Intelli-FIELDTM: the next generation electrostatic fielddisturbance sensor

Outdoor perimeter volumetric field disturbance sensors must reliably detect perturbations to the field caused by an intruder, while rejecting noise and environmental changes that may be orders of magnitude greater than the target response. Currently, E-Field(R) systems are widely deployed in nuclear, correctional, and industrial sites to provide perimeter security. These systems are effective in rejecting the majority of noise and environmental stimuli through combined fixed attribute threshold comparison techniques. However, some environmental stimuli closely mimic target stimuli, so improved discrimination techniques have been sought. We describe the results of current studies and investigations of electrostatic sensor system response to targets and to various environmental changes. Fundamental principles in the character of sensor response to these varied stimuli are discussed. Techniques and methods that may be used to exploit the difference between intruder and environmental responses, while using cost-effective discrimination methods, are described. We show how the new Intelli-FIELD system was created, using currently available technologies, to provide both excellent detection properties, and an extremely low nuisance alarm rate, while, at the same time, greatly simplifying installation, calibration, and maintenance. The details of the new system hardware components and test results from initial field installations are described. A comparison of field performance with the previous E-Field product is provided to indicate the advantages of this new sensor technology     

利用模糊控制理论设计自适应机构的自适应系统的研究

本文针对航空发动机的转速控制系统 ,提出了以模糊控制理论 ,设计比较和积分自适应机构的模型参考自适应控制系统的设计方法 ,并对系统进行数字仿真。结果表明 :这种自适应控制方法充分发挥了 PI控制和模糊控制的优点 ,不但使控制算法得到简化 ,而且使控制精度得到提高。因而 ,这种自适应方法对高阶、非线性或缺乏精确数学模型的被控对象提供了一种新的设计方法     

Performance evaluation of digital beamforming strategies for satellite communications

Smart antennas are becoming one of the promising technologies to meet the rapidly increasing demands for more capacity of satellite communication systems. A main component in a smart antenna system is beamforming. Because of the limitations of analog beamforming, digital beamforming will be employed in future satellite communication systems. We evaluate the performance of various digital beamforming strategies proposed in the literature for satellite communications: 1) single fixed beam/single user, 2) single fixed beam/multiple users, 3) single adaptive beam/single user, and 4) single Chebyshev dynamic beam/multiple users. Multiple criteria including coverage, system capacity, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and computation complexity are used to evaluate these satellite communication beamforming strategies. In particular, a Ka-band satellite communication system is used to address the various issues of these beamforming strategies. For the adaptive beamforming approach, subarray structure is used to obtain the weights of a large 2D antenna array, and a globally convergent recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to realize the adaptive beamforming algorithm in parallel. The new subarray-based neural beamforming algorithm can reduce the computation complexity greatly, and is more effective than the conventional least mean square (LMS) beamforming approach. It is shown that the single adaptive beam/single user approach has the highest system capacity.     

Improving intrusion detection radar

The first monostatic microwave intrusion detection sensor with range cutoff was introduced in 1984. This range cutoff circuit as used in the Model 375 and 385 has proven very effective in preventing nuisance alarms beyond a user-defined range. The Intrepid Digital Transceiver introduced in this paper builds upon this proven technology with the addition of a unique digital signal processing routine that measures range to the intruder. Intrepid Digital Transceiver alternately transmits pulses at two discrete frequencies within K-Band. When an intruder enters the detection zone, the Doppler response at each frequency is digitally recorded. The difference between the two frequencies is controlled so that the phase angle between the two Doppler responses can be used to determine the unambiguous range to the target. As a byproduct of the process targets approaching the transceiver can be distinguished from those moving away from the transceiver. Range information is used to enhance the signal processing. The amount of signal integration is increased with range in proportion to the width of the detection pattern so as to optimize the signal to noise ratio (SNR).     

