直线型驻波超声电机的定、动子间接触及摩擦分析

针对一种基于面内振动的直线型驻波超声电机的定、动子接触过程和摩擦机理进行了研究。在分析中将摩擦材料层简化为分布式线弹簧,利用对电机驱动过程中等速点和接触点的相对位置的分析,将接触区域进行了分区段的讨论,推导出电机速度和输出推力的关系并进行了计算机仿真。进而对不同间距下电机定、动子接触过程进行了分析和仿真。结果表明：电机的定、动子间距在建立摩擦模型中起关键作用,其变化对电机机械特性有显著的影响。     

基于弯振模态的螺纹杆式直线超声电机(英文)

介绍了基于弯振模态的螺纹杆式直线超声电机的运行机理.在梁弯曲振动模型的基础上,对螺纹杆式直线超声电机进行动力学分析,推导出电机定子驱动点的空间运动轨迹方程,并阐明了电机运行机理.本文应用有限元法分析了电机的振动模态和结构,设计并研制了样机.样机定子的尺寸为13 mm×13 mm×30 mm,最后对电机输出特性进行了测试,最大输出力为5.2 N.     

一种新型微型杆式超声电机及其驱动原理

提出了一种新型微型杆式超声电机,并对该杆式电机的驱动机理进行了仿真。该电机采用两段金属柱体压紧5片压电陶瓷片作为定子。该定子结构和压电陶瓷片的布局方式可以提高其机电转换效率。为尽量减小定、转子之间的径向滑移以提高摩擦传动效率,电机采用了柔性转子,对原理样机及其微型驱动器进行了性能实验。电机的外径为9mm,长度为15mm,重3.2g。当电机工作在杆式定子的一阶弯曲频率(72kHz)附近时,电机实测最大转速为520r/min,最大输出力矩为4.5mN·m。实验结果表明,该电机具有良好的稳定性,利用频率自动跟踪技术对电机转速进行闭环控制,可以将其转速波动稳定在3%之内。     

Friction Behavior on Contact Interface of Linear Ultrasonic Motor with Hard Contact Materials

How to improve the efficiency of the linear ultrasonic motor with hard contact materials(HLUSM)or the precision motion stage driven by HLUSM,becomes a hot issue.Analysis and testing of friction behavior on the contact interface of HLUSM is one of the key issues.Under the action of ultrasonic vibration and impact,the friction behavior on contact interface is very complex due to micro-amplitude and high frequency.Moreover,it is difficult to observe and test it.Focusing on the frictional behavior on the interface of HLUSM,a new method,through testing the vibration of the driving tips(scanning vibrometer PSV-400-3D)and the motion of the slider(displacement sensor LK-G30),respectively,is proposed.Then,take the HLUSM as an example,theoretical analyses and experiments are carried out.Theoretical analysis shows that the average speed of the slider should be 600 mm/s when there is no slippage between the stator and slider during the contact process.Experimental results show that the average speed of the slider is about 390mm/s.At the same time,the tangential vibration speed of the driving tip of HLUSM is larger than 600 mm/s.Therefore,there must be slippage between the stator and slider of HLUSM.Further experimental results show that the maximum efficiency is less than 10%.The slippage on the contact interface should be the main reason for the low efficiency of HLUSM.     

Stick-Slip Tower-Shaped Piezoelectric Actuator

Since stick-slip actuators present the advantage of allowing long displacements(several centimeters or even more)at a high speed with an ultra high resolution(5nm),a new type of stick-slip piezoelectric actuator is proposed to attain sub-nanometer positioning accuracy.The actuator is composed of a slider and a tower-shaped stator using forced bending vibration in y-z plane to generate tangential vibration on the top of the driving foot.When excited by the sawtooth input voltage,driving foot of the stator is able to generate a tangential asymmetrical vibration on the top,and the slider is thus pushed to move.A prototype and its testing equipment are fabricated and described.Following that,the testing of vibration mode and mechanical characteristics as well as stepping characteristics are conducted.Experimental results show that under the condition that the sawtooth input voltage is400VP-Pand the pre-pressure is 6N.Velocity of the actuator reaches its maximum 1.2mm/s at the frequency of 8000 Hz and drops to its minimum 35nm/s at the frequency of 1Hz.When the excitation signal is the single-phase sawtooth stepping signal,the tower-shaped actuator can directionally move forward or backward step by step.And when excited by the sawtooth stepping signal with 1Hz and 300VP-Pduring 1cycle(200ms),the actuator has a minimum stepping distance of 22 nm.     

