图像融合技术检测低可观测目标评述

阐明了利用图像信息空间覆盖范围大的特点,运用图像融合的手段来对低可观测目标进行检测.通过综合处理来自多个传感器图像包含的检测对象信息、环境特性信息、运动信息、空间信息、时间信息,获得的融合信息包含任何单一传感器无法提供的信息,进而提高检测性能.扼要介绍了像素层图像融合、特征层图像融合以及符号层图像融合的基本概念.列举了图像融合技术一些应用实例,阐述了用图像融合技术检测低可观测目标的优点.着重强调了检测低可观测目标需要进一步研究的问题.     

SAR图像舰船目标边缘检测

提出了一种在正则化基础上,利用小波变化实现合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像舰船目标边缘检测的新方法。传统的利用小波变换实现图像边缘检测时,阈值需要人为设定。针对这一问题,文章引入正则化超分辨技术,从贝叶斯框架下的估计问题出发,采用非二次正则化,平滑图像,保护强散射点目标,实现对 SAR图像进行去噪。利用小波变换的局部化特性和多尺度分析能力,检测突变信号,实现对舰船目标的边缘检测。该方法去噪效果好,边缘 定位准确,仿真结果表明了算法的有效性。     

基于多尺度分割注意力的无人机航拍图像目标检测算法

随着无人机（UAV）遥感技术的发展,无人机航拍图像目标检测逐渐成为无人机应用领域的一项核心技术,在交通规划、军事侦查及环境监测等领域具有重要应用价值。针对无人机图像中小目标实例多、背景复杂及特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于多尺度分割注意力的无人机航拍图像目标检测算法MSA-YOLO。首先,利用嵌入在骨干网络瓶颈层的多尺度分割注意力单元建立多尺度特征间的远程依赖关系,从而强化关键特征的表达能力并抑制背景噪声干扰;其次,设计了一种自适应加权特征融合方法,该方法动态的优化各输出特征层权重,实现浅层特征与深层特征的深度融合;最后,在VisDrone公开数据集上的实验结果表明：该方法取得了34.7%的平均均值精度（mAP）,相比于基线算法YOLOv5提高了2.8%,在复杂背景下仍能显著提升无人机图像目标检测性能。     

基于深度卷积网络的SAR图像目标检测识别

在SAR图像解译应用领域,目标的自动检测与识别一直是该领域的研究重点和热点,也是该领域的研究难点。针对SAR图像的目标检测与识别方法一般由滤波、分割、特征提取和目标识别等多个相互独立的步骤组成。复杂的流程不仅限制了SAR图像目标检测识别的效率,多步骤处理也使模型的整体优化难以进行,进而制约了目标检测识别的精度。采用近几年在计算机视觉领域表现突出的深度学习方法来处理SAR图像的目标检测识别问题,通过使用CNN、Fast RCNN以及Faster RCNN等模型对MSTAR SAR公开数据集进行目标识别及目标检测实验,验证了卷积神经网络在SAR图像目标识别领域的有效性及高效性,为后续该领域的进一步研究应用奠定了基础。     

基于航迹质量评估的雷达和ADS-B数据融合方法

雷达和广播式自动相关监视系统（ADS-B）的数据融合是监视“黑飞”无人机和飞鸟等目标的有效手段,然而两种传感器跟踪性能差异较大且易波动,会带来融合精度下降问题。提出一种基于航迹质量评估的雷达和ADS-B 数据融合方法,首先量化评估局部航迹精度、数据更新次数和传感器测量误差对局部航迹质量的影响,其次综合计算局部航迹的质量加权因子,最后基于分布式融合结构完成异步航迹融合处理。结果表明：本文提出的融合处理方法能有效提高融合跟踪精度,在传感器跟踪性能出现波动的情况下,跟踪误差均优于传统航迹融合方法。实际工程应用中的融合效果也验证了本文方法有助于实现对低空合作和非合作式目标的综合监视。     

重访机制驱动的多无人机协同动目标搜索方法

为实现多无人机高效捕获灰色任务区域内的移动目标,考虑传感器探测概率与虚警概率,提出了重访机制驱动的协同搜索规划（RMD-CSP）方法,以降低目标遗漏与误判概率。考虑无人机飞行性能约束,以最大化任务执行效能为目标建立多无人机协同搜索模型。根据目标先验信息初始化环境搜索信息图（包括目标概率分布图、环境不确定度图与环境搜索状态图）,利用无人机实时探测信息,基于贝叶斯准则持续更新搜索信息图。定制基于环境不确定度更新的重访机制,通过增加长时间未被重访区域的环境不确定度,引导无人机搜索该区域,降低移动目标的遗漏概率;定制基于目标函数权重更新的重访机制,引导无人机快速重访发现新的疑似目标的区域,对疑似目标进行再次确认,减少由于传感器虚警概率造成的目标误判概率。采用滚动时域规划架构,将搜索规划问题分解为一系列短时域规划问题,提升了求解效率。在典型任务想定下,通过数值仿真试验验证了所提方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,RMD-CSP能够在秒级时间内生成每个时域的搜索航迹,相比于光栅式搜索方法与标准的概率启发式搜索方法,能够引导无人机捕获更多的移动目标,同时减少误判次数,有效提升了多无人机协同搜索的任务效能。     

