不同磁暴条件下GEO卫星表面充电电位分布

文章利用1989-2004年间"Los Alamos"7 颗地球同步轨道卫星的数据对不同磁暴条件下处于地球同步轨道高度等离子体片区域的卫星表面充电电位和热电子(0.03~45 keV)温度随地方时的分布及随磁暴发生时间的变化规律进行统计分析.根据对磁层顶电流修正后的Dst指数(Dst*)将磁暴分成弱磁暴、强磁暴以及超大磁暴.在随地方时的分布上,弱磁暴时卫星最可能在午夜后侧负向强充电(＞800 V);随着磁暴强度的增加,在超大磁暴情况下该区域会沿东西方向扩展到夜晚21时到凌晨4时的区域.在随磁暴发生时间的分布上,弱磁暴下卫星表面充电到高负电位主要发生在Dst*最低点前3 h和后2 h的时刻,强磁暴下主要发生在Dst*最低点时刻,而超大磁暴下主要发生在恢复相,持续时间达十几个小时.表面电位的分布规律和热电子温度的分布规律表现一致:卫星表面负电位超过100 V的区域主要集中在热电子温度大于2 keV的区域,而表面负电位最可能超过800 V的区域主要集中在热电子温度大于2.5 keV的区域.通过统计分析看出,对于那些极可能发生高负电位充电(＞8 kV)情况下的卫星表面电位分布与磁暴的强弱并无明显的相关性,但发现在弱磁暴情况下明显集中在正午前侧区域.     

利用混合模型LSTM-DNN进行全球电离层TEC map的中短期预报

近年来,基于深度学习技术的长短期记忆（long short-term memory, LSTM）网络相关预报算法在空间天气的预测方面得到广泛应用,但存在预测误差随时间堆叠的缺陷,因此只能进行有限的短期预测。为解决这一问题,文章将太阳风参数、太阳黑子数、地磁活动水平指数Ap以及磁暴环电流指数Dst作为预报因子加入模型,建立一个基于LSTM和深度神经网络（deep neural networks, DNN）的混合模型来进行全球电离层TEC map的中短期预报。该模型可以明显减小时间递增对预测误差的影响。测试结果表明,相较于单独的LSTM模型,LSTM-DNN混合模型对24 h电离层预报准确率相近,对48 h电离层预报平均相对精度（RA）由79.30%提升到81.18%,对144 h电离层预报平均相对精度由64.97%提升到77.64%。     

释放SF_6气体改变电离层电子密度的实验研究

电离层受到自然或人工扰动后产生的电子密度变化会影响无线电的传播。实验模拟了人工释放SF_6气体扰动电离层,通过对SF_6气体在电离层中的扩散过程和相应的离子化学反应的分析,并结合实验测量,研究了电离层电子密度随SF_6气体释放量的变化规律。实验结果表明:SF_6气体在电离层高度释放后,电子密度显著减少,且减少量与气体释放量在一定范围内呈负指数关系。研究可为今后提高卫星通信保密性和实施通信干扰等应用提供理论依据。     

基于扰动观测器的巡航飞行器指数时变滑模控制

针对巡航飞行器非线性模型具有快时变、强耦合和高度非线性的特点,在考虑飞行过程中可能存在的气动参数以及大气密度不确定性情况下,提出了一种高精确、强鲁棒控制方法。通过将扰动观测器与指数时变滑模控制方法结合,构造了一种基于扰动观测器的巡航飞行器指数时变滑模控制设计方法,并利用Lyapunov理论分析了采用该控制律后整个闭环系统的稳定性。该方法能够有效地减小采用边界层方法来处理滑模抖振问题时所引入跟踪稳态误差,提高系统控制精度。最后,通过仿真验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

火箭大偏航入轨双回路扰动观测补偿有限时间收敛滑模控制

为实现参数不确定和扰动下运载火箭大偏航入轨过程高精度姿态稳定控制,提出了一种双回路扰动观测补偿有限时间收敛滑模控制方法。首先基于运载火箭飞行动力学方程构建了面向控制的姿态模型;然后分析模型中存在的复合扰动,构建双回路扰动观测补偿滑模控制框架;通过引入有限时间收敛微分器、观测器和滑模控制器,实现了运载火箭姿态控制回路对姿态指令的高精度快速响应。该方法能够有效观测并补偿同时存在的匹配和非匹配扰动项,提高运载火箭姿态控制系统对参数不确定的适应性。通过对比传统PID控制方法,充分验证了双回路扰动观测补偿有限时间收敛滑模控制方法的良好性能。     

不同地磁活动期间地球同步轨道

文章利用地球同步轨道GOES6～12卫星1986-2006年约两个太阳活动周期的高能电子角通量密度数据,分析了在地磁平静期或不同程度磁暴期间高能电子通量的变化,为建立更精确的航天器内部充电动态模型奠定基础。研究结果表明:地球同步轨道高能电子通量随太阳活动周期的变化规律表现为,在太阳活动极大年通量较低,极小年反而较高;高能电子通量随季节的变化规律表现为,在冬至和夏至附近通量达到最低值,春秋分附近达到最高值;Dst指数最小时,对应的高能电子通量一般较低。     

