and studying the characteristics of radio propagation, can be utilized to monitor the ionosphere continuously variation and to acquire the ionosphere asymmetrical features of diverse scale above the ionosphere vertical sounding stations. This is a first article on real time application of numerical methods to obtain the parameters of traveling ionosphere disturbances (TIDs) using vertical incident ionograms. In this paper, the distribution of ionosphere electron density with TIDs is constructed using a background ionosphere model superimposed a perturbation theory model. The background ionosphere electron density is modelled by the inversion of vertical incident ionograms which are observed before the appearance of the disturbance. Based on the fourth order Adams-Bashforth-Moulton (the so-called ABM) predictor corrector method, instead of Runge-Kutta method, the fast digital ray tracing method is established. According to process of the disturbed trace simulation and parameters inversion, the characteristic parameters of ionosphere disturbance at different detection time can be obtained in real time. The numerical analysis of TIDs is then captured completely.     

转台中心轴线标定误差分析与修正

提出一种标定球和几何变换相结合的方法修正三维激光数字化系统中转台中心轴线的标定误差.该方法首先用8个不同旋转位置的标定球球心计算转台中心轴线,然后利用几何变换将不同位置的球心绕转台中心轴线旋转到零度位置,并计算与初始位置球心的偏差,依据不同位置球心旋转复位的偏差采用几何逆变换推导出转轴偏心的修正公式.在自行设计的三维激光线扫描测量平台上数据旋转拼合精度提高到0.07?mm,实现了多视旋转测量的数据点云在线自动拼合.与以前的方法相比,设计的转轴标定误差修正方法简单、高效,在其它安装转台的测量系统中同样适用.     

干扰因素对补燃式液体火箭发动机性能的影响

给出了描述补燃循环液体火箭发动机静态特性的非线性数学模型,用拟牛顿法求解各性能参数,分析了干扰因素对液体火箭发动机参数的影响,所得结论可用于发动机试验结果分析、发动机可靠性分析、发动机故障分析,也可用于揭示发动机参数随各种干扰因素的变化规律.