面向深空探测的星球钻取采样技术综述

回顾国内外星球钻取采样技术发展现状的基础上,详细论述了星壤的物理力学特性及模拟星壤制备工艺,着重分析了钻进取心特性实验及理论研究成果,深入剖析了包含钻进状态参数辨识及自主钻进控制在内的星球自适应钻进规程关键技术问题。在此基础上,以我国探月三期工程无人钻取采样任务为研究背景,提出了对星球钻取采样技术的展望与建议。     

月球极区水冰钻取模拟试验系统研究

探测并利用月球极区的水资源一直是月球探测的研究热点。针对钻取及凝华装置开展系统级真空低温试验的需要，建立月球极区水冰钻取模拟试验系统，根据水的三相转化关系设计了2个阶段的试验流程，试验中混合物容器中的水可保持固态。初步试验结果表明，所建立的试验系统能够满足现阶段开展月球极区真空低温试验的需求，为验证产品性能、优化产品工况、促进月球极区水冰获取工程技术的发展提供条件。     

地外星体土壤取样机构技术

取样技术是地外星体土壤取样任务的核心技术之一。在调研各国地外星体土壤取样任务的基础上,对人工取样和无人的钻取取样、铲挖取样、夹取取样、研磨取样、复合取样等方面的国外地外星体土壤取样技术进行了分析比较,得出以下结论：多数无人自主土壤取样机构都可以看作由决定作业方式的末端执行器和位置机构两部分组成,钻取、铲挖、研磨是有效的...     

月壤钻取与整形过程中样品层理保持特性分析

基于离散元方法建立了考虑颗粒间扭转、弯曲力矩及等效引力作用的三维离散元月壤模型,利用三轴仿真试验标定模型细观参数,得到满足真实月壤宏观力学特性的仿真模型。对月壤钻取和整形过程进行了仿真设计,提出了"分层概率法",以每层月壤在运动过程中向邻层错动的概率评价层理保持特性。由仿真结果可知:月壤钻进取样过程中样品层理信息会遭到钻取和整形两次破坏,二者破坏程度相当,且越靠近表层层理信息破坏越严重。分层概率法可有效描述月壤钻取与整形过程月壤样品的层理信息破坏情况,分析结果可为月壤采样机构设计提供参考。     

在火箭壳体上使用电火花仿形法钻削盲孔

在火箭壳体上使用电火花仿形法钻削盲孔据报道，国外常用电火花仿形穿孔加工法在火箭壳体上钻削孔。工具电极的长度为１７８ｍｍ，钻孔深度为２７ｍｍ。加工不锈钢零件的长度为２００ｍｍ，钻孔精度±０．１２５ｍｍ，加工表面粗糙度Ｒａ３．２μｍ。在机床工作台上一次可...     

可压缩材料平面应变滑移线速度方程及速度间断

摘 要 本文在“可压缩连续体”假设的基础上，应用连续体塑性力学推证出了可压缩材料速度方程，并讨论了速度间断问题。结果表明，可压缩材料不仅沿滑移线切向存在速度间断，而且沿法向也存在速度间断。     

利用加工精度监测系统在数控机床上加工钻模

介绍自己开发的一套加工精度监测系统，利用该系统和我厂现有数控加工技术，一改传统钻模制造工艺所采用的传递生产模式，解决了FP—1钻模生产中的关键技术性问题，并在理论上证明了该工艺方法的可靠性和可行性，同时也引发了我们对传统钻模协调工艺的思考，即是否能用其它更经济的工艺方法来代替钻模完成型号各部段的协调任务。     

半球面螺旋天线宽带特性研究

采用螺旋基函数和检验函数的矩量法分析了单臂半球面螺旋天线和双臂半球面螺旋天线的驻波、增益及方向图等特性.结果表明,单臂半球面螺旋天线阻抗带宽窄,频带内增益起伏较大,天线的方向图带宽较窄;双臂半球面螺旋天线具有较宽的阻抗带宽和方向图带宽,工作频带内增益变化不大,该天线在军事卫星通信领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

U钻技术在数控加工中的应用

针对U钻技术在数控加工运用中存在的问题，就如何使用好该项技术总结出了一套使用方法，并针对不同的加工材料给出了U钻应用时的切削参数，通过与普通钻头使用参数的对比，明显提高了加工效率。     

深空探测自动采样机构的特点及应用

利用自动采样机构获取星体表面土壤或岩石样品,并将收集到的样品返回实验室进行分析研究是我国未来深空探测需要解决的关键技术.文章分析了深空探测自动采样机构应用及研发的现状,将采样机构分为挖取式自动采样机构、钳取式自动采样机构、研磨式自动采样机构、钻取式自动采样机构及其它新型采样机构几种类型,分别论述了这些深空探测自动采样机...     