基于无人机载图像的局部精细拼接算法

近年来随着机载光电载荷功能的不断完善,航空侦察监视任务对图像情报采集效率、质量均提出了更高要求。针对飞行场景干扰因素较多导致图像拼接质量较差的问题,提出了一种适应性较好的局部精细拼接算法。首先,综合点特征与线特征建立射影不变特征子进行精确局部预配准;然后,基于准单应变换与共线性评价准则建立网格优化目标函数,提出了一种透视关系改善方法以减小扭曲失真;最后,检索图像最优缝合线并优化融合效果。基于实际无人机载图像的实验结果表明：所提算法比当前先进算法均方根误差平均降低了0.2290,直线斜率保留能力平均提升了13.95%,一定程度上优化图像质量并改善扭曲失真,适用于无人机载成像领域。     

公开SAR图像目标数据集及其在深度学习中的应用综述

由于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像可读性较差,所以对其进行目标检测与识别处理的难度也较大.近年来,随着深度学习(DL)方法的不断发展,许多学者将其引入SAR图像目标检测与识别研究中.该类方法以数据为驱动.其中,监督学习方法更以已标注的数据为基础.但是,SAR图像目标的标注通常是昂贵且耗时的.鉴于此,本文对已公开的SAR图像...     

基于控制线方法的机载SAR和可见光图像匹配应用研究

根据无人机(UAV)景象匹配导航的现实需求,对具有典型人造场景的机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像与可见光图像,提出一种基于直线特征的SAR图像与可见光图像配准方法.首先,利用改进的直线段检测(LSD)方法提取图像直线特征；其次,构造控制线并设计了一种基于控制线的图像配准方法；最后,依据仿射变换模型实现了待配准图像的精确自动配准.实验表明,在SAR和可见光图像存在较大灰度差异、旋转和平移的情况下,该算法仍能精确配准图像,且运算时间大幅减少,能够满足一些实时性较强的应用.     

改进Retinex算法的低照度图像增强研究

全局增强未过多考虑图像局部细节,单独使用局部增强会损失图像的亮度。多尺度Retinex算法既能保持动态范围压缩又能实现整体再现,但易出现光晕现象,色彩失真,图像细节信息容易丢失,且运算时间较长。针对上述不足,提出了图像融合增强算法：采用离散小波变换实现对局部增强、全局增强图像及改进多尺度Retinex增强图像的融合。改进多尺度Retinex算法使用引导滤波替换高斯滤波估计反射分量。通过对仿真结果定性以及在峰值信噪比,结构相似度等方面进行定量对比,实验结果证明较原图和MSR(multi-scale retinex)算法处理图像,该算法针对图像昏暗、提取信息不全问题具有更好的显示效果。     

基于边缘相似性的异源图像匹配

异源图像匹配是视觉导航、多源图像融合分析的关键步骤之一。对于成像机理差别较大的异源图像,如SAR图像和可见光图像,采用传统的异源图像匹配算法难以得到满意结果。本文提出一种基于边缘相似性的异源图像匹配方法,首先分别提取待匹配图像的边缘特征点集;然后计算基准图的边缘距离场;最后基于边缘相似性模型,通过实时图边缘图和基准图边缘距离场计算边缘相似度,寻找相似度最大的变换参数即为最终匹配参数。采用SAR与可见光图对方法进行了测试,结果表明,这种方法能够快速可靠地实现异源图像匹配。     

基于Gibbs-Markov随机场与连通聚类的SAR图像恢复

在传统的马尔可夫随机场(MRF)的图像建模方法基础上利用合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的固有特性对Gibbs-MRF模型进行改进复原SAR图像,并进一步提出用数字形态学中连通性理论进行图像分割。在SAR图像像素空间的邻域内,估计最大后验概率(MAP)时引用Gamma分布代替传统的瑞利分布恢复数据,同时利用像素强度值相关性的连通模型将目标较好地提取出来。充分利用了SAR图像的数字形态信息和像素强度之间的相关性,得到了更好的分割效果。仿真实验说明本文方法是有效的。     

