Combustion characteristics of the end burning hybrid rockets in laminar flow

In this study, we aim to clarify the blowoff mechanism for flame spreading in an opposed laminar flow in narrow solid fuel ducts. To clarify this mechanism we conducted two experiments. First, we observed the changes of the flame spread rate at various oxygen velocities, ambient pressures, and port diameters. For flame spreading in laminar flow, combustion modes could be classified into 3 distinct regimes based on the strength of the opposed flow, i.e., chemical regime, thermal regime, and stabilized regime. This result is consistent with the result in turbulent flow. In the stabilized regime, quenching distance is almost constant despite oxygen velocity. In order to investigate the effect of ambient pressure and port diameter of fuels on blowoff limit, transition oxygen velocity is observed. As a result, transition oxygen velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the ambient pressure and port diameter. This relation is applicable despite the flow condition. Furthermore, we calculated velocity gradient at the fuel surface to reveal the determining factor of the blowoff limit in laminar flow. Consequently, velocity gradient, which is considered to dominate flow separation in laminar flow, would not be constant. This is because the velocity gradient at the fuel surface could not be evaluated by only the assumption of Hagen–Poiseuille flow but other parameters, such as vaporized fuel gas and natural convection by buoyancy should be included.     

多热源工况下燕尾形轴向槽道热管的热响应特性

建立了燕尾形轴向槽道热管应用于多热源时的瞬态传热及流动的理论模型并进行了数值求解,研究了该型热管应用于多热源时从启动开始直到达到稳态过程中,壁面温度、弯月面毛细半径、液体速度的实时变化。结果显示：毛细半径沿轴向单调递增;蒸发段有热源与无热源的连接处的温度阶跃变化;在蒸发段热源处,液态工质流速变化激烈,在蒸发段无热源处,液态工作速度变化比较平缓;同时,开展了热管瞬态特性测试实验,实验测量值与数值计算值符合较好。     

轨道轰炸飞行器过渡段轨道设计与制导

针对轨道轰炸飞行器(OBV)的过渡段轨道设计与制导技术进行了讨论.在初始点位置、再入点位置和再入角固定的前提下,根据冲量假设和二体理论设计了固定时间转移轨道,其实质在于制动点位置和制动速度的确定.为了消除设计偏差,提出了一种基于虚拟再入点补偿的有限推力制导方案,并简要分析了关机点参数的选取原则.对于耗尽关机的动力系统,通过运用能量管理技术实现了多余燃料的耗散.仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性.     

Optimization of the Flight of a Spacecraft with a Solar Sail from the Earth to Mars with a Perturbation Maneuver near Venus

The trajectories of the fastest flight of a spacecraft (SC) with a solar sail from the Earth's sphere of activity to the Martian sphere of activity including the section of a perturbation maneuver near Venus are investigated. The planetary spheres of activity are assumed to be point-like; i.e., the maneuver section and the initial and final positions of the SC coincide with the corresponding positions of the planets. The initial velocity of the SC is assumed to be equal to the Earth's velocity, so that no leveling of the velocities of the SC and Mars in the final point of the flight is required. The perturbation maneuver is considered as a jump of the heliocentric velocity of the SC at the point of its contact with Venus, which does not change the magnitude of its Venus-centric velocity. The orbits of planets are assumed to be circular and coplanar; the SC trajectory lies at the plane of these orbits. The sail is planar with a specularly reflecting surface. The trajectories of optimum flights are determined as a result of solving the boundary value problem of the Pontryagin maximum principle. The families of solutions to this problem depending on the initial angular positions of Venus and Mars are constructed by the method of continuation over a parameter.     

Low-velocity detonations in cast and pressed high explosives

A model of low velocity detonations in charges of cast and pressed high explosives confined in metal tubes with thin walls is suggested. An analytical solution is obtained and velocities and pressures of stationary LVD waves are calculated as functions of the parameters of the wall confinement. The fraction of the total chemical energy transferred to maintain the shock wave and the average rate of reaction in the wave are estimated and the dynamics of transient predetonation processes are analysed. An explanation of the causes of the secondary shock wave formation in the transition from deflagration to normal detonations is suggested and the delay of this secondary wave is calculated and compared with experimental data.     