Microbial survival: the paleome: a sedimentary genetic record of past microbial communities

Molecular genetic methods were used to analyze the remnants of microbial ecosystems contained within an ancient oceanic microbial habitat that was recovered from a continental drilled core of black shale approximately 100 million years in age. Bacterial ribosomal RNA genes were vertically amplified from the six different depths of a black shale core associated with a phosphate-rich stratum, defined as one of the mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Although the black shale core was recovered from a terrestrial coring effort, the recovered 16S rRNA gene sequences showed affinity to microbial communities previously seen in deep-sea sedimentary environments (i.e., the microbial assemblage was easily recognizable as a marine community). In particular, a number of 16S rRNA gene clones of oceanic sulfate-reducing bacteria within the delta-Proteobacteria predominated at the OAE layer. The recovered bacterial DNA signatures are consistent with the interpretation that the sequences are derived from the past microbial communities buried in either sea-bottom or subseafloor environments during the sedimentation process and, after ceasing growth, preserved until the present.     

Drilling systems for extraterrestrial subsurface exploration

Drilling consists of 2 processes: breaking the formation with a bit and removing the drilled cuttings. In rotary drilling, rotational speed and weight on bit are used to control drilling, and the optimization of these parameters can markedly improve drilling performance. Although fluids are used for cuttings removal in terrestrial drilling, most planetary drilling systems conduct dry drilling with an auger. Chip removal via water-ice sublimation (when excavating water-ice-bound formations at pressure below the triple point of water) and pneumatic systems are also possible. Pneumatic systems use the gas or vaporization products of a high-density liquid brought from Earth, gas provided by an in situ compressor, or combustion products of a monopropellant. Drill bits can be divided into coring bits, which excavate an annular shaped hole, and full-faced bits. While cylindrical cores are generally superior as scientific samples, and coring drills have better performance characteristics, full-faced bits are simpler systems because the handling of a core requires a very complex robotic mechanism. The greatest constraints to extraterrestrial drilling are (1) the extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature, dust, and pressure; (2) the light-time communications delay, which necessitates highly autonomous systems; and (3) the mission and science constraints, such as mass and power budgets and the types of drilled samples needed for scientific analysis. A classification scheme based on drilling depth is proposed. Each of the 4 depth categories (surface drills, 1-meter class drills, 10-meter class drills, and deep drills) has distinct technological profiles and scientific ramifications.     

Assessing the legacy of the Space Shuttle

This article reviews the core legacies of the Space Shuttle program after 25 years and suggests that, while it was not an unadulterated success, on balance the Shuttle served a valuable role in the development of spaceflight and deserves an overall positive assessment in history. There are five core legacies that deserve discussion. First, the Space Shuttle has a reputation as a mistake resulting from a policy failure that should never have been pursued. Second, it has been criticized as a program that prohibited other paths for the US space program. Third, and more positively, the Space Shuttle provided more than two decades of significant human spaceflight capability and stretched the nature of what could be accomplished in Earth orbit much beyond where it had previously been. Fourth, it served as a relatively flexible platform for scientific activities. Finally, and perhaps most significantly since the US human spaceflight program has always been focused on national prestige, the Space Shuttle served well as a symbol of American technological verisimilitude.     

白谱法在电离层扰动研究中的应用

将电离层扰动从其背景中分离出来一直是电离层扰动研究的核心与难点。文章综述白谱法在电离层扰动研究方面取得的进展,主要有:1）白谱法比常规电离层扰动提取方法能更好地描述磁暴期间电离层的扰动,利用白谱法构建的电离层天气单站指数 Js、全球指数 Jp 和区域指数Jr与 Dst 指数之间存在极好的关联性,可以直接利用 Dst 来对 Jp进行预报。2）白谱法同样适合研究强磁暴期间的电离层异常弱响应。对比研究发现,电离层在强磁暴条件下的弱响应不依赖于采用的扰动提取方法本身,并且该现象的出现与纬度、地方时及磁暴前期条件强烈相关。3）白谱法是研究地磁平静期由其他扰动源引起电离层扰动的有力工具。基于白谱法构建的Js分布图能够很好地反映台风过程中电离层扰动的空间特征。     

