A Study of the Luminescence of the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield Bands in the Atmospheres of the Earth and Titan

Cosmic Research - Calculations were made of the volume and integral emission intensities of the Lyman–Birge–Hopfield (LBH) bands of molecular nitrogen at 146.4, 138.4, 135.4, and 132.5...     

The Achievements and the Future of the Development of China's Space Technology

China's space cause is based on the development of missile technology. In the 1950s, new China, which was just founded, decided to keep pace with the jet technology times, to begin developing missile and rocket science and technology, and to establish China's new space scientific and technological industry.     

INTERBALL-1 Observations of the Kilometric “Continuum” of the Earth's Magnetosphere

The electromagnetic radio-frequency emission of the inner region of the Earth's plasmasphere discovered recently by the GEOTAIL satellite [4] and referred to as the kilometric continuum was observed by the INTERBALL-1 satellite (1995–2000) in the 100–500 kHz band in the AKR-X experiment. During a period of low solar activity (1995–1997), this continuum was found leaving the inner plasmasphere at geocentric distances of 2–4R _E as isolated pencil-like (1°–6°) beams located in the magnetic equator plane. During a time of high solar activity (1999–2000), the occurrence of the emission was extremely rare (it was observed only at a considerable fall of this activity). If detected, at the same geocentric distances (2–4R _E) the continuum demonstrated a strongly variable and perturbed character, as well as a considerably larger extension of the beam over the geomagnetic latitude (10°–20° and more). In addition, quasi-periodic (QP) signals, similar to the observed QP emissions of Jupiter, were sometimes detected in this period. The probable nature of the observed features of the kilometric continuum is briefly discussed.     

Features of the Motion of the Earth’s Geographic North Pole and Jumping in the Geomagnetic Field

Cosmic Research - The results of an analysis and comparison of times of appearance of the features of the long-term displacement of the geographic North Pole over the Earth’s surface and the...     

Stochastic models of the earth’s rotation taking the effects of the moon and planets into account

A generalization of kinetic and spectral and correlation equations of fluctuations in the Earths rotation is made taking into account the effect of the Moon and planets (these equations form the basis for corresponding stochastic models). Special attention is paid to a parameterized version of kinetic equations based on the method of normal approximation. The application of linear stochastic models for obtaining the spectral and correlation characteristics of the Earths rotation is considered, including the case of random parameters of the tensor of inertia of a deformable Earth. The results can be used for constructing stochastic models of the Earths rotation over time intervals of 6–10 years.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2005, pp. 54–66.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Markov, Dasaev, Perepelkin, I. N. Sinitsyn, V. I. Sinitsyn.     

Elimination of the Potential Hazard of the Long March 4 Launch Vehicle's In-orbit Breakup

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On Saturn’s rotation relative to a center of mass under the action of the gravitational moments of the Sun and Jupiter

Saturn’s rotation relative to a center of mass is considered within an elliptic restricted three-body problem. It is assumed that Saturn is a solid under the action of gravity of the Sun and Jupiter. The motions of Saturn and Jupiter are considered elliptic with small eccentricities e_S and e_J, respectively; the mean motion of Jupiter n_J is also small. We obtain the averaged Hamiltonian function for a small parameter of ε = n_J and integrals of evolution equations. The main effects of the influence of Jupiter on Saturn’s rotation are described: (α) the evolution of the constant parameters of regular precession for the angular momentum vector I₂; (β) the occurrence of new libration zones of oscillations I₂ near the plane of the celestial equator parallel to the plane of the Jupiter’s orbit; (γ) the occurrence of additional unstable equilibria of vector I₂ at the points of the north and south poles of the celestial sphere and, as a result, the existence of homoclinic trajectories; and (δ) the existence of periodic trajectories with arbitrarily large periods near the homoclinic trajectory. It is shown that the effects of (β), (γ), and (δ) are caused by the eccentricity e of the Jupiter’s orbit and are practically independent of Jupiter’s mass (within satellite approximation).     

The Development of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology

The Chinese Academy of SpaceTechnology (CAST),officiallyfounded on Feb.20,1968,has ahistory of 25 years.Now it is aworld-famous space organizationwith a considerable size.CAST has14 research institutes and factoriesall over the country with more than11 thousand staff and workers in-cluding over 6000 technicians(about 1700 high and middle ranktechnical experts).Now it is spe-cialized in many areas,such asspacecraft system,structure,thermal control,attitude control,orbit control,electronics telemetry,     

Observations of the Subauroral Nonthermal Radio Emission of the Earth in 1995–1998

Results of almost four years of continuous observations of the subauroral nonthermal radio emission (SANE) onboard the Interball-1 satellite are presented. The main features of SANE are described and discussed: the intensity and character of a signal, its appearance in time, beam directivity, propagation distance, and other observed parameters.     