A novel visual attention method for target detection from SAR images

Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) imaging systems have been widely used in civil and military fields due to their all-weather and all-day abilities and various other advantages. However, due to image data exponentially increasing, there is a need for novel automatic target detection and recognition technologies. In recent years, the visual attention mechanism in the visual system has helped humans effectively deal with complex visual signals. In particular, biologically inspired top-down attention models have garnered much attention recently. This paper presents a visual attention model for SAR target detection, comprising a bottom-up stage and top-down process.In the bottom-up step, the Itti model is improved based on the difference between SAR and optical images. The top-down step fully utilizes prior information to further detect targets. Extensive detection experiments carried out on the benchmark Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition(MSTAR) dataset show that, compared with typical visual models and other popular detection methods, our model has increased ability and robustness for SAR target detection, under a range of Signal to Clutter Ratio(SCR) conditions and scenes. In addition, results obtained using only the bottom-up stage are inferior to those of the proposed method, further demonstrating the effectiveness and rationality of a top-down strategy. In summary, our proposed visual attention method can be considered a potential benchmark resource for the SAR research community.     

High Range Resolution Profiles as Motion-Invariant Features for Moving Ground Targets Identification in SAR-Based Automatic Target Recognition

A quantitative model analysis is presented to justify the extraction of high range resolution (HRR) profiles from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images as motion-invariant features for identifying moving ground targets. A comparative study is conducted to assess the effectiveness in the identification process between using HRR profiles and SAR images as target signatures. The results indicate that HRR profiles are just as viable as SAR image for identification. Furthermore, a score-level multi-look fusion identification method has been investigated. It is found that a correct accurate identification rate of greater than 99 percent, a low false alarm rate, and a high level of identification confidence can be achieved, providing very robust performance.     

Target detection with synthetic aperture radar

Target detection with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is considered. We derive generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) detection algorithms that may be used with SAR images that are obtained with coherent subtraction or have Gaussian distributions. We analytically compare the performance of (1) a single pixel detector, (2) a detector using complete knowledge of the target signature information and known orientation information, (3) a detector using incomplete knowledge of the target signature information and known orientation information (4) a detector using unknown target signature information and known orientation information, and (5) a detector using unknown target signature information and unknown orientation information     

综合航电设备多传感器多级数据融合的敌我属性估计

介绍了C^4 ISR系统中多传感器数据融合的特点和一种空战融合模式,结合实例说明了多传感器各自对目标信息的测量结果进行融合处理,推导了单传感器和多传感器未知命题的周期融合的可信度分配,并根据概率分布函数求出我机和敌机的置信度和拟信度,进行了验证和分析。分析表明,多传感器数据融合可以较全面准确地识别空中目标,达到对目标属性的准确估计。     

A novel method for multi-angle SAR image matching

Multi-angle synthetic aperture radar(SAR) image matching is very challenging, because the same object may cause different backscattering patterns, heavily depending on the radar incident angle. A technique based on the relations between the invariant positions of ground targets among the reference and sensed images is proposed to accommodate the nonmatching patterns. It involves a target extraction using wavelet coefficient fusion, as well as a geometric voting matching routine for searching the matched control points(CPs) in the reference and sensed images, respectively. To accelerate the speed of the search, a robust, rapidly corresponding CPs determination strategy is exploited by utilizing the global spatial transformation model, as well as a procedure of outlier removal to ensure the desired accuracy. Meanwhile, the positions of the matched point pairs are relocated using mutual information. The final warping of the images according to the CPs is performed by using a polynomial function. The results show the possibility of matching multi-angle SAR images in general cases.     

分数傅立叶变换用于抑制SAR杂波背景检测慢速动目标

慢速运动目标在时、空、频域上都落入主杂波区。利用单通道SAR图像中静止背景的信息抑制静止杂波,可改善检测动目标的性能。分数傅立叶变换是线性变换,不存在交叉项,采用分数傅立叶变换搜索匹配动目标信号,使其能量汇聚。对称计算旋转角正负对称的分数傅立叶变换,在两个对称的分数傅立叶域中得到两个复信号,这两个复信号中静止背景的模处处相同,而包含动目标的区域,模的幅度有很大差别,计算对称的分数傅立叶域信号对应位置模的差,取绝对值,可对消静止背景,敏锐地检测动目标。实测数据表明本算法有效。     

A Generalized Approach to Multiresolution Complex SAR Signal Processing

Multiresolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation has been proven to be beneficial in a variety of applications such as improved imaging and target detection as well as speckle reduction. SAR signal processing traditionally carried out in the Fourier domain has inherent limitations in the context of image formation at hierarchical scales. We present a generalized approach to the formation of multiresolution SAR images using biorthogonal shift-invariant discrete wavelet transform (SIDWT) in both range and azimuth directions. Particularly in azimuth, the inherent subband decomposition property of wavelet packet transform is introduced to produce multiscale complex matched filtering without involving any approximations. This generalized approach also includes the formulation of multilook processing within the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) paradigm. The efficiency of the algorithm in parallel form of execution to generate hierarchical scale SAR images is shown. Analytical results and sample imagery of diffuse backscatter are presented to validate the method.