Inter-satellite link augmented BeiDou-3 orbit determination for precise point positioning

Precise Point Positioning(PPP) requires precise products, including high-accuracy satellite orbit and clock parameters. It is impossible to obtain an orbit solution that is sufficiently accurate for PPP services with a regional tracking network; therefore, satellite orbits are usually estimated by a global tracking network with a large number of ground stations. However, it is expensive to build globally distributed stations. Fortunately, BeiDou-3 satellites carry an InterSatellite Link(ISL) pay...     

低地轨道小卫星星座优化问题研究

以低地轨道小卫星星座为研究对象，着重从星座覆盖性能考虑出发，详细阐述了局部覆盖小卫星星座优化设计的一般方法与思路。针对某一类型任务对两轨道面和三轨道面星座进行了优化设计，阐述了在一定约束条件下星座优化设计的关键因素以及不同轨道面数目下星座优化的特点，并进行了仿真分析。结果表明提供的优化模型对小卫星星座设计具有理论意义和实用价值。     

Feasibility study of autonomous orbit determination using only the crosslink range measurement for a combined navigation constellation

In order to expand the coverage area of satellite navigation systems, a combined navigation constellation which is formed by a global navigation constellation and a Lagrangian navigation constellation was studied. Only the crosslink range measurement was used to achieve long-term precise autonomous orbit determination for the combined navigation constellation, and the measurement model was derived. Simulations of 180 days based on the international global navigation satellite system(GNSS) service(IGS) ephemeris showed that the mentioned autonomous orbit determination method worked well in the Earth–Moon system. Statistical results were used to analyze the accuracy of autonomous orbit determination under the influences of different Lagrangian satellite constellations.     

Orbit Determination Accuracies Using Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking

The results are reported of the ATS-6/GEOS-3 and the ATS-6 NIMBUS-6 satellite-to-satellite orbit determination experiments. NASA intends to use the tracking data relay satellite system for operational orbit determination of NASA satellites. Hence, in the near future, satellite-to-satellite tracking data will be routinely processed to obtain orbits. The satellite-to-satellite tracking system used in the ATS-6/NIMBUS-6 and ATS-6/GEOS-3 experiments performed with a resolution of 1 to 2 m in range and less than 1 mm/s in range rate for a 10-s averaging. A Bayesian least squares estimation technique utilizing independent ranging to the synchronous relay satellite was determined to be the most effective procedure for estimating orbits from satellite-to-satellite tracking data. The use of this technique yields estimates of user satellite orbits which are comparable in accuracy to what is usually obtained from ground based systems.     

GNSS无线电掩星大气探测混合星座设计

针对目前GNSS无线电掩星大气探测卫星星座参数依赖大量仿真计算进行统计选取的研究现状,通过将探测卫星星下点与大气测点间地心角距作为观测半径提出了一种虚拟“星—地”遥感假设,给出了一种崭新的掩星测点预估方法,具有计算速度快的特点.基于该方法推导了探测星座参数与大气探测覆盖性之间的极值相关特性,建立了GNSS无线电掩星大气探测卫星星座设计准则,并以GPS和BD为兼容性观测信源完成了GNSS掩星大气探测混合卫星星座设计.通过仿真试验,验证了设计方法的快速性和可行性,GPS+BD掩星大气探测混合星座每日可实现掩星探测量为COSMIC星座的3倍以上,12h内掩星测点全球分布均匀度提升12％.     

全球卫星导航星座网络协议体系与运行模式

针对全球卫星导航星座网络建设初期或论证阶段所涉及的网络体系结构、协议体系及相关组网等技术问题,开展了基于导航星座星间链路构建空间信息网络的技术研究,分别提出了由子网、接入网、骨干网等节点及其相互之间星间、星地无线链路构成的分层网络系统结构,设计了兼容遥控、遥测、测量与网络交互支持等业务的基于IP over CCSDS(基于空间数据系统咨询委员会标准的空间链路承载互联网协议业务)的协议体系,给出了全系统基本通信业务运行模式等。与传统高轨卫星通信系统相比,该星座网络具有高覆盖、低时延、随遇接入等优点,可实现星座导航性能与中低轨及地面用户通信性能的全方位提升,相关结果对我国全球卫星导航星座网络技术研究具有一定的参考意义。     

