基于模糊自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波器的异步电动机无速度传感器控制

针对传统扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)固定的噪声协方差矩阵在观测感应电动机转速时不能同时满足系统动态和静态下精确估计的问题,提出了一种模糊自适应调整噪声协方差的方法。该方法可以根据状态鉴别器输出状态,经模糊自适应调整噪声协方差矩阵参数,解决了系统在动态和静态时对噪声协方差矩阵中不同参数需求的问题。仿真表明所提模糊自适应EKF转速估计精度更高,有效地提高了系统的抗干扰能力。     

高斯-厄米特滤波器在捷联惯导系统初始对准中的应用

 为提高静基座初始对准精度,缩短对准时间,采用了基于大方位失准角的对准模型,引入了高斯-厄米特滤波器(GHF)。针对GHF中均值和协方差阵的多元非线性高斯积分求解问题,利用初始对准误差方程的非线性是由大方位失准角导致的特点,通过状态的线性变换,求其线性状态解析解,将高维积分转化成一元数值积分,在不损失精度的前提下,解决了GHF在对准应用的"维数灾难"问题。将此算法用于实际系统,对比于扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)、无迹卡尔曼滤波器(UKF),结果表明在大方位失准角条件下,GHF方法偏航角的对准精度提高了16%,对准时间缩短了75％。     

一种基于协方差矩阵加权的阵元误差补偿STAP处理

机载多通道阵列雷达天线在工程实践中不可避免地存在各类阵元误差,所产生的通道失配问题会对空时二维自适应处理的性能造成大的影响。对存在阵元误差时的阵列信号模型进行了分析,提出了一种基于协方差矩阵加权（CMT）的阵元误差补偿空时自适应处理（STAP）方法,在工程应用中该加权矩阵可通过地面天线定标及校飞过程确定,通过对总干扰协方差矩阵估计的加权预处理,可将实际阵元误差对STAP性能的影响控制在测量误差的影响范围,最后通过仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

利用区间广义卡尔曼滤波器跟踪来袭弹道式导弹

用雷达跟踪来袭弹道式导弹，由于其运动模型、测量噪声的不确定性，成为需要研究的重要问题。经典广义卡尔曼滤波器（ＥＫＦ）不再适用于这种不确定的问题，因此，引入一种新的区间广义卡尔曼滤波（ＥＩＫＦ）方法来跟踪导弹系统。计算机仿真结果表明本ＥＩＫＦ算法对于这种不确定的、非线性弹道式导弹的测量问题是有效的。     

状态噪声与测量噪声方差的自适应序贯估计

本文将Jazwinski的状态噪声方差的估计推广到测量系统是多维的、状态噪声协方差矩阵不再是纯量,而是对角矩阵情况下的状态噪声方差的估计,同时可得到测量噪声协方差阵和状态向量估计,从而形成自适应滤波。     

基于约束最小冗余线阵与干扰对消的测向方法

针对有源干扰背景下信号源和干扰源的个数超过线阵的自由度而产生线阵饱和现象,提出一种将约束最小冗余线阵与干扰对消技术相结合的测向方法。通过将无源状态和有源状态下线阵输出数据的协方差矩阵进行对消运算去除有源干扰和噪声分量,并对约束最小冗余线阵的波达方向(DOA)估计算法进行改进,构造了新的协方差Toeplitz矩阵,有效抑制了由阵列非均匀性导致的伪峰,提高了阵列的DOA估计性能。仿真结果表明:该算法在低信噪比背景下具有抗有源干扰能力,扩展了阵列孔径,并具有较高的测向精度和鲁棒性。     

一种适合于导弹控制系统的协方差阵重置递推辨识方法

介绍了一种重置协方差阵的递推辨识算法。这种方法改进了协方差阵的设置 ,以适应导弹控制系统的参数估计要求。数字仿真结果表明 ,对地空导弹、空空导弹控制系统有较好的辨识效果     

基于改进联邦Kalman滤波的组合校准方法研究

联邦滤波器广泛应用于多传感器信息融合领域,联邦滤波中的信息分配原则影响滤波精度.针对联邦Kalman滤波器进行改进,采用基于估计协方差阵奇异值动态确定信息分配系数.对子滤波器进行重置时,采用新的重置方法,保证了子滤波器误差协方差阵的对称性,确保Kalman滤波器的一致收敛稳定性.新的联邦滤波算法允许每个状态分量拥有不同的动态信息分配因子,从而改进了联邦滤波信息融合的精度.设计了SINS/GPS/电子罗盘组合导航系统,仿真结果说明,与传统联邦滤波算法相比,改进的联邦滤波器估计精度得到了提高,可以更好地对SINS误差进行校准,提高系统的精度.     