低温环境下超声电机定子特性

超声电机是一种新型的驱动器,由于其具有大力矩/重量比,控制性能好等优点,适合在航天器上使用,因此,在低温环境下对超声电机性能的变化进行研究就非常必要.分析了在低温环境下,超声电机定子弹性体和压电陶瓷元件性能变化,改进了不同环境下超声电机用压电陶瓷的压电方程,并通过该方程推出了压电陶瓷元件的d33随着温度的下降而降低.结合超声电机定子振动,归纳出低温环境下,超声电机定子对超声电机性能下降的影响.通过超声电机在低温环境下的性能测试,验证了低温环境下超声电机定子性能变化的理论分析.得到结论:压电陶瓷在低温环境下的性能下降是影响超声电机定子性能变化的主要原因.     

纵弯模态复合的两自由度直线超声电机

所研制的两自由度直线超声电机由一个圆柱形定子和一个滑板组成.通过三组压电陶瓷元件在定子上分别激励出两个互相垂直的弯振模态和一个纵振模态.任一弯振模态和纵振模态的组合,可以驱动滑板沿x或y方向作直线运动.本文从提高电机的输出性能和驱动效率出发,提出了电机设计的要点.这些要点包括工作模态的选择、模态频率的一致性、压电陶瓷元件和支承元件的位置、预压力的大小和干扰模态的影响等.     

PWM变频器供电的感应电机传热特性

为了探究电动机在脉宽调(Pulse width modulation,PWM)变频器供电下的传热特性,近一步揭示变频参数（调制比）对电动机温升分 布的影响特征,以一台采用PWM变频器供电下55 kW驱动用感应电机为例,基于流体力学及传热学基本原理,结合电机通风结构特征,建立外部包裹有空气域的三维流热耦合求解域模型,并采用有限体积元法对电机内的温度场进行了数值研究。此外,针对PWM不同调制比控制条件下电动机全域内的传热特性进行了对比分析,结果表明：两个不同调制比控制条件下电机求解域 内各主要部件温升分布趋势大致相同;径向上,转子部分温升较高,在气隙位置温升出现阶跃式变化,定子部分温升较低;轴向上,电机各部分近风端温升较低,远风端温升较高;周向上,定子轭部温升呈波浪式变化。     

一种利用纵振的直线超声电机(英文)

设计了一种利用变截面杆纵振模态工作的直线超声电机,该超声电机的特点是有两个变截面杆状并由一半圆环连接。位于圆环中间驱动足顶部质点以椭圆轨迹运动,当驱动足以一定预压力接触动子时,动子将输出直线运动。通过建立定子的有限元模型并对其进行谐响应分析验证了原理的可行性。提出了电机结构设计的要求,并通过有限元方法进行了结构参数灵敏度分析,为该类电机结构的设计提供了高效的方法。样机试验表明,该电机在100mm/s的运行速度下可以推动10N的负载。     

单模态驱动双向运动的斜动子V形直线超声电机

针对双模态超声电机对模态频率一致性要求高以及单模态超声电机难以实现双向运动等问题,提出了一种单模态驱动双向运动的斜动子V形直线超声电机。电机由导轨和V形定子构成,导轨相对于V形定子倾斜安装,V形定子的工作模态为面内对称模态或面内反对称模态,通过切换工作模态改变定子驱动足运动轨迹相对导轨的倾斜方向,实现导轨正反向运动。在分析电机工作原理及设计原则的基础上,推导了电机运行的导轨倾角范围,并对设计制作的原理样机进行了模态实验和机械特性测试。实验表明:在导轨倾角为35°,激励峰峰值电压为600V,预压力为65 N条件下,当电机工作在面内对称模态,导轨正向运动,其最大空载速度为180mm/s,最大输出力为14N;当电机工作在面内反对称模态,导轨反向运动,其最大空载速度为125mm/s,最大输出力为24N。     