不同地磁活动期间地球同步轨道高能电子通量分析

文章利用地球同步轨道GOES～12卫星1986-2006年约两个太阳活动周期的高能电子角通量密度数据,分析了在地磁平静期或不同程度磁暴期间高能电子通量的变化,为建立更精确的航天器内部充电动态模型奠定基础.研究结果表明:地球同步轨道高能电子通量随太阳活动周期的变化规律表现为,在太阳活动极大年通量较低,极小年反而较高;高能电子通量随季节的变化规律表现为,在冬至和夏至附近通量达到最低值,春秋分附近达到最高值;Dst指数最小时,对应的高能电子通量一般较低.     

一种基于人工扰动电离层的通信对抗技术研究

研究了扰动后的电离层对不同波段的电磁波传播的影响,并探讨了该项技术在通信对抗上的具体应用。结果表明:受扰电离层可以引导VLF波进行"哨声模式"传播,进而实现对潜通信;可以使得HF波传播轨迹发生偏转、逃逸、聚焦和散焦,进而实现短波干扰;可以降低卫星通信频率,进而利用新波段实现卫星保密通信,同时还能产生透镜效应,对实现卫星通信的VHF电波产生额外增益,增强通信效果。     

天线选择性幅值扰动形成阵列零陷的技术

首先提出了一种在阵元关于阵列中心对称的线阵中利用幅值扰动形成零陷的新方法,该方法克服了传统幅值扰动方法零陷深度不足、旁瓣水平高的缺陷,且能够在多个强干扰源方向或在较宽的范围形成深度零陷而不影响主瓣。为了减少每次需要控制的阵元数,提高系统鲁棒性,在此基础上进一步提出了利用天线选择性幅值扰动形成零陷的方法。仿真结果表明,其性能可与基于全部天线进行幅值扰动的算法相比,甚至可与复权值控制方法的性能相比。     

利用有限元方法逼近飞行器轨道主动段扰动引力

为了克服引力位系数模型计算飞行器轨道主动段扰动引力所存在的计算量大，并且难以进行实时计算的缺点，提出利用有限元内插的方法对主动段扰动引力进行逼近。根据有限元分析中区域剖分插值的原理，采用了对飞行器轨道周围有限范围的空间区域进行有限元剖分的方式，计算出各剖分单元每个顶点处的扰动引力，然后利用剖分单元各顶点的扰动引力分量内插出飞行器轨道点对应的扰动引力分量值。计算过程和结果表明，这种方法能够快速、精确可靠地逼近飞行器轨道主动段扰动引力，满足了有关文献中所提出的要求。     

The Influence of artificial plasma irregularities on the propagation of VLF waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere

In the framework of the approximation of geometric optics, the peculiarities of VLF-wave propagation in the Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere during the creation of large-scale artificial plasma irregularities by heating facilities such as HAARP and “Sura” in the ionosphere are studied. For calculation of ray trajectories, the profile of the concentration and ion composition of plasma is taken by calculating the SAMI2 ionospheric model, which was modified to take the influence on the ionosphere of the HF emissions of heating facilities into account. As a result of the influence of the heating facilities on the ionosphere, a region could occur with an increased plasma concentration that is stretched out along the geomagnetic field (up to heights on the order of the Earth’s radius) with small dimensions across the field (～1°). The ray trajectories of waves that propagate from heights of about 100 km from different initial points in the region where such a disturbance has been created with different initial inclination angles of the wave normal are studied in this paper. Both lightning discharges and modulated HF heating of the ionosphere could be the sources of such waves. It is shown on the basis of the performed analysis that the presence of such disturbances in density can lead to a substantial changes in wave-propagation trajectories, in particular, to efficient channeling of VLF waves in the disturbance region and an increase in the interval of the initial propagation angles of waves, which can reach the ionosphere in the opposite hemisphere.     

Spatial–Temporal Characteristics of Large Scale Disturbances of Electron Density Observed in the Ionospheric F-Region before Strong Earthquakes

The spatial dimensions and temporal dynamics of large scale disturbances of electron density in the ionospheric F-region during the preparatory phase of destructive earthquakes are estimated. The most appropriate data (as far as the moments of satellite passages are concerned) were selected out of more than 300 investigated cases. In order to demonstrate effects at different latitudes, the cases of high-latitude (Alaska), mid-latitude (Central Italy), and low-latitude (New Zealand) earthquakes were considered. Using the data of external vertical sounding of the ionosphere performed by the Alouette-1 and Interkosmos-19 satellites together with the data of vertical sounding of the ionosphere by ground-based instruments, we get for the first time with reasonable accuracy the spatial characteristics of precursors in the ionosphere. It is shown that seismic ionospheric disturbances are strongly time-dependent before the beginning of the main shock. Seismic ionospheric disturbances are generated weakly several days before the first shock, but at that moment the disturbed region is located not above the epicenter, but rather a little displaced from it. As the moment of the earthquake approaches, the disturbance covers more and more space; moreover, its value also increases. Several hours after the shock the disturbance migrates in the reverse order. Under some conditions, the disturbances may appear not only above epicenter regions. They can be transferred along the magnetic field lines into conjugate regions in the opposite hemisphere.     