带落速落角约束的高超声速飞行器俯冲轨迹规划方法

针对高超声速飞行器俯冲段精确打击任务需求,提出了一种能够同时满足落速与落角约束的轨迹规划方法。建立了两段式轨迹规划策略,第一段采用参数化控制剖面调节飞行速度,第二段采用传统偏置比例导引律实现落角控制。将控制剖面的参数设计分解为多参数优化与单参数搜索两个问题：通过离线求解可行初始位置范围最大的多参数优化问题,提高控制剖面对初始偏差的适应性;通过在线求解带罚函数的单参数搜索问题,得到落速偏差最小的俯冲轨迹。结合高超声速飞行器模型,对所提出的俯冲轨迹规划方法进行了仿真。结果表明,该方法能够得到满足落速与落角约束的俯冲轨迹,具有较好的求解效率,且对初始状态偏差具有较强的鲁棒性。     

皮卫星分离参数优化

为实现“浙大皮星二号”卫星无干涉分离,达到分离初始姿态要求,对皮卫星分离机构进行了设计、理论分析及优化。通过对分离系统动力学特性分析,得出了影响该分离系统的关键因素,同时对星箭分离机构运动系统进行了优化,并进行了试验验证。仿真分析及试验结果表明：该设计能够完全满足分离机构分离速度和角速度要求,星箭分离过程的仿真分析和试验校验了“浙大皮星二号”星箭分离机构可实现无干涉分离,皮卫星初始速度、角速度均满足所提出的各项初始分离姿态要求。     

Determination of two Satellites’ relative motion using tracking measurements

A technique to determine the initial relative velocity of two satellites at the initial time instant, based on the results of NORAD system’s measurements, is presented. The determination of a relative initial position is shown to result in the unsatisfactory accuracy. This technique is applied to determining the initial velocity of separation of the first Russian nanosatellite TNS-0 from the International Space Station.     

Study of the mode of angular velocity damping for a spacecraft at non-standard situation

Non-standard situation on a spacecraft (Earth’s satellite) is considered, when there are no measurements of the spacecraft’s angular velocity component relative to one of its body axes. Angular velocity measurements are used in controlling spacecraft’s attitude motion by means of flywheels. The arising problem is to study the operation of standard control algorithms in the absence of some necessary measurements. In this work this problem is solved for the algorithm ensuring the damping of spacecraft’s angular velocity. Such a damping is shown to be possible not for all initial conditions of motion. In the general case one of two possible final modes is realized, each described by stable steady-state solutions of the equations of motion. In one of them, the spacecraft’s angular velocity component relative to the axis, for which the measurements are absent, is nonzero. The estimates of the regions of attraction are obtained for these steady-state solutions by numerical calculations. A simple technique is suggested that allows one to eliminate the initial conditions of the angular velocity damping mode from the attraction region of an undesirable solution. Several realizations of this mode that have taken place are reconstructed. This reconstruction was carried out using approximations of telemetry values of the angular velocity components and the total angular momentum of flywheels, obtained at the non-standard situation, by solutions of the equations of spacecraft’s rotational motion.     

