嫦娥五号飞行试验器服务舱环月期间的角动量管理

对环月地轨道环绕卫星所受重力梯度力矩进行了分析.在分析的基础上,利用在轨飞行数据得到卫星实际质量特性,并设计俯仰姿态偏置的方法,实现卫星重力梯度配平.通过嫦娥五号服务舱的实际在轨飞行,证明重力梯度配平方法可以降低星体所受重力梯度力矩,达到延长卸载周期的目的.     

“嫦娥二号”卫星L2点角动量管理

对“嫦娥二号”(CE-2)卫星进入环绕日地拉格朗日L2点的李萨如轨道后卫星喷气卸载所产生的影响进行了研究.提出了一种利用光压力矩辅助卫星太阳电池翼角度调整进行角动量管理的方法.在轨试验表明,太阳光压强度足够对飞行在L2点环绕轨道上的CE-2卫星进行角动量管理,可以大幅度减少动量轮在轨喷气卸载的次数,有利于CE-2卫星的轨道维持.     

深空探测器在轨推力器参数辨识方法

针对中国首次自主火星探测任务需要，结合环绕器质量特性和推进系统布局构型，分析了喷气卸载对整器角动量的影响。在分析的基础上，通过飞轮卸载前后三轴转速变化规律，计算整器角动量变化情况，并解算出每次喷气时产生的冲量及推力方向偏差；通过同组推力器作用时对各轴的扰动，解算整器质心坐标。利用在轨数据分析了天问一号探测器巡航段6次使用不同推力器的喷气卸载情况，解算的推力器方向偏差、质心坐标和地面设计值进行比对，实测推力方向偏差不超过0.6°，质心绝对偏差小于18mm，验证了计算方法的有效性和正确性，可作为后续轨控任务的点火方向制定、燃料预算的输入依据。     

空间站组合体惯性系内角动量管理控制

针对惯性系内重力梯度力矩与气动力矩的常值部分积累引起控制力矩陀螺饱和的问题,在惯性系内建立空间站的动力学模型并进行线性化,利用滤波变量将系统状态方程扩维,采用LQR方法设计系统反馈控制增益矩阵,实现空间站在惯性系内的角动量管理控制.惯性系内重力梯度力矩、气动力矩由轨道角速度整数倍的频率成份构成,可以根据实际情况增加抑制不同频率成份的滤波变量,用于抑制不同频率成份干扰力矩对空间站姿态或控制力矩陀螺角动量的干扰,从而使空间站长期在惯性系内飞行而不需要进行角动量的卸载.仿真验证了控制器的性能.     

自旋小卫星姿态动力学建模与控制研究

研究探测近地空间自旋稳定小卫星姿态动力学建模与姿态控制问题,探测任务对该卫星姿态控制有着特殊要求。建模中特别考虑了自旋小卫星双侧伸杆扰动对其姿态运动的影响。利用自旋卫星的章动特性,设计了姿态一章动联合控制器,根据星体横向角速度相位和喷气力矩在惯性空间的方位来确定喷气时刻,采取先章动粗控与进动控制,后章动精控的策略。当卫星受空间扰动力矩长期作用产生较大章动角而需调姿进行轨道机动时,可以应用本控制器方便地调整自旋轴的指向。     

高阶重力和力矩对空间太阳能电站运动的影响

相比于传统卫星,空间太阳能电站具有超大的尺寸,高阶重力和重力梯度对其轨道和姿态运动的影响将不能再忽略.文中以地球同步拉普拉斯轨道上的太阳塔式空间太阳能电站为例,研究了在考虑地球扁率的引力场中,高阶重力和力矩对空间太阳能电站姿轨运动的影响.首先将空间太阳能电站的重力势函数进行泰勒展开,并保留至四阶项;然后求出电站所受到的重力和重力梯度力矩,并给出其轨道和姿态运动方程;最后通过数值仿真来分析不同阶次的力和力矩对轨道运动的影响.结果表明:高阶力对卫星轨道的影响较大,可达到百米量级;高阶力矩对卫星姿态运动影响则较小,可忽略不计.     