Design and Application of a DSP Controller for Giant Magnetostrictive Smart Structure

It is proposed a digital signal processing (DSP) controller used in the control system of six degree-of-freedom (DOF) giant mag-netostrictive smart structure (GMSS). Also are presented the controller design and its implementation, the embedded adaptive least mean-square (LMS) control algorithm and the real-time experiments of GMSS. Three programs are embedded in this controller. Of them are the adaptive LMS control algorithm and the other two which are used to search for the optimal values for the initial weight vectors. Moreover, the work flow and the control approach of the GMSS with the DSP controller are introduced. The experimental results indi-cate that the DSP controller has better control precision and real-time property, and the damping effect is up to 20 dB-30 dB.     

A flexible processor for a digital adaptive array radar

A digital beamforming processor for an adaptive array radar is described. The functionality and the architecture of the processor are strongly driven by a goal of achieving adaptive null depths in the 60-dB to 70-dB range, which necessitates substantial preprocessing of each channel. In particular, conversion to baseband quadrature channels is accomplished digitally using a single A/D converter per channel, and FIR (finite impulse response) equalizing filters are employed in each channel to match channel transfer functions. The processor is highly modular, and this not only distributes the total processing load, but also the I/O (input/output) bandwidth requirement. This is accomplished by distributing the adaptive beamforming algorithm systolically across a linear array of processing nodes. The processor is expandable to a different number of channels and sufficiently flexible to be applied to other problems of an array signal processing nature. Experimental data presented demonstrate that the processor is capable of supporting channel-to-channel cancellation of interfering signals to the level of -65 dB     

大型柔性空间结构的变结构模型参考自适应控制

将变结构控制与模型参考自适应控制相结合,应用于大型柔性空间结构(LFSS)的主动控制中。以LFSS的结构动力学变量为系统状态,建立了变结构模型参考自适应(VSMRAC)耦合主动控制系统,研究了高阶参考模型和滑态参数矩阵的选择方法。以对称型两板轨道空间站为例,进行了VSMRAC主动控制系统的数字仿真,结果表明VSMRAC系统在鲁棒性、快速性和工程可实现性方面具有优越性。     

液压飞行模拟转台的数字自适应控制

本文描述了用微型计算机实现模型参考自适应控制,克服了三轴液压飞行模拟转台中摩擦力矩造成的低速爬行现象,提高了转台在低速运行时的性能,并用数字式位置反馈提高了转台的位置跟踪精度。     

An Adaptive Array Signal Processing Algorithm for Communications

An algorithm is described for initial synchronization in a communication system with a digital adaptive array. This algorithm can also be used for message extraction. A set of consecutive complex video samples of the array output is processed to obtain optimum adaptive array weights, based on a least mean square (LMS) error criterion. This computation is performed for each of the possible alternative signals which may be present during an observation interval. The correct synchronization time or message symbol is selected as the one which yields the minimum LMS error. Assuming orthogonality of the alternative codes, a probability distribution for the output of this processor has been derived.     

Are intruder alarm systems effective as crime prevention measures?

Intruder alarm systems, IAS, are seen by many as an essential part of the United Kingdom's defence against the crime of burglary. IAS are intended either to deter the potential intruder or detect and give warning of an intruder directly or indirectly to the police. Unfortunately the false alarm rate, at over 90%, is so high that it leads to ineffectual use of police resources and calls into question the ability of IAS to perform effectively either as a deterrent or detector. To try and improve the situation the Police Forces in the UK have in conjunction with the alarm industry, over the past few years, implemented special measures in an attempt to reduce the number of false alarms and improve the effectiveness of the systems. However, from a study of available data on the deterrent effect of alarm systems, the national statistics for all alarm call types, the numbers of arrests arising from the calls, etc., this paper concludes that IAS on their own are not an effective police crime prevention measure. Thus a radical rethink of their use is required. The paper also suggests an alternative strategy which may improve the situation     