The failure of marginal detonations in expanding channels

Critical conditions for detonation failure due to tube expansion have been observed in marginal detonations propagating in a in. (6.35 × 76.2 mm) channel. In these experiments, a well established marginal detonation propagating in the narrow channel entered a test section in which one of the narrow walls was inclined to the central axis at positive angles which ranged from 10° to 45°. Experiments were performed at pressures ranging from 60 to 200 torr (8 to 26.7 kPa) in stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures diluted with 20, 50 and 70% argon. Smoke track records obtained on the surface which is the major dimension of the tube, were used to determine failure, incipient failure or self-sustenance of the entering wave.Because of the narrow tube used in the studies the incident waves were marginal in that their velocity was below the expected CJ (Chapman-Jouguet) value, their transverse wave spacing was larger than one would see in a large tube, and the transverse waves were of greater strength than in an ordinary detonation. All of these indicators of marginal behavior became progressively more pronounced as the pressure dropped from 200 torr (26.7 kPa) to the limit pressure of approximately 58 torr (7.73 kPa).The most interesting result of this experimental investigation is that the theoretical analyses predicted that simple one-dimensional opening of the tube should not show a pressure dependence to failure, while the experiments showed a definite decrease in the opening angle required for failure as initial pressure decreased. This behavior is related to the marginality of the incident waves, which is observed to increase smoothly with decreased pressure. It is postulated that detonation failure in the hydrogen-oxygen system occurs when the shock velocity at the end of the cell drops to about 0.60 of the CJ value due either to marginal behavior or to an expansion of the cross section of the tube.     

混合比影响爆震波点火器工作过程之实验研究

爆震波点火器用于工程，其设计存在一个最佳结合点，使得在合适的管路中，爆震波传播速度、转捩距离、爆震波能量等能够符合点火器目标需求。为了研制适用于工程的爆震波点火器，在氢氧爆震波点火器基本特性试验的基础上，对初始混合气体的混合比等与爆震波特性的关系进行了研究。对实验结果进行分析认为。混合比对爆燃爆震转捩（DDT）距离影响较大，混合比大于3时，其转捩距离小于500mm。混合比增加时，爆震波传播速度会减小，但稳定的爆震波相对于波的混气的马赫数并小减小，维持在4．8左右。在初始混气压力不变情况下，质量流量可以提高爆震波能量，增强爆震波的点火能力。研究结论时爆震波点火器在工程中实际应用及以后的研究方向具有指导性作出。     

一种模型独立的拟欧拉轴航天器大角度姿态机动

刚性航天器初始姿态捕获 ,要求从任意初始状态机动到角速度要求为零的指定状态。本文基于姿态偏差四元数和瞬时旋转轴偏离欧拉轴程度信息反馈 ,设计了一种拟欧拉轴旋转姿态捕获控制规律。对于刚体的任意初始状态 ,角速度可能不平行于欧拉轴。为减少瞬时旋转轴的偏移程度 ,将初始角速度分解为平行和垂直欧拉轴的两个分量 ,控制器在初始阶段尽快消除垂直角速度分量 ,随后进行拟欧拉旋转机动。最后给出了分析的仿真结果     

Investigation of CME properties using the data of SDO and PROBA2 spacecraft

Formation and motion (at the initial stage) of six limb CMEs detected in the period June 2010 to June 2011 are investigated using the high-resolution data of the PROBA2 and SDO spacecraft combined with the data of SOHO/LASCO coronagraphs. It is demonstrated that several loop-like structures of enhanced brightness originate in the region of CME formation, and they move one after another with, as a rule, different velocities. These loop-like structures in the final analysis form the frontal structure of CME. Time dependences of the velocity and acceleration of the ejection’s front are obtained for all CMEs under consideration. A conclusion is drawn about possible existence of two classes of CMEs depending on their velocity time profiles. Ejections, whose velocity after reaching its maximum sharply drops by a value of more than 100 km/s and then goes over into a regime of slow change, belong to the first class. Another class of CMEs is formed by ejections whose velocity changes slowly immediately after reaching the maximum. It is demonstrated that the CME’s angular dimension increases at the initial stage of ejection motion up to a factor of 3 with a time scale of doubling the angular size value within the limits 3.5–11 min since the moment of the first measurement of this parameter of an ejection. For three CMEs it is shown that at the initial stage of their motion for a certain time interval they are stronger expanded than grow in the longitude direction.     