气动力矩和重力梯度矩实现微小卫星三轴姿态控制

提出运用低轨道两个主要环境力矩 (重力梯度矩和气动力矩 )实现微小卫星三轴姿态被动控制方案。重力梯度矩提供俯仰和滚转恢复力矩 ,气动力矩提供偏航和俯仰恢复力矩 ;通过姿态稳定性分析和姿控过程动态仿真 ,结果表明此卫星具有结构简单、姿态稳定精度高的优点。     

一种新型陀螺的力矩器非圆性误差补偿方法

为提高磁悬浮控制敏感陀螺（MSCSG）对陀螺载体姿态的敏感精度,基于其洛伦兹力磁轴承（LFMB）的设计结构,提出了一种力矩器非圆性误差补偿方法。首先,针对一种新型双球形包络面转子MSCSG,介绍了MSCSG的结构特点与陀螺载体姿态角速度敏感原理,并分别建立了MSCSG力矩器半径误差模型、转子偏转干扰力矩模型与陀螺载体姿态角速度敏感误差模型。其次,通过实验测量了力矩器的圆度,通过MATLAB进行数据拟合得到了力矩器的非圆特性,采用勒让德多项式级数对力矩器非圆性进行了描述,并有效补偿了因力矩器非圆性误差导致的姿态角速度敏感误差。最后,对误差补偿效果进行了仿真验证,结果表明该补偿方法使陀螺载体姿态角速度敏感误差降低了83.5%。此外,本文方法还可以解决LFMB陀螺的相关共性问题。      

转动载荷对卫星姿态的影响与控制研究

研究带有转动载荷和挠性附件的卫星姿态控制问题.基于具有广义坐标形式的牛顿 欧拉方法建立了卫星姿态动力学模型和转动载荷力矩模型,研究载荷产生的动不平衡力矩和静不平衡力矩的机理和特点.分析载荷干扰对卫星姿态的影响特性,给出基于传递函数进行拉氏变换以估算姿态抖动量的方法.分析卫星姿态控制系统设计干扰补偿控制器的条件,给出了控制器的工程设计方法.验证结果表明该方法有效且能提高卫星姿态精度.     

采用信标的大型可展开天线指向控制方法

为提高大型可展开天线的指向控制精度,并适应喷气卸载等在轨工况,基于Craig-Bampton法建立了表征柔性天线指向的动力学模型,在此基础上提出了一种采用信标的大天线指向控制方法.该方法先基于卡尔曼滤波,对大天线的振动状态进行检测,若天线未出现明显振动,则通过信标敏感器修正天线指向偏差,同时引入星本体姿态敏感器以保证稳定性;若天线振动超过阈值,则仅引入星本体敏感器以衰减振动,直至天线未出现明显振动.最后利用瑟拉亚(Thuraya)卫星的在轨实测热变形数据进行了仿真验证.结果表明,在未受到喷气扰动时,大天线指向精度优于±0.02°,在受到喷气扰动后,系统可正确检测并切换跟踪输入.这说明,该指向控制方法在保证稳定性的同时,可以有效修正大天线指向偏差,并能适应在轨位保、卸载喷气工况.     

Shape optimization of a three-dimensional membrane-structured solar sail using an angular momentum unloading strategy

A shape of the satellite’s solar sail membrane is essential for unloading angular momentum in the three-axis stabilized attitude control system because the three-dimensional solar sail can receive solar radiation pressure from arbitrary directions. In this paper, the objective is the shape optimization of a three-dimensional membrane-structured solar sail using the angular momentum unloading strategy. We modelled and simulated the solar radiation pressure torque, for unloading angular momentum. Using the simulation system, since the unloading angular momentum rate is maximized, the shape of the three-dimensional solar sail was optimized using a Genetic algorithm and Sequential Quadratic Programming. The unloading velocity in the optimized shaped solar sail was greatly improved with respect to a conventional flat or pyramid solar sail.     