Digital beam forming (DBF) antenna system for mobile communications

We demonstrate the feasibility of a digital beam forming (DBF) and beam space CMA (Constant Modulus Algorithm) adaptive array antenna by implementing a digital signal processor (DSP) in ASICs using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), this DBF can synthesize 16 multi-beams and eliminate interference signals by CMA adaptive processing. The whole function was implemented in 10 DSPs about 127,000 equivalent gates. Simple experimental results have confirmed the basic function of the DBF and BSCMA adaptive array antenna     

一种基于EPLL技术的自适应正交解调技术研究

针对过零检测实现的全数字锁相环不仅锁相速度慢, 而且过零点的扰动会 直接影响锁相精度以及适合模拟电路实现的相干解调技术,在数字电路中实现则需要设 计高阶数字低通滤波器,将占用大量数字电路资源并且会显著增加系统功耗等问题,在 设计一种新型全数字锁相环(All-digital Enhanced Phase-lock Loop,EPLL)的基础上,结合自 适应正交解调技术,提出了一种基于EPLL 技术的自适应正交解调技术方案,并对该方 案进行了研究与仿真。仿真得到了满意的结果,验证了基于EPLL 技术的自适应正交解 调技术方案的可行性,并研究验证了算法的参数变化对其性能的影响,为今后算法在数 字系统中的实现以及其在各领域的应用研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

Intrusion location capability added to synergistic radar technology

There is a new trend in the outdoor security market that demands more precision in identifying the crossing area of an intruder. Often called intrusion location capability, this capability also presents inherent features such as more accuracy in camera pre-set positioning and temporary disabling of sub-zone and individual sensitivity level per sub-zone. However even though market trend demands them, such features must have minimum impact to overall system cost. How the synergistic radar technology can be modified to offer intruder location capability to a sub-zone area as precise as 10% of the total zone length is presented. For a typical zone length of 100 meters, the zone is sub-divided into up to ten equally spaced sub-zones of 10 meters each, giving an intrusion crossing point resolution of 10 meters. Synergistic radar technology can be applied to buried, surface, wall and roof applications. This intrusion location capability also applies to each of these applications     

Implementing digital terrain data in knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing

Many practical problems arise when implementing digital terrain data in airborne knowledge-aided (KA) space-time adaptive processing (STAP). This paper addresses these issues and presents solutions with numerical implementations. In particular, using digital land classification data and digital elevation data, techniques are developed for registering these data with radar return signals, correcting for Doppler and spatial misalignments, adjusting for antenna gain, characterizing clutter patches for secondary data selection, and ensuring independent secondary data samples. These techniques are applied to select secondary data for a single-bin post-Doppler STAP algorithm using multi-channel airborne radar measurement (MCARM) program data. Results with the KA approach are compared with those obtained using the standard sliding window method for choosing secondary data. These results illustrate the benefits of using terrain information, a priori data about the radar, and the importance of statistical independence when selecting secondary data for improving STAP performance     

Efficient robust AMF using the FRACTA algorithm

The FRACTA algorithm has been shown to be an effective space-time adaptive processing (STAP) methodology for the airborne radar configuration in which there exists nonhomogeneous clutter, jamming, and dense target clusters. Further developments of the FRACTA algorithm are presented here in which the focus is on the robust, efficient implementation of the FRACTA algorithm. Enhancements to the FRACTA algorithm include a censoring stopping mechanism, an alternative data blocking approach for adaptive power residue (APR) censoring, and a fast reiterative censoring (RC) procedure. Furthermore, a coherent processing interval (CPI) segmentation scheme for computing the adaptive weights is presented as an alternative approach to computing the adaptive matched filter (AMF) weight vector that allows for lower sample support and reduced computational complexity. The enhanced FRACTA algorithm, denoted as FRACTA.E, is applied to the KASSPER I challenge datacube which possesses dense ground target clusters that are known to have a significant deleterious effect on standard adaptive matched filtering (AMF) processors. It is shown that the FRACTA.E algorithm outperforms and is considerably more computationally efficient than both the original FRACTA algorithm and the standard sliding window processing (SWP) approach. Furthermore, using the KASSPER I datacube, the FRACTA.E algorithm is shown to have the same detection performance as the clairvoyant algorithm where the exact range-dependent clutter covariance matrices are known.     

Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Using Adaptive Linear Predictor Weights

A computationally efficient scheme for estimating the digital instantaneous frequencies of narrowband inputs is introduced. The frequency estimates are obtained by searching for minima of the inverse input power spectrum. This spectrum is estimated at each input sample from the weights of an adaptive linear predictor which uses the LMS (least mean square) algorithm to update its weights. The related minima are sought via an iterative search algorithm, referred to as the iterative frequency estimator. This algorithm is computationally more efficient than available methods, and also provides a higher resolution. Simulation results are included; these include tracking of random message sequences in FM signals, and the formant frequency estimation of speech.     

空域数据重排的后多普勒自适应处理方法

传统的后多普勒自适应处理方法,如因子法(FA)和扩展因子法(EFA)虽然能大大降低自适应处理时的运算量和独立同分布样本的需求量,但由于实际中均匀训练样本数目的限制,当天线阵元数进一步增大时,FA和EFA抑制杂波和检测动目标的能力会显著恶化。针对这一问题,提出了一种空域数据重排的后多普勒自适应处理方法。该方法将多普勒滤波后的空域数据重排为一行列数相近的矩阵,空域滤波器权系数也表示成可分离的形式,从而得到一双二次代价函数,利用循环迭代的思想求解权系数。实验表明该方法具有快速收敛,所需训练样本少的优点,尤其在大阵列、小样本条件下该方法抑制杂波的性能明显优于FA和EFA。     

Design and Evaluation of an Adaptive MTI Filter

The design and evaluation of an adaptive moving target indicator (MTI) filter, the adaptive canceler for extended clutter (ACEC) is dealt with, taking into consideration adaptivity to clutter mean Doppler frequency. This consideration is one of the most important operational requirements in adaptive MTI's and permits a relatively simple hardware implementation as compared to more general optimization and adaptivity criteria (briefly described). The ACEC's algorithm compensates in real time for the clutter mean Doppler frequency. Performances have been obtained by digital computer simulation in various operational conditions.     

Fence vibrations [intruder detection]

Many Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems (PIDS) use microphonic sensors mounted on fences to detect intruder attacks. Vibrations in the fence are detected and analysed to determine whether they represent an intrusion attempt. The signals from the fence are processed to filter out as many false alarms as possible. It is important that the output from the sensors is linear along the fence, to ensure that there is no point on the perimeter less sensitive to intruder attack. The investigation reported in this paper aims to discover whether the performance of acoustic detection systems could be improved through research into fence acoustics. Using models of fence vibrations, sensors could be positioned to obtain a more linear response. In addition, through knowledge of the fence vibrations produced by both real attacks and the typical causes of false alarms, a system could be designed which could better distinguish between them, giving a lower false alarm rate and increased detection performance. Characteristic profiles were found for the different forms of attack to the fence. Although the investigation is still in its early stages, these attack profiles suggest that a new type of detection system could be designed based on profile recognition     

无人机防相撞空中威胁态势的探测与告警研究

空中威胁态势探测与告警是无人机飞行防相撞预警的关键。为此,提出一种基于航迹预测的无人机防相撞空中威胁态势探测与告警方法。在该方法中,先采用滑动窗多项式拟合法对入侵机航迹进行动态预测,然后,在航迹预测基础上,利用无人机与入侵机飞行信息,建立针对入侵机的无人机动态避撞区,最后,结合静态保护区原理,对特定飞行场景下的无人机飞行冲突趋势、空中危险接近趋势和飞行碰撞趋势的探测与告警。仿真实例验证了所提出方法的有效性,也验证了其用于无人机飞行防相撞预警的可行性。