Magneto-ionospheric effects of active experiments conducted on February 18, 2004

Results of radiophysical and magnetometric observations of dynamical processes in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field that followed launches of four rockets of different power and made from different launching sites are analyzed. It is found that the rocket launches were accompanied by an intensification of wave activity in the ionosphere and geomagnetic field. The medium reactions from various sources (various rockets) were overlapping, which made their identification more difficult. Both ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances have, most probably, two groups of propagation velocities: about 1.2–1.7 km s⁻¹ and 440–760 m s⁻¹. Slow MHD waves and internal gravity waves corresponded to these velocities.     

Influence of anisotropic fluctuations of the ionosphere plasma density on deep radio sounding by a ultra wide band radar with synthesized aperture

The problem of deep sounding of planet interior using ultra wide band radar with synthesized aperture is considered for the case when anisotropic fluctuations of the ionosphere plasma density take place. Modeling is performed for a number of values of the medium and radar characteristic parameters. The degree of influence of mutual orientation of the anisotropy direction of ionospheric fluctuations and of the spacecraft flight trajectory is estimated. It is demonstrated that widening of radar pulses is determined by characteristic spatial scale of ionosphere plasma disturbances in the transverse direction relative to the spacecraft flight trajectory. On the other hand, attenuation of the peak power of the pulses is shown to be determined basically by the longitudinal scale of disturbance correlations.     

Effects of the geomagnetic storm on October 29–31, 2003, on mid-latitude short-wave radio paths (the data of Doppler measurements)

We present the results of spectral analysis of a signal of oblique sounding of the ionosphere. This signal was received at the Doppler phase-angle measuring facility of Kazan University during the geomagnetic storm on October 29–31, 2003. On various short-wave (SW) radio paths, intense variations of Doppler frequency shift were observed. These variations exceeded variations observed on days without geomagnetic disturbances by an order of magnitude (and by two orders of magnitude during some short periods). Relatively short periods (1–3.5 min) are predominant on these days in variations of the Doppler frequency shift. It should be noted that, while for weak geomagnetic disturbances the response in the form of distortions of SW signal parameters was observed, as a rule, only for the paths coming from high-latitude regions, in the given case the effect was observed for all radio paths.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 640–644.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Bochkarev, Petrova, Teplov.     

Dynamics of Temperature and Density of Cold Protons of the Earth's Plasmasphere Measured by the Auroral Probe/Alpha-3 Experiment Data during Geomagnetic Disturbances

We present the results of temperature and density measurement of plasmaspheric protons under quiet and disturbed conditions in the night and dayside sectors of the plasmasphere obtained with the Auroral Probe/Alpha-3 instrument during September 1996 and January 1997. According to the experimental data, the proton temperature in the night sector of the plasmasphere depends on the level of geomagnetic disturbance: it is found that at night hours the values of temperatures inside the plasmasphere at 2.4 < L < 3.5 decreased considerably after the commencement of a geomagnetic storm. The temperature decrease, as a rule, was accompanied by the formation of a flat plateau on the density distribution n(L) at 2.4 < L < 3.5. The above experimental facts (decreasing proton temperature and formation of a flat part on the n(L) distribution) allow us to conclude that the decrease in the proton temperature in the night sector of the plasmasphere connected with magnetic disturbances is caused by the filling of field tubes (depleted after the commencement of the storm) with colder ionospheric plasma. The proton temperature in the dayside sector of the plasmasphere virtually does not depend on the level of the geomagnetic disturbance.     

Nonlinear Disturbances in the Ionospheric E Region under the Action of Internal Gravity Waves

We consider the influence of harmonics generated by an internal gravity wave (IGW) on the formation of nonlinear disturbances in the ionospheric E region. It is shown that the response of the lower ionosphere to the IGW propagation should be less efficient than the action of the IGW on the ionospheric F region. Nevertheless, if there are some thin layers (e.g., sporadic E layers) in the lower ionosphere, the response can be amplified; its amplitude is determined by the sharpness of the density gradient as compared with the characteristic scale of the atmosphere.     

Radiotomographical Detection of Ionosphere Disturbances Caused by Ground Explosions

Long-lived local disturbances of the ionospheric density over the site of ground industrial explosions were detected by the ionosphere radiotomography method. It is assumed that the density anomalies arise because of the initiation of vortex motion in a neutral component after acoustic impulse passage.