基于极点配置的空间站角动量管理

针对惯性系下引力梯度力矩及其他干扰力矩引起控制力矩陀螺（CMG）角动量积累的问题,采用引力梯度力矩来平衡姿态,设计了基于极点配置的空间站角动量管理控制器。首先在惯性系下建立了空间站线性化模型,并分析了俯仰轴方向在惯性系角动量管理的不可行性。由此,将俯仰轴与滚动/偏航轴解耦,不约束俯仰轴方向的CMG角动量,将常值、1倍和2倍于轨道频率的扰动纳入状态方程以抑制其对俯仰轴姿态的影响。在滚动/偏航轴方向将常值扰动纳入状态方程中以抑制其对CMG角动量的影响;将1倍、2倍于轨道频率的扰动纳入到状态方程中以抑制其对姿态的影响。然后采用带极点配置的线性二次型（LQR）算法求解出反馈增益矩阵,该算法可以避免选取权重矩阵,并且根据系统性能要求即能将闭环极点配置到复平面虚轴左侧指定的区域。最后仿真结果验证了该算法的可行性。      

A study of reaction wheel configurations for a 3-axis satellite attitude control

The satellite reaction wheel’s configuration plays also an important role in providing the attitude control torques. Several configurations based on three or four reaction wheels are investigated in order to identify the most suitable orientation that consumes a minimum power. Such information in a coherent form is not summarized in any publication; and therefore, an extensive literature search is required to obtain these results. In addition, most of the available results are from different test conditions; hence, making them difficult for comparison purposes. In this work, the standard reaction wheel control and angular momentum unloading schemes are adopted for all the reaction wheel configurations. The schemes will be presented together with their governing equations, making them fully amenable to numerical treatments. Numerical simulations are then performed for all the possible reaction wheel configurations with respect to an identical reference mission. All the configurations are analyzed in terms of their torques, momentums and attitude control performances. Based on the simulations, the reaction wheel configuration that has a minimum total control torque level is identified, which also corresponds to the configuration with minimum power consumption.     

High performance two degrees of freedom attitude control for solar sails

The purpose of this paper is to present a high performance solar sail attitude controller which uses ballast masses moving inside the sail’s booms as actuators and to demonstrate its ability of performing time efficient reorientation maneuvers. The proposed controller consists of a combination of a feedforward and a feedback controller, which takes advantage of the feedforward’s fast response and the feedback’s ability of responding to unpredicted disturbances. The feedforward controller considers the attitude dynamics of the sailcraft as well as the disturbance torque due to the center of pressure offset to the center of mass of the sailcraft. Additional disturbance torques, like those coming from the environment or from asymmetry of the spacecraft structure, are then handled by the feedback controller. Simulation performance results are finally compared against results available in the literature.     

Jitter reduction of a reaction wheel by management of angular momentum using magnetic torquers in nano- and micro-satellites