基于弹体动力学信息的速率陀螺滤波

针对使用低精度惯性器件的战术制导武器中速率陀螺精度低、噪声大的问题,提出了一种基于弹体动力学信息降低陀螺噪声的方法.该方法通过将弹体姿态动力学方程与扩展卡尔曼滤波算法相结合来构建滤波器,并在飞行过程中利用导弹的先验特征信息和实测的执行机构信息来实时校正陀螺的测量值;然后从理论上证明了所建立非线性滤波系统是局部可观测和有效的.仿真结果表明,该滤波方法可以有效地抑制速率陀螺的测量误差.     

基于CCD的底片判读仪透射屏厚度精确测量

提出了一种利用线阵CCD传感器作为接收装置，以8253编程芯片实现自动测量并实时显示测量结果的底片判读仪透射屏厚度测量系统。文中主要论述了该系统的工作原理和软硬件的实现途径，并分析了系统的测量误差；文章最后列出了实测数据，证明了系统的可行性和先进性。     

A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

非线性系统中多传感器目标跟踪融合算法研究

 研究了在非线性系统中 ,基于转换坐标卡尔曼滤波器的多传感器目标跟踪融合算法。通过分析得出 :在非线性系统的多传感器目标跟踪中 ,基于转换坐标卡尔曼滤波器 ( CMKF)的分布融合估计基本可以重构中心融合估计。仿真实验也证明了此结论。由此可见分布的 CMKFA是非线性系统中较优的分布融合算法     

Sequential nonlinear tracking using UKF and raw range-rate measurements

The three-dimensional (3D) converted measurements filtering (CMF) with both converted position and raw range-rate measurement is proposed to solve the Doppler radar target tracking, where the error between radar-target range and range rate are correlated. Firstly, not using pseudomeasurement constructed by product of range and range rate to reduce the high nonlinearity, the raw range-rate measurements are utilized by unscented Kalman filter (UKF), where the converted errors of the position and the range rate are decorrelated, then linear part (position measurements) and nonlinear part (range-rate measurement) are sequentially processed by Kalman filter (KF) and UKF. Secondly, based on the assumption of small measurement error, the mean and covariance of converted measurement errors are derived by second-order Taylor series expansion. Finally, the influence of the correlated coefficient rho between the range and range rate, and the range-rate noise deviation sigma_r are taken into account and extreme values of rho and sigma_r are used in Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that the proposed method is, in a sense, effective and practical     

Adaptive Phased-Array Tracking in ECM using Negative Information

Target tracking with adaptive phased-array radars in the presence of standoff jamming presents both challenges and opportunities to the track filter designer. A measurement likelihood function is derived for this situation which accounts for the effect of both positive and negative contact information. This likelihood function is approximated a? a weighted sum of Gaussian terms consisting of both positive and negative weights, accounting for the positive and negative contact information. Additionally, recent theoretical results have been reported which have derived an accurate measurement error covariance in the vicinity of the jammer when adaptive beamforming is used by the radar to null the effects of the jammer. We compare the impact of using a likelihood function that accounts for negative contact information and the corrected measurement error covariance by comparing five Kalman filter-based trackers in five different scenarios. We show that only those track filters which use both the negative contact information and the corrected measurement error covariance are effective in maintaining track on a maneuvering target as it passes through the jamming region. This approach can also be generalized to any target tracking problem where the sensor response is anisotropic.     

Design of a practical tracking algorithm with radar measurements

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) has been widely used as a nonlinear filtering method for radar tracking problems. However, it has been found that if cross-range measurement errors of the target position are large, the performance of the conventional EKF degrades considerably due to nonnegligible nonlinear effects. A new filtering algorithm for improving the tracking performance with radar measurements is developed based on the fact that correct evaluation of the measurement error covariance is possible in the Cartesian coordinate system. The proposed algorithm may be viewed as a modification of the EKF in which the variance of the range measurement errors is evaluated in an adaptive manner. The filter structure facilitates the incorporation of the sequential measurement processing scheme, and this makes the resulting algorithm favorable to both estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method offers superior performance in comparison to previous methods. Moreover, our developed algorithm provides some useful insight into the radar tracking problem     

Correlation between horizontal and vertical monopulse measurements

Many radar systems use the monopulse ratio to extract angle of arrival (AOA) measurements in both azimuth and elevation angles. The accuracies of each such measurement are reasonably well known: each measurement is, conditioned on the sum-signal return, Gaussian-distributed with calculable bias (relative to the true AOA), and variance. However, we note that the two monopulse ratios are functions of basic radar measurements that are not entirely independent, specifically in that the sum signal is common to both. The effect of this is that the monopulse ratios are dependent, and a simple explicit expression is given for their correlation; this is of considerable interest when the measurements are supplied to a tracking algorithm that requires a measurement covariance matrix. The system performance improvement when this is taken into account is quantified: while it makes little difference for a tracking radar with small pointing errors, there are more substantial gains when a target is allowed to stray within the beam, as with a rotating (track-while-scan) radar or when a single radar dwell interrogates two or more targets at different ranges. But in any case, the correct covariance expression is so simple that there is little reason not to use it. We additionally derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on joint azimuth/elevation angle estimation and discover that it differs only slightly from the covariance matrix corresponding to the individual monopulse ratios. Hence, using the individual monopulse ratios and their simple joint accuracy expression is an adequate and quick approximation of the optimal maximum likelihood procedure for single resolved targets.     