Surface tension driven-flow in non-coalescing liquid drops

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss-Laplace hydrostatic equation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a shooting method to evaluate the shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant pressure ambient. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. The numerical results which qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

Droplet vaporization in supercritical pressure environments

For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.     

降落伞开伞过程正交试验研究

降落伞开伞过程存在的偏差因素可能会导致开伞动压峰值及开伞力峰值出现极大值,从而对回收过程可靠性造成影响.文章以开伞动压峰值及开伞力峰值为试验指标,采用正交试验方法对比分析了不同水平数情况偏差因素对试验指标的影响度大小,得到了试验指标极值及对应的偏差因素取值条件,并分析了忽略系统初始偏航角、初始滚转角、初始角速度等次要偏...     

初始对准误差对惯性制导误差影响的简化算法

惯性制导系统初始对准的主要任务是精确确定载体坐标系和制导坐标系之间的初始方向余弦矩阵和载体的初始速度。惯性制导的精度在很大程度上取决于系统初始对准的精度。本文基于初始对准误差引起的惯性导航误差模型,针对近程战术武器系统,在一定精度范围内,忽略引力变化和发射时载体的初始速度,推导出初始对准误差对惯性制导误差影响的简化算法。该算法具有模型清晰,计算简便,易于使用的特点,避免了繁琐的运动学建模和编程计算过程,并且为在项目论证阶段不具备完备的总体数据支持的条件下,进行初始对准精度指标分配提供了理论依据。并经仿真验证,简化算法具有一定的精度。     

基于解析初值的滑翔飞行器轨迹快速规划方法

伪谱法等轨迹规划的直接法借助初始轨迹实现迭代子问题的首次构造，从而启动序列迭代算法。为提高伪谱法迭代过程的收敛效率，以小型滑翔飞行器轨迹规划为背景，建立简化的运动学模型，推导速度倾角、速度关于高度的解析/半解析表达式，实现了高精度初始轨迹的快速生成。仿真表明，相比线性假设、简化数值积分方法，解析方法生成的迭代初值可有效降低伪谱法迭代次数，在保证精度的同时提高了轨迹规划效率。     

Biaxial Mode of Rotation of a Satellite in the Orbit Plane

A mode of motion of a satellite with respect to its center of mass is studied, which is called the biaxial rotation in the orbit plane. In this mode of rotation, an elongated and nearly dynamically symmetric satellite rotates around the longitudinal axis, which, in turn, rotates around the normal to the plane of an orbit; the angular velocity of rotation around the longitudinal axis is several times larger than the orbital angular velocity, deviations of this axis from the orbit plane are small. Such a rotation is convenient in the case when it is required to secure a sufficiently uniform illumination of the satellite's surface by the Sun at a comparatively small angular velocity of the satellite. The investigation consists of the numerical integration of equations of the satellite's motion, which take into account gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments, as well as the evolution of the orbit. At high orbits, the mode of the biaxial rotation is conserved for an appreciable length of time, and at low orbits it is destroyed due to the impact of the aerodynamic moment. The orbit altitudes and the method of constructing the initial conditions of motion that guarantee a sufficiently prolonged period of existence of this mode are specified.     

末端能量管理段迭代校正轨道算法研究

针对航天器进入末端能量管理段接口处时位置和航迹偏角存在大范围摄动的问题，提出一种使用迭代校正法的轨道快速生成算法。该算法可以根据航天器的具体初始状态，自动选择直接进场或者间接进场策略，快速生成可行的参考轨迹。首先通过跟踪轨迹地面投影实现侧向制导；根据末端能量管理段的起始点与终点的高度与速度约束生成参考动压-高度剖面，并跟踪此剖面实现纵向制导。然后采用迭代校正计算快速确定航向校准柱的位置与最终半径两个参数用以调整航程，保证航天器在末端的所有状态满足自动着陆段接口的边界约束。仿真结果校验了该算法可以根据航天器的具体状态快速生成符合约束条件的末端能量管理段飞行轨道，具有很好的鲁棒控制性能。