在主减速器斜撑杆上安装压电叠层作动器的直升机主动隔振

采用安装在主减斜撑杆上的压电叠层作动器建立了直升机主动隔振系统。基于压电材料本构关系推导了压电叠层作动器的驱动方程,建立了压电叠层作动器驱动的主减主动隔振系统动力学模型。采用了自适应滤波控制方法,通过最小均方算法实现了自适应控制。直升机主动隔振仿真实验表明了该系统具有高效的隔振效果。     

旋转行波超声电机非线性摩擦界面模型

分析了对行波超声电机定子和转子间接触状态，利用间距δ更准确地表征了定、转子间几种不同的接触情况；依据行波作用的特点，利用时空方程间的对应关系，提出了用接触变形角定量地表示定、转子间接触状态的变化情况，讨论了弹性滑动、弹性滞后，特别是stick-slip现象对摩擦界面的影响；改进了传统的线性纯滑动摩擦模型．建立了非线性摩擦界面输出特性仿真分析模型。     

Test on an Optimized Cylindrical Non-contact Piezoelectric Actuator

An optimization design for the cylindrical non-contact piezoelectric actuator is presented after analyzing the acoustic radiation pressure and acoustic viscous force.By adding the specific microstructure on the rotor to alter the near-field sound effect and maximize the use of high intensity acoustic field induced by the stator to drive the rotor,the rotor speed is increased.The finite element analysis of the acoustic field induced by a variety of rotors with different structures is conducted,A prototype is manufactured,the speed-test system for the actuator is built,and the driving characteristics are measured.The results suggest that the rotation speed of the rotor can reach 4 167r/min,which demonstrates that the driving characteristics of cylindrical non-contact piezoelectric actuator are successfully improved using the optimization method proposed.     

Power Supply of Macro-Micro Driven Linear Piezoelectric Motor

To investigate a novel macro and micro driven linear piezoelectric motor composed of an ultrasonic motor with macro movement and a piezoelectric actuator with micro movement,a digital signal processing(DSP)based macro and micro power supply is designed,which fits the new linear piezoelectric motor.The power supply comprises a control circuit,a voltage conversion circuit,an amplifier circuit,a half-bridge module,an optical isolatorsdrive circuit,etc,where the DSP of TMS320F28335 is used as the controller.When the linear piezoelectric motor working in a macro driven state,the power supply outputs alternating currents with high frequency and high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor dynamically at an ultrasonic frequency;while working in the micro driven state,the power supply outputs direct currents with high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor in micro driven statically.Here a prototype of the macro-micro power supply is designed.After a series of experiments on the power supply with and without loads,the results show that the power supply can drive and control the macro micro driven linear piezoelectric motor,and realizes quick and seamless switch between macro and micro drive.In addition,the power supply can drive and control the ultrasonic motor or piezoelectric ceramic micro actuator individually.The power supply achieves the multiple parameters of output signals adjustable simultaneously and exhibits good control characteristics.     

旋转型行波超声电机定子模态频率的一致性调节

从分析超声电机的工作机理出发,指出旋转型行波超声电机定子两相模态频率不一致影响超声电机旋转稳定性和输出效率。针对材料不均匀或加工误差引起的两相模态频率不一致的问题,利用结构摄动理论,通过求解定子的动力学方程,找到了调节两相模态频率一致性的方法。利用这一方法,以南京航空航天大学研制的某TRUM-60型超声电机为例,进行了AN SY S有限元计算,寻找合适的调节位置,并对两相模态频率不一致进行了调节,利用多普勒激光测振仪,对修改前后的定子的模态频率进行了测试,两相模态频率差从调节前的0.42kH z变为调节后的0.04 kH z。结果表明:这种方法对于调节定子两相模态频率的一致性是非常有效的。     