New correlated MIMO radar covariance matrix design with low side lobe levels and much lower complexity

In this paper, a new correlated covariance matrix for Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) radar is proposed, which has lower SideLobe Levels (SLLs) compared to the new covariance matrix designs and the well-known multi-antenna radar designs including phased-array, MIMO radar and phased-MIMO radar schemes. It is shown that Binary Phased-Shift Keying (BPSK) waveforms that have constant envelope can be used in a closed-form to realize the proposed covariance matrix. Therefore, there is no need to deploy different types of radio amplifiers in the transmitter which will reduce the cost, considerably. The proposed design allows the same transmit power from each antenna in contrast to the phased-MIMO radar. Moreover, the proposed covariance matrix is full-rank and has the same capability as MIMO radar to identify more targets, simultaneously. Performance of the proposed transmit covariance matrix including receive beampattern and output Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is simulated, which validates analytical results.     

Covariance matrix estimation for adaptive CFAR detection incompound-Gaussian clutter

We address the estimation of the structure of the covariance matrix and its application to adaptive radar detection of coherent pulse trains in clutter-dominated disturbance modeled as a compound-Gaussian process. For estimation purposes we resort to range cells in spatial proximity with that under test and assume that these cells, free of signal components, can be clustered into groups of data with one and the same value of the texture. We prove that, plugging the proposed estimator of the structure of the covariance matrix into a previously derived detector, based upon the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), leads to an adaptive detector which ensures the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) property with respect to the clutter covariance matrix as well as the statistics of the texture. Finally, we show that this adaptive receiver has an acceptable loss with respect to its nonadaptive counterpart in cases of relevant interest for radar applications     

Fast converging adaptive processor or a structured covariance matrix

The use of adaptive linear techniques to solve signal processing problems is needed particularly when the interference environment external to the signal processor (such as for a radar or communication system) is not known a priori. Due to this lack of knowledge of an external environment, adaptive techniques require a certain amount of data to cancel the external interference. The number of statistically independent samples per input sensor required so that the performance of the adaptive processor is close (nominally within 3 dB) to the optimum is called the convergence measure of effectiveness (MOE) of the processor. The minimization of the convergence MOE is important since in many environments the external interference changes rapidly with time. Although there are heuristic techniques in the literature that provide fast convergence for particular problems, there is currently not a general solution for arbitrary interference that is derived via classical theory. A maximum likelihood (ML) solution (under the assumption that the input interference is Gaussian) is derived here for a structured covariance matrix that has the form of the identity matrix plus an unknown positive semi-definite Hermitian (PSDH) matrix. This covariance matrix form is often valid in realistic interference scenarios for radar and communication systems. Using this ML estimate, simulation results are given that show that the convergence is much faster than the often-used sample matrix inversion method. In addition, the ML solution for a structured covariance matrix that has the aforementioned form where the scale factor on the identity matrix is arbitrarily lower-bounded, is derived. Finally, an efficient implementation is presented.     

Coordinate Conversion and Tracking for Very Long Range Radars

The problem of tracking with very long range radars is studied in this paper. First, the measurement conversion from a radar's r-u-v coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system is discussed. Although the nonlinearity of this coordinate transformation appears insignificant based on the evaluation of the bias of the converted measurements, it is shown that this nonlinearity can cause significant covariance inconsistency in the conventionally converted measurements (CM1). Since data association depends critically on filter consistency, this issue is very important. Following this, it is shown that a suitably corrected conversion (CM2) eliminates the inconsistency. Then, initialized with the converted measurements (using CM2), four Cartesian filters are evaluated. It is shown that, among these filters, the converted measurement Kalman filter with second order Taylor expansion (CM2KF) is the only one that is consistent for very long range tracking scenarios. Another two approaches, the range-direction-cosine extended Kalman filter (ruvEKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are also evaluated and shown to suffer from consistency problems. However, the CM2KF has the disadvantage of reduced accuracy in the range direction. To fix this problem, a consistency-based modification for the standard extended Kalman filter (E1KF) is proposed. This leads to a new filtering approach, designated as measurement covariance adaptive extended Kalman filter (MCAEKF). For very long range tracking scenarios, the MCAEKF is shown to produce consistent filtering results and be able to avoid the loss of accuracy in the range direction. It is also shown that the MCAEKF meets the posterior Carmer-Rao lower bound for the scenarios considered.