导航星座自主导航技术--自主星历更新

自主星历更新是导航星座自主导航的关键技术之一,包括卫星轨道精密确定和轨道短时预报两个方面的内容。本文在系统地论述导航星座自主导航的信息处理流程的基础上,重点提出星座卫星轨道精密确定的自适应Kalman滤波算法。系统仿真结果表明：通过星间双向测量数据的滤波处理,能够获得高精度的卫星星历和较小的用户测距误差（URE）,满足高精度导航定位需求,初步证明导航星座自主导航信息处理流程及其星历更新算法的合理性和可行性。     

Improvement of Satellite Tracking Accuracy Using Optical Observations

A method to improve satellite tracking accuracy is presented and discussed theoretically and experimentally in terms of two parts: correction for errors of the tracking system and correction of satellite orbit predictions. In the first part, it is concluded that the pointing error of the tracking system can be determined accurately using data from stellar observations, so that correction is possible with an accuracy of about 0.001°. In the second part, it is shown that apparent errors of satellite orbital elements can be deduced from the optical observation of one orbit, and one can track the satellite after the correction with high accuracy for several subsequent orbits. The accuracy is 0.1-0.2 mrad or better for satellites at 1000 km altitude when given orbit prediction accuracy is approximately 1°.     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

视函数法分析卫星覆盖研究

通过所建立的视函数法,得到了星座中每一颗卫星对地面的覆盖区和间隙区出现的时刻,各覆盖区和间隙区的长度、最大间隙出现的时刻等覆盖的详细信息;讨论了星座的覆盖性能指标,并建立了各项覆盖性能指标的计算方法。最后,对ＧＰＳ星座的覆盖性能进行了数值仿真,给出了ＧＰＳ星座的视函数图,并得到了ＧＰＳ星座在不同纬度的覆盖性能。     

A geopause satellite system concept

The forthcoming 10 cm range tracking accuracy capability holds much promise in connection with a number of Earth and ocean dynamics investigations. These include a set of earthquake-related studies of fault motions and the Earth's tidal, polar and rotational motions, as well as studies of the gravity field and the sea surface topography which should furnish basic information about mass and heat flow in the oceans. The state of the orbit analysis art is presently at about the 10 m level, or about two orders of magnitude away from the 10 cm range accuracy capability expected in the next couple of years or so. The realization of a 10 cm orbit analysis capability awaits the solution of four kinds of problems, namely, those involving orbit determination and the lack of sufficient knowledge of tracking system biases, the gravity field, and tracking station locations. The Geopause satellite system concept offers promising approaches in connection with all of these areas. A typical Geopause satellite orbit has a 14 hour period, a mean height of about 4.6 Earth radii, and is nearly circular, polar, and normal to the ecliptic. At this height only a relatively few gravity terms have uncertainties corresponding to orbital perturbations above the decimeter level. The orbit s, in this sense, at the geopotential boundary, i.e., the geopause. The few remaining environmental quantities which may be significant can be determined by means of orbit analyses and accelerometers. The Geopause satellite system also provides the tracking geometery and coverage needed for determining the orbit, the tracking system biases and the station locations. Studies indicate that the Geopause satellite, tracked with a 2 cm ranging system from nine NASA affiliated sites, can yield decimeter station location accuracies. Five or more fundamental stations well distributed in longitude can view Geopause over the North Pole. This means not only that redundant data are available for determining tracking system biases, but also that both components of the polar motion can be observed frequently. When tracking Geopause, the NASA sites become a two-hemisphere configuration which is ideal for a number of Earth physics applications such as the observation of the polar motion with a time resolution of a fraction of a day. Geopause also provides the basic capability for satellite-to-satellite tracking of drag-free satellites for mapping the gravity field and altimeter satellites for surveying the sea surface topography. Geopause tracking a coplanar, drag-free satellite for two months to 0.03 mm per second accuracy can yield the geoid over the entire Earth to decimeter accuracy with 2.5° spatial resolution. Two Geopause satellites tracking a coplanar altimeter satellite can then yield ocean surface heights above the geoid with 7° spatial resolution every two weeks. These data will furnish basic boundary condition information about mass and heat flows in the oceans which are important in shaping weather and climate.     