On the strategy of space station injection in the point of Earth — Moon Libration / way of making the asteroid patrol/

One of the most important problem in the ecological area that stay for humanity is the problem of prevention Earth and asteroids collision. The danger of such collision isn't realized of the general public. But we know that on average twice in the every century the Earth comes into collision with the large celestial bodies (for example Tungussky or Arizonsky meteorites). The incidence of such meteorite in density population region of the Earth will simulate the ecumenical catastrophe. Much more seldom the Earth experiences collision with the particularly large celestial bodies. In accordance with one of the hypotheses namely the collision Earth with such body 65,000,000 years ago leads to the global change of Earth biosphere (in particular to the extinction of dinosaurs).Now we are able to stave off or at least to forewarn of this danger. One of the way for that is making the specific space station - asteroid patrol. Such the station will be able to track the approaching celestial bodies and perhaps (on second stage) to attempt altering its trajectory (for example with directional thermonuclear explosions)Some of the expedient points in the Space for the asteroid patrol's placing are the librations' points of the Earth - Moon system. In the report the preliminary results of analysis the problem of space station's taking into the libration's point are presented. For this taking it is suggested the electric jet propulsion to use.     

Peculiarities of the formation of a thin current sheet in the Earth’s magnetosphere

We investigate the process of the self-consistent formation of a thin current sheet with a thickness close to the ion Larmor gyroradius in the presence of decreasing magnetic field’s normal component B_n. This behavior is typical of the current sheet of the Earth’s magnetospheric tail during geomagnetic substorms. It has been shown that, in a numerical model of the current sheet, based on the particle-in-cell method, the appearance of self-consistent electric field component E_y in the current sheet vicinity can lead to its significant thinning and, eventually, to the formation of a multiscale configuration with a thin current sheet (TCS) in the central region supported by transient particles. The structure of the resulting equilibrium is determined by the initial parameters of the model and by the particle dynamics during the sheet thinning. Under certain conditions, the particle drift in the crossed electric and magnetic fields leads to a significant portion of ions becoming trapped near the neutral sheet and, in this way, to the formation of a wider configuration with an embedded thin current sheet. The population of trapped particles produces diamagnetic negative currents that manifest in the form of negative wings at the periphery of the sheet. Correspondingly, in the direction perpendicular to the sheet, a nonmonotonic coordinate dependence of the magnetic field appears. The mechanisms of the evolution of the current sheet in the Earth’s magnetotail and the formation of a multiscale structure are discussed.     

Development Trend of Application Satellites in China at the Beginning of the 21st Century

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Contribution of solar cosmic rays to the formation of the Earth’s proton radiation belt

The significance of the contribution of solar protons to fluxes of trapped radiation in the Earth’s outer radiation belt (L > 2) is estimated for various phases of solar activity. In periods of high solar activity, proton fluxes with the energy 1–5 MeV at L = 2–3 for the bulk of time have SCR as a source, during a minimum of solar activity, trapped proton fluxes are determined by the conventional diffusive mechanism under the action of sudden IMF impulses.     

Variations of the magnetopause position versus the level of geomagnetic activity (according to data of the INTERBALL-1 Satellite for 1995–1997)

The variations in the deviation of the observed position of the magnetosphere boundary from its mean position predicted by the Shue at al., 1997 (Sh97) model [7] are studied as a function of the substorm activity level (the AE-index value) and magnetic storm intensity (the value of the corrected D _st ^* index). The results obtained make it possible to state that the amplitude of motion of the magnetospheric boundary on the dayside and in the low-latitude tail is small. It is likely that the position of the boundary is either independent of the AE and D _st ^* indices or this dependence is weak. At the same time, the boundary of the high-latitude tail shifts inward on the average by 1.5R _E with an increase of the AE-index in the case of absence of magnetic storms (contraction of the magnetospheric tail). On the contrary, in the presence of magnetic storms, this boundary shifts outward by up to 3R _E with an increase of the AE-index (inflation of the magnetospheric tail). It is also shown that the boundary of the high-latitude tail moves outward with an increase of the D _st ^* index, both at low substorm activity and in periods of high substorm activity. The amplitude of the outward motion of the high-latitude tail of the magnetosphere is by a factor of two higher for moderate magnetic storms with strong substorms than for moderate magnetic storms with weak substorms.     

Speech at the Inaugural Meeting of CDSET-CSA

The inaugural meeting of the Committee of Deep Space Exploration Technology, Chinese Society of Astronautics (CDSET-CSA) was held in Beijing on June 15, 2004. Mr. Zhang Qingwei, President of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) and President of Chinese Society of Astronautics (CSA) attended the meeting and made an important speech. The following is the full text of the speech.     

China Enhancing the Study of Space Law

Space technology has developedrapidly for dozens of years,espe-cially since the former USSRlaunched its first artificial earthsatellite,Sputnik-1 in 1957,alarge number of various satellites,space stations and space probes havebeen put into orbits and space shut-tles and manned spaceship have al-ways travelled to and fro betweenthe earth and outer space.In orderto suit the needs of the developmentof space technology and space activ-ities,the United Nations has for-mulated several international