基于有限维种子累积序贯估计的PN码快捕算法

提出了一种基于有限维种子累积序贯估计（FSASE，Finite Seed Accumulation of Sequential Estimation）的直接扩频序列快速捕获算法。该算法既能解决SASE算法只能工作在理想情况（不能有多普勒频移，PN码偏等影响）的问题，又能克服RASE算法不能在低信噪比下工作的缺陷。文中采用生成函数流图法推导出了衰落信道下FSASE算法平均捕获时间的闭式解。理论分析和计算机模拟表明，该算法即使在很低的信噪比下也具有优良的性能，并且实现复杂度低，具有工程实用价值。     

钻进式井壁取心器用马笼头的分析研究

针对钻进式井壁取心器用马笼头的安全弱点、电缆头及浮动活塞的功能进行了研究和分析，并提供了具体的设计方法。     

Pre-cometary ice composition from hot core chemistry

Pre-cometary ice located around star-forming regions contains molecules that are pre-biotic compounds or pre-biotic precursors. Molecular line surveys of hot cores provide information on the composition of the ice since it sublimates near these sites. We have combined a hydrostatic hot core model with a complex network of chemical reactions to calculate the time-dependent abundances of molecules, ions, and radicals. The model considers the interaction between the ice and gas phase. It is applied to the Orion hot core where high-mass star formation occurs, and to the solar-mass binary protostar system IRAS 16293-2422. Our calculations show that at the end of the hot core phase both star-forming sites produce the same prebiotic CN-bearing molecules. However, in the Orion hot core these molecules are formed in larger abundances. A comparison of the calculated values with the abundances derived from the observed line data requires a chemically unprocessed molecular cloud as the initial state of hot core evolution. Thus, it appears that these objects are formed at a much younger cloud stage than previously thought. This implies that the ice phase of the young clouds does not contain CN-bearing molecules in large abundances before the hot core has been formed. The pre-biotic molecules synthesized in hot cores cause a chemical enrichment in the gas phase and in the pre-cometary ice. This enrichment is thought to be an important extraterrestrial aspect of the formation of life on Earth and elsewhere.     

光栅信号的一种软件处理方法

以单片机为核心部件，本文提出了一种光栅信号的软件处理方法。文中详细阐述了系统设计原理和软硬件设计流程，光栅检测电路输出的两路差分信号，经调理电路放大、整形、AD转换、再由单片机通过程序控制实现了辨向和细分特性。该软件处理方法简化了系统硬件电路，增强了系统抗干扰能力，提高了分辨率。实验证明该方法具有一定的实用性，可以应用于机床改造和相关的位置检测系统中。     

Daubechies小波函数特征对MRTD算法的影响性分析

时域多分辨分析法（MRTD）是电磁场仿真计算的新方法,其核心是时频分析的小波函数问题。为提高MRTD方法的计算效率和精度,如何选择Daubechies(db)小波函数的消失矩和紧支度成为MRTD算法应用中有待解决的问题。首先给出了一种在介质基底有损耗的情况下计算微带线间串扰的三维MRTD数学模型。其次研究db小波尺度函数的紧支度、消失矩特性对于MRTD算法的计算精度和效率的影响问题。最后通过对比基于 db1~db4 四种小波基的MRTD算法对PCB电路板微带线间串扰的仿真结果,得到在相同精度下,基于db2小波函数的MRTD算法计算效率最高,在db小波簇中是最优的结论。
     

Experimental investigation of the base flow and base pressure of a clustered launch vehicle

Launch vehicles configured with strap-on boosters presents a very complex geometry and flow field of the base region. One of the most important external force acting on a launch vehicle is the aerodynamic drag, and since the base region has high influence, as base drag, on this force, it is of major importance to predict it accurately. For complex vehicle configurations, analytical procedures are often not well adequate, and numerical flow simulations needs well validated codes and high computer power, to describe and determine the local parameters. So, the use of high speed wind tunnels becomes necessary if flow phenomena and base pressure have to be accurately determined. In the present study an experimental investigation of the base flow region of a clustered launch vehicle, characterised by four strap-on boosters around the core vehicle, has been carried out. The results, which are summarised in the present article, show the behaviour of the base pressure as function of the Mach number, and correlate the contribution of base drag to the total aerodynamic drag. Also features of the local flow field, taken from Schlieren flow pictures, are shown in detail. The article presents the wind tunnel models and program, and shows and discusses the results obtained for several flight regimes.