快速响应侦察的测控通信与地面站布设研究

快速响应侦察是空间快速响应技术的一个重要应用,而合理布设地面站以保障侦察卫星的发射测控和快速数据回收是侦察任务顺利完成的基础。通过分析近地快速覆盖轨道和近地重复覆盖轨道的对地覆盖特性,针对发射测控和快速数据回收提出了地面站的布设原则,结合我国领土特点给出了这2类轨道的地面站布设方案,并求解了该方案所能提供的发射测控弧段长度和侦察数据返回时间。分析表明,在我国境内布设地面站以保障快速响应侦察卫星的发射测控和快速数据回收是可行的,其数据返回时间小于1个轨道周期。     

基于搜索空间变换和序优化的预警星座设计

高轨预警星座由若干颗地球静止轨道卫星和大椭圆轨道卫星组成,星座优化的目标是满足重点监视区域的覆盖和提高覆盖区域的定位精度。对于覆盖性优化,根据多个监视区域的威胁等级,星座系统需要提供不同的覆盖重数;对于定位精度优化,系统在立体观测和单星观测情况下存在很大差异。因此高轨预警星座优化是一个复杂多区域多目标优化问题。针对以上难点,提出了多层次多目标优化模型,可以较完整合理地描述预警星座优化问题;在优化模型求解方面,将优化计算分为覆盖性优化和定位精度优化两个环节;在覆盖性优化环节,提出了基于搜索空间变换的覆盖性快速优化方法,提高了Pareto最优解的计算速度和准确性。在定位精度优化环节,采用序优化方法进一步缩短优化时间。仿真试验表明,该方法可设计出满足预警任务需求的星座,且优化耗时在1 min以内,能有效地缩短预警星座优化时间。     

低轨卫星对高轨卫星仅测角初轨计算方法

针对我国地面测站对高轨卫星监视能力缺乏的问题,提出一种低轨卫星对高轨卫星仅测角初轨计算方法。该算法引入天基跟踪坐标系,消除测距信息影响,建立仅测角观测方程;引入法向运动,增加摄动因素影响,建立扩展拉普拉斯动力学模型;推导分析观测模型和动力学模型的关系方程,将初轨计算问题转换为非线性方程求解问题,利用高斯全主元消去法完成方程求解。通过实战和仿真测角数据对方法进行检验,结果表明,该方法能利用仅测角数据对非合作目标进行初轨确定,精度在公里量级,可为我国地基监视系统提供补充参考。     

椭圆轨道星座构型自稳定设计研究

椭圆轨道星座构型稳定性要求同时实现升交点赤经、近地点幅角和平近点角的稳定。通过初始偏差对椭圆轨道卫星的长期影响分析可知,轨道半长轴、倾角和偏心率的初始偏差对升交点赤经、近地点幅角和平近点角的长期摄动变化是线性的,因此通过主动偏置轨道半长轴、偏心率和倾角能够实现椭圆轨道星座构型的自稳定设计,从而提高其构型稳定性。对实例星座的设计结果表明,自稳定设计方法对提高椭圆轨道星座的构型稳定性是有效的。     

A demonstration of sub meter GPS orbit determination and highprecision user positioning