Nowadays, nano- and micro-satellites, which are smaller than conventional large satellites, provide access to space to many satellite developers, and they are attracting interest as an application of space development because development is possible over shorter time period at a lower cost. In most of these nano- and micro-satellite missions, the satellites generally must meet strict attitude requirements for obtaining scientific data under strict constraints of power consumption, space, and weight. In many satellite missions, the jitter of a reaction wheel degrades the performance of the mission detectors and attitude sensors; therefore, jitter should be controlled or isolated to reduce its effect on sensor devices. In conventional standard-sized satellites, tip-tilt mirrors (TTMs) and isolators are used for controlling or isolating the vibrations from reaction wheels; however, it is difficult to use these devices for nano- and micro-satellite missions under the strict power, space, and mass constraints. In this research, the jitter of reaction wheels is reduced by using accurate sensors, small reaction wheels, and slow rotation frequency reaction wheel instead of TTMs and isolators. The objective of a reaction wheel in many satellite missions is the management of the satellite’s angular momentum, which increases because of attitude disturbances. If the magnitude of the disturbance is reduced in orbit or on the ground, the magnitude of the angular momentum that the reaction wheels gain from attitude disturbances in orbit becomes smaller; therefore, satellites can stabilize their attitude using only smaller reaction wheels or slow rotation speed, which cause relatively smaller vibration. In nano- and micro-satellite missions, the dominant attitude disturbance is a magnetic torque, which can be cancelled by using magnetic actuators. With the magnetic compensation, the satellite reduces the angular momentum that the reaction wheels gain, and therefore, satellites do not require large reaction wheels and higher rotation speed, which cause jitter. As a result, the satellite can reduce the effect of jitter without using conventional isolators and TTMs. Hence, the satellites can achieve precise attitude control under low power, space, and mass constraints using this proposed method. Through the example of an astronomical observation mission using nano- and micro-satellites, it is demonstrated that the jitter reduction using small reaction wheels is feasible in nano- and micro-satellites.     

Attitude control actuator scaling laws for orbiting solar reflectors

The rapid evolution of in-orbit manufacturing will enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-scale space structures. In particular, the use of 3D printing technologies will remove traditional payload constraints associated with launch vehicles, due to fairing size and launch loads, thus allowing the construction of larger and lighter structures, such as orbiting solar reflectors. These structures will require efficient attitude control systems, able to provide the necessary torque for maneuvers and to counteract perturbations, such as gravity gradient and solar radiation pressure. In this paper, a top-level overview of actuator performances for orbiting solar reflectors is provided, and scaling laws associated with the required actuator mass and input power are developed. For each class of actuator, upper bounds on the maximum size of the structure which can be effectively controlled are presented. The results can also be extended to other classes of large planar Earth-pointing structures such as solar power satellites, solar sails, or large antennae.     

空间绳系拖拽系统摆动特性与平稳控制

考虑了任务星与废星的姿态运动以及系统组合体的面内外姿态运动,建立了绳系拖拽离轨系统动力学与控制模型,以切向常值推力下绳系拖拽轨道转移为任务过程,分析了任务星在喷气和零动量轮的限制姿态反馈控制条件下飞行时,废星姿态摆动、系统组合体面内外摆动和任务星姿态运动的规律及相互影响关系。采用留位和阻尼控制相结合的系绳张力复合控制方法,并结合任务星姿态控制,确保绳系拖拽转移安全平稳进行。仿真结果表明:常值推力下绳系拖拽轨道转移时,牵挂点偏置诱发的废星姿态周期性摆动会激发绳系组合体的面内外同频率高阶摆动,星体姿态运动是任务星姿态扰动力矩产生的主要因素;采用张力复合控制可有效消除废星姿态摆动并保持星间相对距离,结合任务星姿态控制,可实现离轨过程的平稳与安全,大幅减少任务星的姿控能耗。      

组合体航天器智能协同姿态控制研究

组合体航天器在姿态机动过程中的各单体卫星承受的控制力是不均匀的，局部控制力过大将会导致组合链接断裂而失效。应用多体动力学理论建立了组合体航天器间的相互作用模型，对内力、内力矩与整星姿态、控制力矩之间的关系进行了分析；仿真了极端情况下的内力矩分布，其大小可能超过常用对接机构的力矩承受范围；采用粒子群算(PSO)法对控制合力矩进行优化分配，通过预设初值和继承初值来加快PSO算法的收敛速度，实时调整各星控制力矩分配比例，减小星间相互作用力，实现组合体航天器的智能协同控制，保证组合体航天器的连接铰不因受力过大而损坏。算法仿真和Adams软件验证分析表明，本文建立的相互作用模型可准确计算出星间相互作用力，提出的智能协同姿控算法可显著降低姿控过程中的星间内力，确保组合体航天器的安全。