Dynamics Modeling and Numerical Analysis of Rotor with Elastic Support/Dry Friction Dampers

The elastic support/dry friction damper is a type of damper which is used for active vibration control in a rotor system.To establish the analytical model of this type of damper,a two-dimensional friction model-ball/plate model was proposed.By using this ball/plate model,a dynamics model of rotor with elastic support/dry friction dampers was established and experimentally verified.Moreover,the damping performance of the elastic support/dry friction damper was studied numerically with respect to some variable parameters.The numerical study shows that the damping performance of the elastic support/dry friction damper is closely related to the stiffness distribution of the rotor-support system,the damper location,the pressing force between the moving and stationary disk,the friction coefficient,the tangential contact stiffness of the contact interface,and the stiffness of the stationary disk.In general,the damper should be located on an elastic support which has a large vibration amplitude in order to achieve a better damping performance,and the more vibration energy in this elastic support concentrates,the better performance of the damper will be.The larger the tangential contact stiffness of the contact interface,and the stiffness of the stationary disk are,the better performance of the damper will be.There will be an optimal value of the friction force at which the damper performs best.     

纵扭复合型压电超声电机的研究

概述了纵扭复合型超声电机研制过程中的几个关键技术问题。内容包括电机的工作原理 ,指出了压电陶瓷片的安放位置 ,确定了一种电机的结构形式 ,该结构形式能调节所需两共振频率趋于一致。用优化方法对该结构形式的定子进行动力学设计 ,提高了设计效率 ;驱动控制电路 ;电机加工中应注意的问题。最后装配了一台直径 45 m m的电机 ,实验表明电机具有一定的转速和扭矩。     

Simulation Analysis and Experiment on Piezoelectric Cantilever Vibrator

Piezoelectric cantilever bimorph vibrator is the core component of piezoelectric inertial actuators.Piezoelectric cantilever bimorph vibrator with lumped mass at the end is studied,and a dynamic model is constructed by the proposed method of transforming symmetric electrical signal excitation to equivalent harmonic force excitation.Combining the theory and test,the single-degree-of-freedom damp vibration system consisting of the vibrator is analyzed and the full response is provided.Dynamical system modeling and simulation are conducted by software Matlab/Simulink.The output response of deflection,velocity,acceleration,driving force are solved using the input signal of equivalent harmonic force.Based on the data of theory,simulation and experiments,the deflection of vibrator is analyzed and compared under the excitation of sine wave signal.Result shows that the dynamic deflection results of vibrator from theory,simulation and experiments agree well with each other.The proposed modeling and analysis approaches of the single-degree-of-freedom damp vibration system consisting of the vibrator,have some reference significance for further research of piezoelectric inertial actuators.     

高速滚动轴承-转子系统的摩擦阻尼减振

为了抑制高速滚动轴承-转子系统在通过临界转速时的过大振动,本文采用了摩擦阻尼弹性支承结构.分析了该支承的减振机理和支承特性,设计了摩擦阻尼器,研究了其对转子系统不平衡响应的影响.结果表明,采用适当的机械结构,阻尼器的刚度因子和摩阻因子只与内环的锥角和接触面摩擦因数有关.通过改变这两个参数和外壳轴向刚度,可改变其刚度和阻尼特性.在转子系统支承中引入摩擦阻尼器能够降低支承刚度,从而降低系统的临界转速,避开工作转速.此外,还可增大支承阻尼,抑制临界振幅,减小系统的振动外传力.     

减速器壳体结构振动与辐射噪声分析

从减速器壳体的振动特性出发,对由振动引起的辐射噪声进行了深入的研究;基于声振耦合理论,运用有限元和边界元的计算方法,实现了对减速器的振动噪声的虚拟再现,为减速器的减振降噪优化设计奠定了良好的设计基础。在建立良好有限元模型基础上,计算了减速器壳体结构的振动特性以及壳体表面典型节点处的声学量。设计了减速器缩比模型试验,定性分析灌注阻尼特性对减速器壳体结构的影响。通过对比壳体结构的响应特性,分别从理论和试验上得出了灌注阻尼在测试频段内的减振效果。