High-accuracy orbits have been determined for satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), with submeter orbit accuracy demonstrated for two well-tracked satellites. Baselines of up to 2000 km in North America determined with the GPS orbits shows daily repeatability of 0.3-2 parts in 10⁸ and agree with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) solutions at the level of 1.5 parts in 10 ⁸. Tests used to assess orbit accuracy include orbit repeatability from independent data sets, orbit prediction, ground baseline determination, and formal errors. One satellite tracked for eight hours each day shows RMS errors below 1 m even when predicted more than three days outside of a 1-week data arc. These results demonstrate the powerful relative positioning capability available from differential GPS tracking. Baselines have also been estimated between Florida and sites in the Caribbean region over 1000 km away, with daily repeatability of 1-4 parts in 10⁸. The best orbit estimation strategies included data arcs of 1-2 weeks, process noise models for tropospheric fluctuations, combined processing of GPS carrier phase and pseudorange data, and estimation of GPS solar pressure coefficients     

基于地月三角平动点的卫星自主定轨

近年提出了利用地月系平动点建立深空导航星座的设想。在受太阳摄动的真实力模型下,地月系平动点是不稳定的,从而会导致导航星座必须通过控制才能定点在特定区域。针对此问题,引入一种特殊的平动点轨道,即动力学替代轨道。平动点轨道卫星星座可利用星间测距数据自主定轨,由于动力学替代轨道具有长期稳定性,整个自主定轨过程不需要来自地面的测控支持,且定轨精度可达到观测精度。研究结果表明,观测资料的长短、导航卫星垂直白道面的运动分量都将影响到导航星间的自主定轨精度。该研究成果可以应用在以后的地月系导航星座中。     

基于中继测量的环月探测器定轨能力分析

嫦娥四号月球探测拟首次实现月球背面的软着陆,测控与数传依赖地月L2平动点的中继卫星,并有望获取四程测量与星间测量数据。对基于中继测量的环月探测器测定轨能力进行了仿真分析,结果表明,中继卫星可较好地实现环月探测器连续跟踪;在定轨能力方面,中继卫星自身轨道精度是制约环月探测器定轨精度的重要因素,当跟踪弧段达到5h以上时,定轨精度趋于稳定,但轨道精度较中继卫星的轨道精度相差1个量级;对于星间链路测量,除中继卫星自身的轨道精度外,星钟的稳定性是制约定轨精度的另一个重要因素,如果辅助以每天1h的地基跟踪亦可实现优于百m的定轨精度。     

Impact of one satellite outage on ARAIM depleted constellation configurations

Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring(ARAIM) is a new technology that will provide worldwide coverage of vertical guidance in aviation navigation. The ARAIM performance and improvement under depleted constellations is a practical problem that needs to be faced and researched further. It is a shortcut that improves the availability in position domain whose key idea is to replace the conventional least squares process with a non-least-squares estimator to lower the integrity risk in exchange for a slight increase in nominal position error. The contributions given in this paper include two parts: First, the impacts of one satellite outage on different constellations are analyzed and compared. The conclusion is that GPS is more sensitive and vulnerable to one satellite outage. Second, a constellation weighted ARAIM(CW-ARAIM)position estimator is proposed. The position solution is replaced by a constellation weighted average solution to eliminate the constellation difference. The new solution will move close to the constellation solutions with respect to the accuracy requirement. The simulation results under baseline GPS and Galileo dual-constellation show that the one GPS satellite outage will knock the availability from 91% to only 50%. The performance remains stable with one Galileo satellite outage. With the assistance of the CW-ARAIM method, the availability can increase from 50% to more than80% under depleted GPS configurations. Even without any satellite outage, the proposed method can effectively improve the availability from 91.29% to 98.75%. The test results under optimistic constellations further verify that a balanced constellation is more important than more satellites on orbit and the superiority of CW-ARAIM method is still effective.     

小卫星星座的最优脉冲变轨研究

针对小卫星星座,进行星座发射中的最优脉冲式变轨研究,给出了形成星座的脉冲式变轨的基本原理;基于卫星相对运动状态转移方程,推导出了星座参脉冲式变轨的理论解,即所要施加的脉冲控制量的解析式,利用遗传算法,对双脉冲式变轨的脉冲控制量进行了优化计算,求得了使总变轨脉冲最小的最优变轨时间,最后,探讨了星座脉冲式变轨的工程实现现途径,为工程应用和研究提供参考。